Web Layout Design of Large Cavity Structures Based on Topology Optimization

Large cavity structures are widely employed in aerospace engineering, such as thin-walled cylinders, blades andwings. Enhancing performance of aerial vehicles while reducing manufacturing costs and fuel consumptionhas become a focal point for contemporary researchers. Therefore, this paper aims to investigate the topologyoptimization of large cavity structures as a means to enhance their performance, safety, and efficiency. By usingthe variable density method, lightweight design is achieved without compromising structural strength. Theoptimization model considers both concentrated and distributed loads, and utilizes techniques like sensitivityfiltering and projection to obtain a robust optimized configuration. The mechanical properties are checked bycomparing the stress distribution and displacement of the unoptimized and optimized structures under the sameload. The results confirm that the optimized structures exhibit improved mechanical properties, thus offering keyinsights for engineering lightweight, high-strength large cavity structures.

Layout design and application of 4D-printing bio-inspired structures with programmable actuators

Four-dimensional(4D)printing is an advanced form of three-dimensional(3D)printing with controllable and programmable shape transformation over time.Actuators are used as a controlling factor with multi-stage shape recovery,with emerging opportunities to customize the mechanical properties of bio-inspired structures.The print pattern of shape memory polymer(SMP)fbers strongly afects the achievable resolution,and consequently infuences several other physical and mechanical properties of fabricated actuators.However,the deformations of bio-inspired structures due to actuator layout are more complex because of the presence of the coupling of multi-directional strain.In this study,the initial structure was designed from closed-shell behavior and divided into a general unit and actuator unit,the latter responsible for driving the transformation.Mutual stress confrontation between the actuator and the general unit was considered in the layout thermodynamic model,in order to eliminate the transformation produced by the uncontrolled shape memory behavior of the general unit.Three critical and efective strategies for the layout design of actuators were proposed and then applied to achieve the desired accurate deformation of 3D-printed bilayer structures.Finally,the proposed approach was validated and adopted for fabricating a complex shell-like gripper structure.

Research and design of the main equipments and structure of Xiangjiaba shiplift

The type of pinion and rack vertical shiplifts has been developed in recent a couple of years in the construction of dams.But the design methods and methodologies have rarely been discussed in literature.The Xiangjiaba shiplift is the second shiplift of this type following the Three Gorges shiplift.Being aimed at the technological rationality of the design in synthetically considering security,economy and applicability,this paper presents the research results of some vital issues relating the design of the Xiangjiaba shiplift,including the determination of design water depth of ship chamber based on fluid numeral computation and physical model test,the optimum design of general layout of main equipments and the civil structure of the Xiangjiaba shiplift,the finite element method(FEM) analysis of stress,vibration modes and the buckling of ship chamber,antiseismic research and the design of structures and mechanisms of the shiplift and the optimum design of driving mechanisms.This research provides the theoretical basis for the design of the Xiangjiaba shiplift.The design principles and research methods are valuable for the design of the same type of shiplifts.

APPROACH FOR LAYOUT OPTIMIZATION OF TRUSS STRUCTURES WITH DISCRETE VARIABLES UNDER DYNAMIC STRESS, DISPLACEMENT AND STABILITY CONSTRAINTS

A mathematical model was developed for layout optimization of truss structures with discrete variables subjected to dynamic stress, dynamic displacement and dynamic stability constraints. By using the quasi-static method, the mathematical model of structure optimization under dynamic stress, dynamic displacement and dynamic stability constraints were transformed into one subjected to static stress, displacement and stability constraints. The optimization procedures include two levels, i.e., the topology optimization and the shape optimization. In each level, the comprehensive algorithm was used and the relative difference quotients of two kinds of variables were used to search the optimum solution. A comparison between the optimum results of model with stability constraints and the optimum results of model without stability constraint was given. And that shows the stability constraints have a great effect on the optimum solutions.

Layout design of thin-walled structures with lattices and stiffeners using multi-material topology optimization

In this paper,the thin-walled structures with lattices and stiffeners manufactured by additive manufacturing are investigated.A design method based on the multi-material topology optimization is proposed for the simultaneous layout optimization of the lattices and stiffeners in thin-walled structures.First,the representative lattice units of the selected lattices are equivalent to the virtual homogeneous materials whose effective elastic matrixes are achieved by the energy-based homogenization method.Meanwhile,the stiffeners are modelled using the solid material.Subsequently,the multi-material topology optimization formulation is established for both the virtual homogeneous materials and solid material to minimize the structural compliance under mass constraint.Thus,the optimal layout of both the lattices and stiffeners could be simultaneously attained by the optimization procedure.Two applications,the aircraft panel structure and the equipment mounting plate,are dealt with to demonstrate the detailed design procedure and reveal the effect of the proposed method.According to numerical comparisons and experimental results,the thin-walled structures with lattices and stiffeners have significant advantages over the traditional stiffened thin-walled structures and lattice sandwich structures in terms of static,dynamic and anti-instability performance.

A fully automated framework for helicopter rotor blades design and analysis including aerodynamics,structure, and manufacturing

This study describes an integrated framework in which basic aerospace engineering aspects(performance, aerodynamics, and structure) and practical aspects(configuration visualization and manufacturing) are coupled and considered in one fully automated design optimization of rotor blades. A number of codes are developed to robustly perform estimation of helicopter configuration from sizing, performance analysis, trim analysis, to rotor blades configuration representation. These codes are then integrated with a two-dimensional airfoil analysis tool to fully design rotor blades configuration including rotor planform and airfoil shape for optimal aerodynamics in both hover and forward flights. A modular structure design methodology is developed for realistic composite rotor blades with a sophisticated cross-sectional geometry. A D-spar cross-sectional structure is chosen as a baseline. The framework is able to analyze all realistic inner configurations including thicknesses of D-spar, skin, web, number and ply angles of layers of each composite part,and materials. A number of codes and commercial software(ANSYS, Gridgen, VABS, Pre VABS,etc.) are implemented to automate the structural analysis from aerodynamic data processing to sectional properties and stress analysis. An integrated model for manufacturing cost estimation ofcomposite rotor blades developed at the Aerodynamic Analysis and Design Laboratory(AADL),Aerospace Information Engineering Department, Konkuk University is integrated into the framework to provide a rapid and dynamic feedback to configuration design. The integration of three modules has constructed a framework where the size of a helicopter, aerodynamic performance analysis, structure analysis, and manufacturing cost estimation could be quickly investigated. All aspects of a rotor blade including planform, airfoil shape, and inner structure are considered in a multidisciplinary design optimization without an exception of critical configuration.

Geometry and size optimization of stiffener layout for three-dimensional box structures with maximization of natural frequencies

Based on the growth mechanism of natural biological branching systems and inspiration from the morphology of plant root tips,a bionic design method called Improved Adaptive Growth Method(IAGM)has been proposed in the authors’previous research and successfully applied to the reinforcement optimization of three-dimensional box structures with respect to natural frequencies.However,as a kind of ground structure methods,the final layout patterns of stiffeners obtained by using the IAGM are highly subjected to their ground structures,which restricts the optimization effect and freedom to further improve the dynamic performance of structures.To solve this problem,a novel post-processing geometry and size optimization approach is proposed in this article.This method takes the former layout optimization result as start,and iteratively finds the optimal layout angles,locations,and lengths of stiffeners with a few design variables by optimizing the positions of some specific node lines called active node lines.At the same time,thick-nesses of stiffeners are also optimized to further improve natural frequencies of three-dimensional box structures.Using this method,stiffeners can be successfully separated from their ground structures and further effectively improve natural frequencies of three-dimensional box structures with less material consumption.Typical numerical examples are illustrated to validate the effectiveness and advantages of the suggested method.

Computational design of structured chemical products

In chemical product design,the aim is to formulate a product with desired performance.Ingredients and internal product structure are two key drivers of product performance with direct impact on the mechanical,electrical,and thermal properties.Thus,there is a keen interest in elucidating the dependence of product performance on ingredients,structure,and the manufacturing process to form the structure.Design of product structure,particularly microstructure,is an intrinsically complex problem that involves different phases of different physicochemical properties,mass fraction,morphology,size distribution,and interconnectivity.Recently,computational methods have emerged that assist systematic microstructure quantification and prediction.The objective of this paper is to review these computational methods and to show how these methods as well as other developments in product design can work seamlessly in a proposed performance,ingredients,structure,and manufacturing process framework for the design of structured chemical products.It begins with the desired target properties and key ingredients.This is followed by computation for microstructure and then selection of processing steps to realize this microstructure.The framework is illustrated with the design of nanodielectric and die attach adhesive products.

Controlling structural topology of metal-organic frameworks with a desymmetric 4-connected ligand through the design of metal-containing nodes

Two new metal-organic frameworks（MOFs）,[Cu2（H_2O）_2（BCPIA）]（BUT-20）and（Me_2NH_2）[In（BCPIA）]（BUT-21）were designed and synthesized through the solvothermal reaction between a newly created desymmetric 4-connected ligand,5-（2,6-bis（4-carboxyphenyl）pyridin-4-yl）isophthalic acid（H_4BCPIA）and Cu（NO_3）2 2.5H_2O or In（NO_3）_3·5H_2O,respectively,and characterized by single-crystal and powder Xray diffraction,thermogravimetric analysis,infrared spectroscopy,and elemental analysis.The two MOFs have three-dimensional structures,in which both the BCPIA 4 ligand and metal-containing entities,Cu_2（COO）_4（H_2O）_2 and In（COO）_4 act as 4-connected nodes.However,different linkage configurations of the two metal-containing nodes,quadrilateral Cu_2_TD_2（COO）_4（H_2O）_2and tetrahedral In（COO）_4,lead to distinct structural networks of BUT-20 and 21,with Nbo and Unc topologies,respectively.

面向综合评估的船舶工装设计方法

针对船舶建造工装设计标准化程度低、设计不规范以及设计管理落后等问题,提出一种面向综合评估的工装设计方法。从工装库构建、智能设计、仿真评估与优化等角度开展工装数字化设计研究。基于工装模型库实现设计模型的有效管理和调用,并通过集成寻优算法实现工装最优布局,在此基础上基于有限元仿真和工艺仿真技术,结合具体指标,实现工装结构力学性能和工艺仿真评估,同时利用结构优化技术对设计结果进行优化,在满足使用需求的基础上降低了加工成本。基于达索三维体验平台开发数字化工装设计系统,固化设计流程,并通过分段吊马设计的实际应用,实现设计效率提升200%,同时重量减轻12.8%。

成组立模成型机模板结构优化设计研究

混凝土预制构件成组立模成型机(简称成组立模)是一种新型的生产混凝土预制构件的设备。为了提高成组立模台面的振动效果和承载能力,本研究以成组立模模板结构为研究对象,提出了一种拓扑优化新兴设计与响应面法结合的优化设计理论。首先,基于变密度法对成组立模模板结构加强筋布局进行拓扑优化设计,得到了加强筋最佳的材料分布形式,以此对成组立模模板结构进行了结构优化设计。为得到最佳的加强筋设计参数,采用中心组合试验设计,建立模板结构最大位移、最大等效应力的响应面模型。利用多目标遗传算法对响应面模型进行优化求解,得出加强筋各参数最优的组合方案。有限元分析结果表明:与初始方案相比,优化设计方案提高了台面的刚度和强度,同时改善了模板结构的振动特性,并提高了混凝土预制构件的成型质量。该研究为进一步推进成组立模的研究提供了理论指导。

苏州某大型复杂商业连体结构设计

苏州某大型商业综合体项目位于7度抗震设防烈度区,为体型重叠建筑。通过5道防震缝将建筑整体划分为购物中心A区、购物中心B区、停车楼、商业街A区、商业街B区五个独立结构单元。购物中心A区为复杂连体高层建筑,1~5层采用框架-剪力墙结构,两个单体在3~5层中区由钢桁架相连,顶部(6层)钢桁架结构与两个单体通过成品球铰支座连接,形成强连体结构。充分考虑了周期比、位移比双指标平衡后对购物中心A区剪力墙布置进行了优化;屋顶钢桁架结构支座采用变刚度设计,局部设置滑动支座解决恒载下杆件应力比较高的问题。通过性能化设计,该复杂结构连体部位可以满足中震弹性、大震不屈服的性能目标要求。性能化设计及专项分析表明,影院钢结构具有良好的抗震性能、楼盖舒适度及防倒塌性能。

基于IFC的建筑结构设计信息交互框架研究与实现

为了解决基于BIM的建筑与结构设计工作模式中信息交互度低的问题,提出了基于IFC的建筑结构信息交互框架。该框架由4个算法模块、5个步骤组成。借助于IfcOpenShell工具包,用Python语言开发了前两个算法模块即IFC文件优化算法模块和结构信息模型提取算法模块。选取案例模型对所开发算法的有效性进行了验证。验证结果表明:优化算法模块可以有效地过滤IFC文件中的无用信息,查找并删除重复的实体,使IFC文件轻量化,且可间接提高提取算法模块的运行效率;提取算法模块可以准确地从IFC文件中提取结构信息模型,未出现IFC语法错误、构件丢失、构件重叠等情况。IFC文件优化算法模块和结构信息模型提取算法模块的成功开发为信息交互框架的完全实现奠定了基础。

有机框架结构对NiFe-MOF析氧反应的影响

合理设计用于电解水制氢阳极析氧反应(OER)的高活性电催化剂对清洁能源和生态可持续发展至关重要。然而,由于OER四电子转移的动力学过程较为缓慢,导致过电位较高,开发高效的阳极催化剂仍是一个重大挑战。金属有机框架(MOF)因结构多样性和超高的比表面积被视为有潜力的OER电催化剂。NiFe双金属材料具有优异的阳极析氧催化活性,但针对MOF材料活性的调控主要集中在金属中心的设计上,而阴离子有机配体对阳极析氧催化活性的影响依然未知。因此,采用溶剂热法构建具有等网状结构的系列羧酸型NiFe-MOF来阐明羧酸连接体不同长度对OER性能的影响(三种不同的有机配体分别为:对苯二甲酸(BDC)、2,6-萘二甲酸(NDC)和4,4′-联苯二甲酸(BPDC))。通过X射线衍射、拉曼光谱、红外光谱、扫描电子显微镜和X射线光电子能谱,分析了催化剂的性质、微观形貌和电荷结构,并在1 mol/L KOH溶液中进行了电化学测试。结果表明:NiFe-BDC在10 mA/cm^(2)的电流密度处过电位仅为223 mV,远低于NiFe-NDC和NiFe-BPDC的过电位,二者此处的过电位分别为267 mV和284 mV;此外,NiFe-BDC在长时间测试中表现了出色的稳定性(200 h),其优异的性能主要归因于有机配体在催化中起到优化电荷结构的作用,并且展现出丰富的活性中心,共同促进了OER电催化性能。

徐州中央国际广场东塔核心筒斜墙收进结构设计

随着楼层的升高,建筑功能发生变化,建筑设计对核心筒尺寸有了缩小的的需求。根据已有工程经验,存在几种常见的缩小核心筒尺寸的方法,徐州中央国际广场东塔采用斜墙的方式实现核心筒内收。该方式使结构及相关构件的受力性能具有一定的特殊性,结构设计中采取了有针对性的结构布置,并且对相关构件的受力性能进行研究,主要包括楼板、楼面梁、扶壁墙以及核心筒外墙的墙肢和连梁等,同时根据受力性能提出相关构件和结构的设计方法。结果表明:经过合理的设计,采用斜墙收进的核心筒结构在抗侧刚度、变形等指标以及罕遇地震作用下的抗震性能均能满足要求,说明斜墙收进是一种合理的结构处理方式。

海上浮式兆瓦级垂直轴风力机风轮结构布局研究

针对兆瓦级海上浮式直叶片垂直轴风力机的风轮结构布局,提出采用基于响应面法的多目标结构优化设计方法对其风轮进行结构布局设计。通过分析风轮支撑臂在复杂环境和载荷作用条件下的力学性能,以准静态解为基础构建垂直轴风轮结构布局多目标优化参数化模型,采用Kriging响应面法求解设计变量与评价指标之间的响应面,明确设计变量的最优取值范围。以风轮整体质量最小化为优化目标,以风轮主要结构的最大等效应力和最大位移为约束条件,采用MOGA遗传算法对风轮结构布局尺寸进行优化设计,优化后风轮结构布局的最优样本方案在满足约束条件的同时,整体质量减轻6.8%,轮毂偏移量减少22.87%,塔筒高度降低33.78%,显著降低了垂直轴风力机整机的制造成本。同时,优化设计后风轮固有频率避开了风轮旋转的1倍转频(1P)和3倍转频(3P)范围,避免了结构共振。研究表明,基于响应面法的多目标优化设计方法在垂直轴风轮结构布局设计上是可靠的。

机械贯穿件气密性试验装置的设计与研发

长期以来核电行业对于机械贯穿件的密封性能在测试方法及其配套装置上存在建设不足的问题,不利于机械贯穿件的验收及其质量评估测试。为解决此问题,本文提出一种基于压力变化法原理的气密性试验改进方案,研发出一套专用于机械贯穿件的气密性试验装置。该装置由密封部件、气源系统、监测系统、控制电脑四个主要部分组成,其中密封部件内设密封腔可构成密闭性能良好的密封环境,直接连通气源系统执行抽气或充气操作,利用内置压力变送器与温度传感器将检测数据实时上传至控制电脑中,用于实现对现场检测装置的实时调控、生成试验结果。将装配好的试验装置投入使用后,测得机械贯穿件的泄漏率为0.03%,经检验证明该产品密封性较好,符合3级密封箱室规定的泄漏率要求,能够为同类机械贯穿件的气密性检测及产品验收提供良好示范价值。

西藏扎拉水电站鱼道工程布置与设计研究

为解决西藏扎拉水电站工程设计中过鱼设施的比选、鱼道进出口位置的合理选择及鱼道结构型式的确定这三大工程设计技术难点,重点分析了过鱼设施比选的思路和方法,针对鱼类的趋流特性、克流能力等生物学特性,结合物理模型试验研究成果,对鱼道总体布置、进口、出口、主体段以及附属建筑物等进行了合理设计,创新性地提出鱼道布置采用单道折叠+双道层叠+隧洞+单道的型式。该鱼道总体布置型式为国内首次采用。扎拉水电站鱼道的建成,对高山峡谷中,中高水头水电站鱼道总体设计具有一定参考价值。

大型重载飞艇复合材料骨架结构设计及其力学分析

大型重载飞艇具有较为广阔的应用前景,但大尺寸、空间大跨度先进复合材料骨架结构设计与分析技术一直是制约大型重载飞艇发展的关键技术之一。以某型重载飞艇骨架为研究对象,以总体设计给出的相关要求作为设计输入条件,选择较成熟的材料体系和结构连接形式,完成了飞艇复合材料骨架结构设计。骨架的主要结构单元为三角桁架梁,开发了一种基于Python的飞艇骨架结构参数化建模方法。该方法基于刚度等效原理,将三角桁架转化成空间梁单元,可自动生成骨架整体有限元模型和定义连接关系,实现了飞艇骨架结构的参数化快速建模。针对飞艇悬停装卸载这一实际典型载荷工况,开展了骨架整体应力和变形计算,并运用“整体-局部”方法,将整体有限元分析中应力承载严重的等效梁单元还原成精细化三角桁架模型。基于Hashin失效准则,对复合材料圆管、接头等结构元件进行了强度计算和校核,结果验证了方法的有效性。

民机中央翼桁架肋结构布置优化设计

在民用飞机中央翼的轻量化设计过程中,可以采用桁架肋代替传统的腹板肋,但目前中央翼桁架肋结构的研究缺乏定量分析,如何合理地布置桁架肋内部的连杆结构已经成为重要的工程问题。为获得最优结构效率的桁架肋构型,本文提出了十种相同直径的桁架肋连杆结构布置构型,运用HyperSizer建立优化模型,以结构质量最小为优化目标,以桁架肋连杆数量与连杆连接方式为设计变量,通过不同构型方案的内力分布和结构效率对比研究获得桁架肋的影响规律。结果表明:当桁架肋连杆数量低于九根时,桁架肋重量与壁板重量趋近于收敛,减重可达16.1%;当桁架肋与前梁腹板采用连接方案时,桁架肋可分担前梁腹板所承受的载荷,降低了前梁重量,并提高了中央翼的整体结构效率。