Calculation and prediction of divertor detachment via impurity seeding by using one-dimensional model

Achieving the detachment of divertor can help to alleviate excessive heat load and sputtering problems on the target plates,thereby extending the lifetime of divertor components for fusion devices.In order to provide a fast but relatively reliable prediction of plasma parameters along the flux tube for future device design,a one-dimensional(1D)modeling code for the operating point of impurity seeded detached divertor is developed based on Python language,which is a fluid model based on previous work(Plasma Phys.Control.Fusion 58045013(2016)).The experimental observation of the onset of divertor detachment by neon(Ne)and argon(Ar)seeding in EAST is well reproduced by using the 1D modeling code.The comparison between the 1D modeling and two-dimensional(2D)simulation by the SOLPS-ITER code for CFETR detachment operation with Ne and Ar seeding also shows that they are in good agreement.We also predict the radiative power loss and corresponding impurity concentration requirement for achieving divertor detachment via different impurity seeding under high heating power conditions in EAST and CFETR phase II by using the 1D model.Based on the predictions,the optimized parameter space for divertor detachment operation on EAST and CFETR is also determined.Such a simple but reliable 1D model can provide a reasonable parameter input for a detailed and accurate analysis by 2D or three-dimensional(3D)modeling tools through rapid parameter scanning.

OptoGPT: A foundation model for inverse design in optical multilayer thin film structures

Optical multilayer thin film structures have been widely used in numerous photonic applications.However,existing inverse design methods have many drawbacks because they either fail to quickly adapt to different design targets,or are difficult to suit for different types of structures,e.g.,designing for different materials at each layer.These methods also cannot accommodate versatile design situations under different angles and polarizations.In addition,how to benefit practical fabrications and manufacturing has not been extensively considered yet.In this work,we introduce OptoGPT(Opto Generative Pretrained Transformer),a decoder-only transformer,to solve all these drawbacks and issues simultaneously.

Product family modeling technology for customized cosmetic packaging design based on basic-element theory

Background:As the market demands change,SMEs(small and medium-sized enterprises)have long faced many design issues,including high costs,lengthy cycles,and insufficient innovation.These issues are especially noticeable in the domain of cosmetic packaging design.Objective:To explore innovative product family modeling methods and configuration design processes to improve the efficiency of enterprise cosmetic packaging design and develop the design for mass customization.Methods:To accomplish this objective,the basic-element theory has been introduced and applied to the design and development system of the product family.Results:By examining the mapping relationships between the demand domain,functional domain,technology domain,and structure domain,four interrelated models have been developed,including the demand model,functional model,technology model,and structure model.Together,these models form the mechanism and methodology of product family modeling,specifically for cosmetic packaging design.Through an analysis of a case study on men’s cosmetic packaging design,the feasibility of the proposed product family modeling technology has been demonstrated in terms of customized cosmetic packaging design,and the design efficiency has been enhanced.Conclusion:The product family modeling technology employs a formalized element as a module configuration design language,permeating throughout the entire development cycle of cosmetic packaging design,thus facilitating a structured and modularized configuration design process for the product family system.The application of the basic-element principle in product family modeling technology contributes to the enrichment of the research field surrounding cosmetic packaging product family configuration design,while also providing valuable methods and references for enterprises aiming to elevate the efficiency of cosmetic packaging design for the mass customization product model.

A study on the numerical prediction method for the vertical thermal structure in the Bohai Sea and the Huanghai Sea-I.One-dimensional numerical prediction model

In this paper, on the basis of the heat conduction equation without consideration of the advection and turbulence effects, one-dimensional model for describing surface sea temperature ( T1), bottom sea temperature ( Tt ) and the thickness of the upper homogeneous layer ( h ) is developed in terms of the dimensionless temperature θT and depth η and self-simulation function θT - f(η) of vertical temperature profile by means of historical temperature data.The results of trial prediction with our one-dimensional model on T, Th, h , the thickness and gradient of thermocline are satisfactory to some extent.

Reconstructing the upper ocean thermal profiles using one-dimensional numerical model

The observation data for 5 d at a station in the South China Sea is presented. After brief anMysis of the wind speed, air temperature from the ship-borne meteorological instruments and temperature and salinity profiles from the CTD （conductivity, temperature, depth recorder） data, the authors find that the CTD casts are too sparse for us to understand the diurnal evolution of the thermal structure in the upper ocean. A one-dimensional （1D） numericM code based on Mellor-Yamada turbulence closure model is used to reconstruct the upper ocean thermal structure, utilizing the atmospheric forcing data from ship-borne weather station. The simulation results show good agreement with the observational data; the significance of breaking waves is also briefly discussed. The evolution of turbulence kinetic energy （TKE） and the contribution from shear production and buoy- ancy production are discussed respectively. Finally, several possible factors which might influence the numerical results are briefly analyzed.

A Dugdale-Barenblatt model for elliptical orifice problem with asymmetric cracks in one-dimensional orthorhombic quasicrystals

By means of Muskhelishvili’s method and the technique of generalized conformal mapping,the physical plane problems are transformed into regular mathematical problems in quasicrystals(QCs).The analytical solution to an elliptical orifice problem with asymmetric cracks in one-dimensional(1D)orthorhombic QCs is obtained.By using the Dugdale-Barenblatt model,the plastic simulation at the crack tip of the elliptical orifice with asymmetric cracks in 1D orthorhombic QCs is performed.Finally,the size of the atomic cohesive force zone is determined precisely,and the size of the atomic cohesive force zone around the crack tip of an elliptical orifice with a single crack or two symmetric cracks is obtained.

Research on the Application of the Radiative Transfer Model Based on Deep Neural Network in One-dimensional Variational Algorithm

As a typical physical retrieval algorithm for retrieving atmospheric parameters,one-dimensional variational(1 DVAR)algorithm is widely used in various climate and meteorological communities and enjoys an important position in the field of microwave remote sensing.Among algorithm parameters affecting the performance of the 1 DVAR algorithm,the accuracy of the microwave radiative transfer model for calculating the simulated brightness temperature is the fundamental constraint on the retrieval accuracies of the 1 DVAR algorithm for retrieving atmospheric parameters.In this study,a deep neural network(DNN)is used to describe the nonlinear relationship between atmospheric parameters and satellite-based microwave radiometer observations,and a DNN-based radiative transfer model is developed and applied to the 1 DVAR algorithm to carry out retrieval experiments of the atmospheric temperature and humidity profiles.The retrieval results of the temperature and humidity profiles from the Microwave Humidity and Temperature Sounder(MWHTS)onboard the Feng-Yun-3(FY-3)satellite show that the DNN-based radiative transfer model can obtain higher accuracy for simulating MWHTS observations than that of the operational radiative transfer model RTTOV,and also enables the 1 DVAR algorithm to obtain higher retrieval accuracies of the temperature and humidity profiles.In this study,the DNN-based radiative transfer model applied to the 1 DVAR algorithm can fundamentally improve the retrieval accuracies of atmospheric parameters,which may provide important reference for various applied studies in atmospheric sciences.

Design and Optimization of Omnidirectional Band Gap for One-Dimensional Periodic and Quasiperiodic Phononic Heterostructures

A new kind of one-dimensional multilayer phononie heterostructure is constructed to obtain a broad acoustic omnidirectional reflection （ODR） band. The heterostructure is formed by combining finite periodic phononic crystals （PnCs） and Fibonacci （or Thue-Morse） quasiperiodic PnCs. From the numerical results performed by the transfer matrix method, it is found that the ODR bands can be enlarged obviously by using the combination of periodic and quasi-periodic PnCs. Moreover, an application of particle swarm optimization in designing and optimizing acoustic ODR bands is reported. With regards to different thickness ratios and periodic numbers in the heterostructure, we give some optimization examples and finally achieve phononic heterostructure with a very broad ODR bandwidth. The result provides a new approach to achieve broad acoustic ODR bandwidth, and will be applied in design of omnidirectional acoustic mirrors.

Simulation of the Influence of Ion-Produced NO_X and HO_X Radicals on the Antarctic Ozone Depletion with a One-Dimensional Model

A one -dimensional time-dependent photochemical model is used to simulate the influence of ion-produced NOx and HOx radicals on the Antarctic ozone depletion in polar night and polar spring at a latitude of 73 degrees south.Vertical transport and nitrogen-oxygen (NOx). hydrogen-oxygen (HOx) production by ionic reactions have been introduced into the model.NOx and HOx produced by precipitating ions are transported into the lower stratosphere by vertical motion and have some effects in the development of the Antarctic ozone depletion.From winter through spring the calculated ozone column decreases to 269.4 DU. However, this value is significantly higher than the total ozone observed at several Antarctic ozone stations.

Entanglement in the Quantum Phase Transition of the Half-Integer Spin One-Dimensional Heisenberg Model

We use the Bethe’s ansatz method to study the entanglement of spinons in the quantum phase transition of half integer spin one-dimensional magnetic chains known as quantum wires. We calculate the entanglement in the limit of the number of particles . We obtain an abrupt change in the entanglement next the quantum phase transition point of the anisotropy parameter ?from the gapped phase ?to gapless phase .

Atmosphere-Ocean Coupling Schemes in a One-Dimensional Climate Model

In this paper, the coupling schemes of atmosphere-ocean climate models are discussed with one-dimensional advection equations. The convergence and stability for synchronous and asynchronous schemes are demonstrated and compared.Conclusions inferred from the analysis are given below. The synchronous scheme as well as the asynchronous-implicit scheme in this model are stable for arbitrary integrating time intervals. The asynchronous explicit scheme is unstable under certain conditions, which depend upon advection velocities and heat exchange parameters in the atmosphere and oceans. With both synchronous and asynchronous stable schemes the discrete solutions converge to their unique exact ones. Advections in the atmosphere and ocean accelerate the rate of convergence of the asynchronous-implicit scheme. It is suggusted that the asynchronous-implicit coupling scheme is a stable and efficient method for most climatic simulations.

A SOLVABLE ONE-DIMENSIONAL ALLOCATION DECISION MODEL OF RENEWABLE RESOURCES

In the paper, the determinate atlecation decision model and the probabilistic allocation decision model of a kind of renewable resource are separatly studied by means of dynamic programming, and the optimal allocation policy is given under some special conditions.

Designing optimal number of receiving traces based on simulation model

Currently, the selection of receiving traces in geometry design is mostly based on the horizontal layered medium hypothesis, which is unable to meet survey requirements in a complex area. This paper estimates the optimal number of receiving traces in field geometry using a numerical simulation based on a field test conducted in previous research （Zhu et al., 2011）. A mathematical model is established for total energy and average efficiency energy using fixed trace spacing and optimal receiving traces are estimated. Seismic data acquired in a complex work area are used to verify the correctness of the proposed method. Results of model data calculations and actual data processing show that results are in agreement. This indicates that the proposed method is reasonable, correct, sufficiently scientific, and can be regarded as a novel method for use in seismic geometry design in complex geological regions.

Analysis and Optimum Design of Differential Inductors Using Distributed Capacitance Model

A distributed capacitance model for monolithic inductors is developed to predict the equivalently parasitical capacitances of the inductor.The ratio of the self-resonant frequency (f SR) of the differential-driven symmetric inductor to the f SR of the single-ended driven inductor is firstly predicted and explained.Compared with a single-ended configuration,experimental data demonstrate that the differential inductor offers a 127% greater maximum quality factor and a broader range of operating frequencies.Two differential inductors with low parasitical capacitance are developed and validated.

Implementation of a Sketch Based Approach to Conceptual Aircraft Design Synthesis and Modeling

In the context of applying computer aided design tools to aircraft conceptualdesign, a sketch based approach is proposed to help designers turn their original concepts intocomplex numerical models that are usable for further analysis and optimization. This approachemphasizes the integration of general configuration and the layout of such components as engines,payloads, fuel tanks and landing gears, and the representation of a design scheme as uniform planesketches and three dimensional models. This paper presents the measures adopted to implement theapproach in a prototype system, including the object-oriented data structure, friendly graphicaluser interfaces and basic features of relevant modules. Several examples generated in the prototypeand applications of the results are finally outlined to illustrate the effectiveness of theapproach.

Accurate energy model for WSN node and its optimal design

With the development of CMOS and MEMS technologies, the implementation of a large number of wireless distributed micro-sensors that can be easily and rapidly deployed to form highly redundant, self-configuring, and ad hoc sensor networks. To facilitate ease of deployment, these sensors operate on battery for extended periods of time. A particular challenge in maintaining extended battery lifetime lies in achieving communications with low power. For better understanding of the design tradeoffs of wireless sensor network （WSN）, a more accurate energy model for wireless sensor node is proposed, and an optimal design method of energy efficient wireless sensor node is described as well. Different from power models ever shown which assume the power cost of each component in WSN node is constant, the new one takes into account the energy dissipation of circuits in practical physical layer. It shows that there are some parameters, such as data rate, carrier frequency, bandwidth, Tsw, etc, which have a significant effect on the WSN node energy consumption per useful bit （EPUB）. For a given quality specification, how energy consumption can be reduced by adjusting one or more of these parameters is shown.

Computer-based Creativity Enhanced Conceptual Design Model for Non-routine Design of Mechanical Systems

Computer-based conceptual design for routine design has made great strides, yet non-routine design has not been given due attention, and it is still poorly automated. Considering that the function-behavior-structure（FBS） model is widely used for modeling the conceptual design process, a computer-based creativity enhanced conceptual design model（CECD） for non-routine design of mechanical systems is presented. In the model, the leaf functions in the FBS model are decomposed into and represented with fine-grain basic operation actions（BOA）, and the corresponding BOA set in the function domain is then constructed. Choosing building blocks from the database, and expressing their multiple functions with BOAs, the BOA set in the structure domain is formed. Through rule-based dynamic partition of the BOA set in the function domain, many variants of regenerated functional schemes are generated. For enhancing the capability to introduce new design variables into the conceptual design process, and dig out more innovative physical structure schemes, the indirect function-structure matching strategy based on reconstructing the combined structure schemes is adopted. By adjusting the tightness of the partition rules and the granularity of the divided BOA subsets, and making full use of the main function and secondary functions of each basic structure in the process of reconstructing of the physical structures, new design variables and variants are introduced into the physical structure scheme reconstructing process, and a great number of simpler physical structure schemes to accomplish the overall function organically are figured out. The creativity enhanced conceptual design model presented has a dominant capability in introducing new deign variables in function domain and digging out simpler physical structures to accomplish the overall function, therefore it can be utilized to solve non-routine conceptual design problem.

Design and Optimization for the Occupant Restraint System of Vehicle Based on a Single Freedom Model

Throughout the vehicle crash event, the interactions between vehicle, occupant, restraint system (VOR) are complicated and highly non-linear. CAE and physical tests are the most widely used in vehicle passive safety development, but they can only be done with the detailed 3D model or physical samples. Often some design errors and imperfections are difficult to correct at that time, and a large amount of time will be needed. A restraint system concept design approach which based on single-degree-of-freedom occupant-vehicle model (SDOF) is proposed in this paper. The interactions between the restraint system parameters and the occupant responses in a crash are studied from the view of mechanics and energy. The discrete input and the iterative algorithm method are applied to the SDOF model to get the occupant responses quickly for arbitrary excitations (impact pulse) by MATLAB. By studying the relationships between the ridedown efficiency, the restraint stiffness, and the occupant response, the design principle of the restraint stiffness aiming to reduce occupant injury level during conceptual design is represented. Higher ridedown efficiency means more occupant energy absorbed by the vehicle, but the research result shows that higher ridedown efficiency does not mean lower occupant injury level. A proper restraint system design principle depends on two aspects. On one hand,the restraint system should lead to as high ridedown efficiency as possible, and at the same time, the restraint system should maximize use of the survival space to reduce the occupant deceleration level. As an example, an optimization of a passenger vehicle restraint system is designed by the concept design method above, and the final results are validated by MADYMO, which is the most widely used software in restraint system design, and the sled test. Consequently, a guideline and method for the occupant restraint system concept design is established in this paper.

Hybrid Data-Driven and Mechanistic Modeling Approaches for Multiscale Material and Process Design

The world’s increasing population requires the process industry to produce food,fuels,chemicals,and consumer products in a more efficient and sustainable way.Functional process materials lie at the heart of this challenge.Traditionally,new advanced materials are found empirically or through trial-and-error approaches.As theoretical methods and associated tools are being continuously improved and computer power has reached a high level,it is now efficient and popular to use computational methods to guide material selection and design.Due to the strong interaction between material selection and the operation of the process in which the material is used,it is essential to perform material and process design simultaneously.Despite this significant connection,the solution of the integrated material and process design problem is not easy because multiple models at different scales are usually required.Hybrid modeling provides a promising option to tackle such complex design problems.In hybrid modeling,the material properties,which are computationally expensive to obtain,are described by data-driven models,while the well-known process-related principles are represented by mechanistic models.This article highlights the significance of hybrid modeling in multiscale material and process design.The generic design methodology is first introduced.Six important application areas are then selected:four from the chemical engineering field and two from the energy systems engineering domain.For each selected area,state-ofthe-art work using hybrid modeling for multiscale material and process design is discussed.Concluding remarks are provided at the end,and current limitations and future opportunities are pointed out.

Comprehensive evaluation of high-steep slope stability and optimal high-steep slope design by 3D physical modeling

High-steep slope stability and its optimal excavation design in Shuichang open pit iron mine were analyzed based on a large 3D physical simulation technique. An optimal excavation scheme with a relatively steeper slope angle was successfully implemented at the northwest wall between Nos. 4 and 5 exploration lines of Shuichang Iron Mine, taking into account the 3D scale effect. The phys-ico-mechanical properties of rock materials were obtained by laboratory tests conducted on sample cores from exploration drilling directly from the iron mine. A porous rock-like composite material was formed for the model, and the mechanical parameters of the material were assessed experimentally;specifically, the effect of water on the sample was quantitatively determined. We adopted an experimental setup using stiff modular applied static loading to carry out a visual excavation of the slope at a random depth. The setup was equipped with acous-tic emission （AE） sensors, and the experiments were monitored by crack optical acquirement, ground penetrating radar, and close-field pho-togrammetry to investigate the mechanisms of rock-mass destabilization in the high-steep slope. For the complex study area, the model re-sults indicated a clear correlation between the model＇s destabilization resulting from slope excavation and the collected monitoring informa-tion. During the model simulation, the overall angle of the slope increased by 1-6 degrees in different sections. Dramatically, the modeled excavation scheme saved over 80 million tons of rock from extraction, generating enormous economic and ecological benefits.