Estimation of Digestible Energy Values of Plant Protein Supplement in Pig

[Objective] The aim of the study was to establish the effective and accurate formulas for estimating the digestible energy （DE） values of plant protein supplement in pig. [Method] By difference method with different amount of alternative feeds （20% -50%）, two4 x4 Latin- square-designed trials were taken on eight castrated male pigs [ Yorkshire x Landrace x Neijiang pig, initial body-weight： （46 ±2） kg ] to deter- mine the apparent digestible energy （ADE） of the eight kinds of plant protein supplement commonly used in China, that is, corn gluten meal （sol.）, soybean meal （ sol. ）, fababean, pea, rapeseed meal （ sol. ）, sesame meal （ sol. ）, rapeseed meal （ exp. ） and cotton seed meal （sol.）. [Resultl （1） Fiber was the most important factor to estimate the ADE of plant protein supplement in pigs, and ADF was the best one. （2） The most effective equations were as below： （ 1 ） OE （kJ/kg DM） = 14 741.86 - 185.01ADF＋54.01SCHO＋22.45CP （ R =0.988,RSD= 67.9,P〈0.01 ） ; （2） DE （kJ/kg DM） =22 223.26 -209.58ADF＋26.79SCHO-1.09GE （ Ff =0.989,RSD=66.9, P〈0.01 ） . [Conclusion] The accurate, practical and specific regression equations were established for DE prediction of plant protein supplement in pig.

CoMP-transmission-based energy-efficient scheme selection algorithm for LTE-A systems

In order to achieve higher system energy efficiency （EE）,a new coordinated multipoint （CoMP）-transmission-based scheme selection energy saving （CTSES）algorithm is proposed for downlink homogeneous cellular networks.The problem is formulated as an optimization of maximizing system EE,under the constraints of the data rate requirement and the maximum transmit power.The problem is decomposed into power allocation and alternative scheme selection problems.Optimal power allocation is calculated for CoMP-JT （joint transmission）and CoMP-CS （coordinated scheduling） transmissions,and the scheme with higher EE is chosen. Since the optimal problem is a nonlinear fractional optimization problem for both CoMP transmission schemes, the problem is transformed into an equivalent problem using the parametric method. The optimal transmit power and optimal EE are obtained by an iteration algorithm in CoMP-JT and CoMP-CS schemes.Simulation results show that the proposed algorithm offers obvious energy-saving potential and outperforms the fixed CoMP transmission scheme.Under the condition of the same maximum transmit power limit,the empirical regularity of user distribution for scheme choice is presented, and using this regularity, the computational complexity can be reduced.

An Audio Zero-Watermark Scheme Based on Energy Comparing

Zero-watermark technique,embedding watermark without modifying carriers,has been broadly applied for copyright protection of images.However,there is little research on audio zerowatermark.This paper proposes an audio zero-watermark scheme based on energy relationship between adjacent audio sections.Taking use of discrete wavelet transformation(DWT),it gets power approximations,or energies,of audio segments.Then,it extracts the audio profile,i.e.the zero-watermark,according to the relative size of energies of consecutive fragments.The experimental results demonstrate that the proposed scheme is robust against general malicious attacks including noise addition,resampling,low-pass filtering,etc.,and this approach effectively solves the contradiction between inaudibility and robustness.

A sink moving scheme based on local residual energy of nodes in wireless sensor networks

In the application of periodic data-gathering in sensor networks,sensor nodes located near the sink have to forward the data received from all other nodes to the sink,which depletes their energy very quickly.A moving scheme for the sink based on local residual energy was proposed.In the scheme,the sink periodically moves to a new location with the highest stay-value defined by the average residual energy and the number of neighbors.The scheme can balance energy consumption and prevent nodes around sink from draining their energy very quickly in the networks.The simulation results show that the scheme can prolong the network lifetime by 26%-65%compared with the earlier schemes where the sink is static or moves randomly.

A local energy-preserving scheme for Zakharov system

In this paper, we propose a local conservation law for the Zakharov system. The property is held in any local time- space region which is independent of the boundary condition and more essential than the global energy conservation law. Based on the rule that the numerical methods should preserve the intrinsic properties as much as possible, we propose a local energy-preserving （LEP） scheme for the system. The merit of the proposed scheme is that the local energy conservation law can be conserved exactly in any time-space region. With homogeneous Dirchlet boundary conditions, the proposed LEP scheme also possesses the discrete global mass and energy conservation laws. The theoretical properties are verified by numerical results.

A Novel Bidirectional Interaction Model and Electric Energy Measuring Scheme of EVs for V2G with Distorted Power Loads

With the increasing demand for petroleum resources and environmental issues,new energy electric vehicles are increasingly being used.However,the large number of electric vehicles connected to the grid has brought new challenges to the operation of the grid.Firstly,A novel bidirectional interaction model is established based on modulation theory with nonlinear loads.Then,the electric energy measuring scheme of EVs for V2G is derived under the conditions of distorted power loads.The scheme is composed of fundamental electric energy,fundamental-distorted electric energy,distorted-fundamental electric energy and distorted electric energy.And the characteristics of each electric energy are analyzed.Finally,the correctness of the model and energy measurement method is verified by three simulation cases:the impact signals,the fluctuating signals,and the harmonic signals.

A SUPPLEMENT TO THE PAPERS CONVERGENCE OF THE LAX-FRIEDRICHS SCHEME FOR ISENTROPIC GAS DYNAMICS (Ⅱ)-(Ⅲ)

In the papers (Ⅱ)—(Ⅲ), we studied the global existence of the solutions for the isentropic equation of gas dynamics

LASG Global AGCM with a Two-moment Cloud Microphysics Scheme:Energy Balance and Cloud Radiative Forcing Characteristics

Cloud dominates influence factors of atmospheric radiation, while aerosol–cloud interactions are of vital importance in its spatiotemporal distribution. In this study, a two-moment(mass and number) cloud microphysics scheme, which significantly improved the treatment of the coupled processes of aerosols and clouds, was incorporated into version 1.1 of the IAP/LASG global Finite-volume Atmospheric Model(FAMIL1.1). For illustrative purposes, the characteristics of the energy balance and cloud radiative forcing(CRF) in an AMIP-type simulation with prescribed aerosols were compared with those in observational/reanalysis data. Even within the constraints of the prescribed aerosol mass, the model simulated global mean energy balance at the top of the atmosphere(TOA) and at the Earth’s surface, as well as their seasonal variation, are in good agreement with the observational data. The maximum deviation terms lie in the surface downwelling longwave radiation and surface latent heat flux, which are 3.5 W m-2(1%) and 3 W m-2(3.5%), individually. The spatial correlations of the annual TOA net radiation flux and the net CRF between simulation and observation were around 0.97 and 0.90, respectively. A major weakness is that FAMIL1.1 predicts more liquid water content and less ice water content over most oceans. Detailed comparisons are presented for a number of regions, with a focus on the Asian monsoon region(AMR). The results indicate that FAMIL1.1 well reproduces the summer–winter contrast for both the geographical distribution of the longwave CRF and shortwave CRF over the AMR. Finally, the model bias and possible solutions, as well as further works to develop FAMIL1.1 are discussed.

Heifer Body Weight Gain and Reproductive Achievement in Response to Protein and Energy Supplementation While Grazing Dormant Range Forage

Heifers grazing winter range require supplemental nutrients to complement dormant forage to achieve optimal growth and performance. A study was conducted to evaluate nutritional environment and effect of different supplementation strategies for developing heifers grazing dormant winter range. Eighty-four Angus crossbred heifers were stratified by body weight at weaning, allocated to one of six replicated pastures, and randomly assigned one of three supplemental treatments: 1) 908 g/d of a control supplement providing 340 g·hd-1·d-1 of CP with 130 g of rumen undegradable protein (RUP) and 614 MJ of ME (LRUP);2) 908 g/d of a RUP supplement providing 340 g·hd-1·d-1 of CP with 170 g of RUP and 567 MJ of ME (HRUP);or 3) 1814 g/d of a protein and energy supplement providing 340 g·hd-1·d-1 of CP with 120 g of RUP + 100 g of propionate salt (NutroCalTM, Kemin Industries, Inc.) and 1222 MJ of ME (LRUP + E). Body weights were taken in November, with monthly 12 h shrunk BW from January thru April, and again in September (at time of pregnancy diagnosis). Heifer average daily gain was similar throughout the developmental period except from d125 to d159 where LRUP + E supplemented heifers had greater gains

Two Energy-Preserving Compact Finite Difference Schemes for the Nonlinear Fourth-Order Wave Equation

In this paper,two fourth-order compact finite difference schemes are derived to solve the nonlinear fourth-order wave equation which can be viewed as a generalized model from the nonlinear beam equation.Differing from the existing compact finite difference schemes which preserve the total energy in a recursive sense,the new schemes are proved to per-fectly preserve the total energy in the discrete sense.By using the standard energy method and the cut-off function technique,the optimal error estimates of the numerical solutions are established,and the convergence rates are of O(h^(4)+τ^(2))with mesh-size h and time-step τ.In order to improve the computational efficiency,an iterative algorithm is proposed as the outer solver and the double sweep method for pentadiagonal linear algebraic equations is introduced as the inner solver to solve the nonlinear difference schemes at each time step.The convergence of the iterative algorithm is also rigorously analyzed.Several numerical results are carried out to test the error estimates and conservative properties.

The Effects of High Energy and Micronutrient Supplementation on Iron Status in Nutritionally at Risk Infants

The study assessed the effects of supplementary feeding over 180 consecutive days on iron status of infants and toddlers at six tea plantation in West Java, Indonesia. The design used was a clinical trial: two eohorts (i.e., 12 and 18 months old children) and three treatment groups (i.e., energy + micronutrient, micronutrient alone, and placebo) per cohort. Every day except Sunday, the infants attended day-care centers. Twenty four centers and 136 infants were selected. The infants were screened for weight and length and those meeting the criteria (i.e., <-1 SD of length-for-age, and between -1 and -2 SD of weight-for-length of the NCHS reference) were included. The experimental unit was the day-care centers (DCC), where each DCC was randomly assigned to one of the three treatment. As expected, groups of energy + micronutrient and micronutrient alone of the 12 months cohort experienced a significant upward shift in hemoglobin, ferritin and TS and a downward change in FEP, while the values for the group of placebo remain about the same as at base line. In the first 6 month of treatments, the ANOVA for each iron indicator yielded significant main effects of treatment (P<0.01) and for Hb with (P =0.059) on 12 months cohort. On the other hand, the main effects of treatment on hemoglobin, TS, ferritin and FEP were not significant for the 18 months cohort. In the second 6 month of treatments, the only significant of the treatment effect (P<0.01) was in serum ferritin on 18-month cohort. Under these circumstances, energy has a positive role in improving iron stores. It is likely that the equilibrium of hemoglobin and each iron indicators were reached in 6 months of treatment except ferritin still continued to increase up to 12 month. The effects of treatment on the improvement of iron status was stronger in 12 months than in 18 months

Energy Analysis in Irrigated Sugarcane Schemes of Awash River Basin, Ethiopia

Sugarcane is one of the important irrigated crops in Ethiopia and its production is highly linked with its energy and water use. In this paper, identifications and quantifications of input and output, direct and indirect energy sources, and energy use of farm operations were carried out on 11 irrigation schemes of Awash River Basin. In order to grow 91.8 to 167.6 tons of cane, 47.9 to 143.4 GJ/ha of total energy was used. Average total input energies of gravity, pump surface and sprinkler scheme categories to grow 109.8, 112.7 and 136.3 ton/ha were 53.6, 68.9 and 129.2 GJ/ha, respectively. Around 90% and 74% total energies of gravity surface and sprinkler schemes were consumed as direct and indirect energies, respectively. Irrigation found to be the most energy consuming operation constituting more than 50% input energy of all scheme categories. Energy efficiency of gravity schemes was 152% and 300% higher than pump driven surface and sprinkler schemes. Energy sequestrated in cane straws burned during harvesting found to be higher than fertilizer and pumping energy demands. Use of cane straws as manure and energy sources have the potential to substitute demands which in turn needs further investigations and analysis.

Effect of a Protein-Energy Supplement of Low Consumption with Coconut Pulp Expeller (<i>Acrocomia aculeata</i>) of Beef Cattle at Pasture

The purpose of this study is to evaluate the effect of a low consumption protein-energy supplement that incorporates 15% of coconut pulp expeller in bovine animals. These pasture fattening cattle were checked on daily weight gain, supplement consumption and efficiency of pasture use. This study was carried out in a livestock establishment in the Department of Concepción, Paraguay. A total of 108 animals were selected;castrated male bovines, 342 ± 30.2 of body weight (BW), age average 28 months, Nelore breed distributed in 2 treatments (T1 and T2): T1 = 42 animals;control group (pasture + conventional mineral salt) and T2 = 66 animals;treatment group with a protein-energy supplement (pasture + protein-energy supplement with minerals). In both treatments, the animals grazed on pasture of Brachiaria brizantha cv. Marandú and Panincum maximaun cv. Tanzania used a system of pasture rotation of 1 - 3 days of occupation and 35 - 40 days of rest. The average daily weight gain (DG) was 0.82 and 0.83 kg/day (p > 0.05), the supplement consumption was 0.1 and 0.28 kg/day per animal and the % disappearance of the biomass of 18 and 23% for T1 and T2, respectively. In conclusion, there was no evident effect on DG of protein-energy

A New Class of Simple,General and Efficient Finite Volume Schemes for Overdetermined Thermodynamically Compatible Hyperbolic Systems

In this paper,a new efficient,and at the same time,very simple and general class of thermodynamically compatiblefinite volume schemes is introduced for the discretization of nonlinear,overdetermined,and thermodynamically compatiblefirst-order hyperbolic systems.By construction,the proposed semi-discrete method satisfies an entropy inequality and is nonlinearly stable in the energy norm.A very peculiar feature of our approach is that entropy is discretized directly,while total energy conservation is achieved as a mere consequence of the thermodynamically compatible discretization.The new schemes can be applied to a very general class of nonlinear systems of hyperbolic PDEs,including both,conservative and non-conservative products,as well as potentially stiff algebraic relaxation source terms,provided that the underlying system is overdetermined and therefore satisfies an additional extra conservation law,such as the conservation of total energy density.The proposed family offinite volume schemes is based on the seminal work of Abgrall[1],where for thefirst time a completely general methodology for the design of thermodynamically compatible numerical methods for overdetermined hyperbolic PDE was presented.We apply our new approach to three particular thermodynamically compatible systems:the equations of ideal magnetohydrodynamics(MHD)with thermodynamically compatible generalized Lagrangian multiplier(GLM)divergence cleaning,the unifiedfirst-order hyperbolic model of continuum mechanics proposed by Godunov,Peshkov,and Romenski(GPR model)and thefirst-order hyperbolic model for turbulent shallow waterflows of Gavrilyuk et al.In addition to formal mathematical proofs of the properties of our newfinite volume schemes,we also present a large set of numerical results in order to show their potential,efficiency,and practical applicability.

直接Z-型BAs/Ga_(2)SO范德华异质结光催化分解水研究

基于第一性原理计算,系统研究了BAs/Ga_(2)SO异质结的光催化分解水性能.结果表明:BAs/Ga_(2)SO异质结具有良好的热力学稳定性并表现出交错的能带排列方式,带隙值为0.73 eV,界面处存在从BAs指向Ga_(2)SO的内建电场使其形成了直接Z-型异质结,能够有效分离光生电子-空穴对.另外,异质结的带边位置可以跨越水的氧化还原电位,析氢反应发生在BAs侧而析氧反应发生在Ga_(2)SO侧.最后,基于吉布斯自由能变化计算,发现在有光照时,析氢和析氧反应在BAs/Ga_(2)SO异质结表面可自发进行.以上结果表明BAs/Ga_(2)SO异质结是有潜力的光催化分解水材料.

SCHEMES OF GAS PRODUCTION FROM NATURAL GAS HYDRATES

Natural gas hydrates are a kind of nonpolluting and high quality energy resources for future, the reserves of which are about twice of the carbon of the current fossil energy (petroleum, natural gas and coal) on the earth. And it will be the most important energy for the 21st century. The energy balance and numerical simulation are applied to study the schemes of the natural gas hydrates production in this paper,and it is considered that both depressurization and thermal stimulation are effective methods for exploiting natural gas hydrates, and that the gas production of the thermal stimulation is higher than that of the depressurization. But thermal stimulation is non-economic because it requires large amounts of energy.Therefore the combination of the two methods is a preferable method for the current development of the natural gas hydrates. The main factors which influence the production of natural gas hydrates are: the temperature of injected water, the injection rate, the initial saturation of the hydrates and the initial temperature of the reservoir which is the most important factor.

Distributed Power Control for Energy Conservation in Hybrid Cellular Network with Device-to-Device Communication

Device-to-Device(D2D) communication has been proposed as a promising implementation of green communication to benefit the existed cellular network.In order to limit cross-tier interference while explore the gain of short-range communication,we devise a series of distributed power control(DPC) schemes for energy conservation(EC)and enhancement of radio resource utilization in the hybrid system.Firstly,a constrained opportunistic power control model is built up to take advantage of the interference avoidance methodology in the presence of service requirement and power constraint.Then,biasing scheme and admission control are added to evade ineffective power consumption and maintain the feasibility of the system.Upon feasibility,a non-cooperative game is further formulated to exploit the profit in EC with minor influence on spectral efficiency(SE).The convergence of the DPC schemes is validated and their performance is confirmed via simulation results.

Ground-state energy of beryllium atom with parameter perturbation method

We present a perturbation study of the ground-state energy of the beryllium atom by incorporating double parameters in the atom＇s Hamiltonian. The eigenvalue of the Hamiltonian is then solved with a double-fold perturbation scheme,where the spin-spin interaction of electrons from different shells of the atom is also considered. Calculations show that the obtained ground-state energy is in satisfactory agreement with experiment. It is found that the Coulomb repulsion of the inner-shell electrons enhances the effective nuclear charge seen by the outer-shell electrons, and the shielding effect of the outer-shell electrons to the nucleus is also notable compared with that of the inner-shell electrons.

Total Energy Conservation and the Symplectic Algorithm

Based on the principle of total energy conservation, we give two important algorithms, the total energy conservation algorithm and the symplectic algorithm, which are established for the spherical shallow water equations. Also, the relation between the two algorithms is analyzed and numerical tests show the efficiency of the algorithms.