Sterilization Effect of Cooking Process for Guilin Rice Noodles Based on Heat Conduction Model

Guilin rice noodles, a unique cuisine from Guilin, Guangxi, is renowned both domestically and internationally as one of the top ten “Guilin Classics”. Utilizing a heat conduction model, this study explores the effectiveness of the cooking process in sterilizing Guilin rice noodles before consumption. The model assumes that a large pot is filled with boiling water which is maintained at a constant high temperature heat resource through continuous gentle heating. And the room temperature is set as the initial temperature for the preheating process and the final temperature for the cooling process. The objective is to assess whether the cooking process achieves satisfactory sterilization results. The temperature distribution function of rice noodle with time is analytically obtained using the separation of variables method in the three-dimensional cylindrical coordinate system. Meanwhile, the thermal diffusion coefficient of Guilin rice noodles is obtained in terms of Riedel’ theory. By analyzing the elimination characteristics of Pseudomonas cocovenenans subsp. farinofermentans, this study obtains the optimal time required for effective sterilization at the core of Guilin rice noodles. The results show that the potential Pseudomonas cocovenenans subsp. farinofermentans will be completely eliminated through continuously preheating more than 31 seconds during the cooking process before consumption. This study provides a valuable reference of food safety standards in the cooking process of Guilin rice noodles, particularly in ensuring the complete inactivation of potentially harmful strains such as Pseudomonas cocovenenans subsp. farinofermentans.

Investigation of radial heat conduction with 1D self-consistent model in helicon plasmas

A 1D radially self-consistent model in helicon plasmas has been established to investigate the influence of radial heat conduction on plasma transport and wave propagation.Two kinds of 1D radial fluid models,with and without considering heat conduction,have been developed to couple the 1D plasma-wave interaction model,and self-consistent solutions have been obtained.It is concluded that in the low magnetic field range the radial heat conduction plays a moderate role in the transport of helicon plasmas and the importance depends on the application of the helicon source.It influences the local energy balance leading to enhancement of the electron temperature in the bulk region and a decrease in plasma density.The power deposition in the plasma is mainly balanced by collisional processes and axial diffusion,whereas it is compensated by heat conduction in the bulk region and consumed near the boundary.The role of radial heat conduction in the large magnetic field regime becomes negligible and the two fluid models show consistency.The local power balance,especially near the wall,is improved when conductive heat is taken into account.

Anomalous energy diffusion and heat conduction in one-dimensional system

We propose a new concept, the centre of energy, to study energy diffusion and heat conduction in a one-dimensional hard-point model. For the diatom model, we find an anomalous energy diffusion as （x2） - tβ with β = 1.33, which is independent of initial condition and mass rate. The present model can be viewed as the model composed by independent quasi-particles, the centre of energy. In this way, heat current can be calculated. Based on the theory of dynamic billiard, the divergent exponent of heat conductivity is estimated to be α = 0.33, which is confirmed by a simple numerical calculation.

Theoretical study on the effective thermal conductivity of silica aerogels based on a cross-aligned and cubic pore model

Aerogel nanoporous materials possess high porosity, high specific surface area, and extremely low density due to their unique nanoscale network structure. Moreover, their effective thermal conductivity is very low, making them a new type of lightweight and highly efficient nanoscale super-insulating material. However, prediction of their effective thermal conductivity is challenging due to their uneven pore size distribution. To investigate the internal heat transfer mechanism of aerogel nanoporous materials, this study constructed a cross-aligned and cubic pore model(CACPM) based on the actual pore arrangement of SiO_(2) aerogel. Based on the established CACPM, the effective thermal conductivity expression for the aerogel was derived by simultaneously considering gas-phase heat conduction, solid-phase heat conduction, and radiative heat transfer. The derived expression was then compared with available experimental data and the Wei structure model. The results indicate that, according to the model established in this study for the derived thermal conductivity formula of silica aerogel, for powdery silica aerogel under the conditions of T = 298 K, a_(2)= 0.85, D_(1)= 90 μm, ρ = 128 kg/m^(3), within the pressure range of 0–10^(5)Pa, the average deviation between the calculated values and experimental values is 10.51%. In the pressure range of 10^(3)–10^(4)Pa, the deviation between calculated values and experimental values is within 4%. Under these conditions, the model has certain reference value in engineering verification. This study also makes a certain contribution to the research of aerogel thermal conductivity heat transfer models and calculation formulae.

Hybrid graded element model for transient heat conduction in functionally graded materials

This paper presents a hybrid graded element model for the transient heat conduction problem in functionally graded materials （FGMs）. First, a Laplace transform approach is used to handle the time variable. Then, a fundamental solution in Laplace space for FGMs is constructed. Next, a hybrid graded element is formulated based on the obtained fundamental solution and a frame field. As a result, the graded properties of FGMs are naturally reflected by using the fundamental solution to interpolate the intra-element field. Further, Stefest＇s algorithm is employed to convert the results in Laplace space back into the time-space domain. Finally, the performance of the proposed method is assessed by several benchmark examples. The results demonstrate well the efficiency and accuracy of the proposed method.

Time fractional dual-phase-lag heat conduction equation

We build a fractional dual-phase-lag model and the corresponding bioheat transfer equation, which we use to interpret the experiment results for processed meat that have been explained by applying the hyperbolic conduction. Analytical solutions expressed by H-functions are obtained by using the Laplace and Fourier transforms method. The inverse fractional dual-phase-lag heat conduction problem for the simultaneous estimation of two relaxation times and orders of fractionality is solved by applying the nonlinear least-square method. The estimated model parameters are given. Finally, the measured and the calculated temperatures versus time are compared and discussed. Some numerical examples are also given and discussed.

Finite Element Modeling Of Low Heat Conducting Building Bricks

Heat conduction through conventional and interlocking building bricks with cavities was studied in this work. Heat transfer analysis was carried out using MATLAB? partial differential equation toolbox. Regular and staggered hole arrangements were studied. Results showed that four staggered holed interlocking bricks were effective in thermal resistance into the bricks and increasing the holes beyond four did not give any thermal resistance advantage. For the conventional bricks staggered holes did not give any thermal resistance advantage but the four-holed bricks were also adjudged to be effective in thermal resistance into the brick surface. Increasing the number of holes beyond four in conventional bricks did give some thermal resistivity advantage but very minimal. Structural strengths of holed bricks were not considered in this study.

Temperature waves in chemical reaction-diffusion-heat conduction systems with two ends respectively subject to Dirichlet and no-flux conditions

Taking the Lindemann model as a sample system in which there exist chemical reactions, diffusion and heat conduction, we found the theoretical framework of linear stability analysis for a unidimensional nonhomogeneous two-variable system with one end subject to Dirichlet conditions, while the other end no-flux conditions. Furthermore, the conditions for the emergence of temperature waves are found out by the linear stability analysis and verified by a diagram for successive steps of evolution of spatial profile of temperature during a period that is plotted by numerical simulations on a computer. Without doubt, these results are in favor of the heat balance in chemical reactor designs.

Temperature dependence of heat conduction coefficient in nanotube/nanowire networks

Studies on heat conduction are so far mainly focused on regular systems such as the one-dimensional（1D） and twodimensional（2D） lattices where atoms are regularly connected and temperatures of atoms are homogeneously distributed.However, realistic systems such as the nanotube/nanowire networks are not regular but heterogeneously structured, and their heat conduction remains largely unknown. We present a model of quasi-physical networks to study heat conduction in such physical networks and focus on how the network structure influences the heat conduction coefficient κ. In this model,we for the first time consider each link as a 1D chain of atoms instead of a spring in the previous studies. We find that κ is different from link to link in the network, in contrast to the same constant in a regular 1D or 2D lattice. Moreover, for each specific link, we present a formula to show how κ depends on both its link length and the temperatures on its two ends.These findings show that the heat conduction in physical networks is not a straightforward extension of 1D and 2D lattices but seriously influenced by the network structure.

MODEL OF LASER-TIG HYBRID WELDING HEAT SOURCE

The welding mechanism of laser-TIG hybrid welding process is analyzed. Withthe variation of arc current, the welding process is divided into two patterns: deep-penetrationwelding and heat conductive welding. The heat flow model of hybrid welding is presented. As todeep-penetration welding, the heat source includes a surface heat flux and a volume heat flux. Theheat source of heat conductive welding is composed of two Gaussian distribute surface heat sources.With this heat source model, a temperature field is calculated. The finite element code MARC isemployed for this purpose. The calculation results show a good agreement with the experimental data.

A Concise Model and Analysis for Heat-Induced Withdrawal Reflex Caused by Millimeter Wave Radiation

In this study, we consider the heat-induced withdrawal reflex caused by exposure to an electromagnetic beam. We propose a concise dose-response relation for predicting the occurrence of withdrawal reflex from a given spatial temperature profile. Our model is distilled from sub-step components in the ADT CHEETEH-E model developed at the Institute for Defense Analyses. Our model has only two parameters: the activation temperature of nociceptors and the critical threshold on the activated volume. When the spatial temperature profile is measurable, the two parameters can be determined from test data. We connect this dose-response relation to a temperature evolution model for electromagnetic heating. The resulting composite model governs the process from the electromagnetic beam deposited on the skin to the binary outcome of subject’s reflex response. We carry out non-dimensionalization in the time evolution model. The temperature solution of the non-dimensional system is the product of the applied power density and a parameter-free function. The effects of physical parameters are contained in non-dimensional time and depth. Scaling the physical temperature distribution into a parameter-free function greatly simplifies the analytical solution, and helps to pinpoint the effects of beam spot area and applied power density. With this formulation, we study the theoretical behaviors of the system, including the time of reflex, effect of heat conduction, biological latency in observed reflex, energy consumption by the time of reflex, and the strategy of selecting test conditions in experiments for the purpose of inferring model parameters from test data.

Heat Transfer and Flow Analysis in Loop Heat Pipe with Multiple Evaporators Using Network Model

Thermal performance of a loop heat pipe with two evaporators and two condensers was examined using a lumped network model analysis. Thermosyphon-type vertical loop heat pipe and capillary-pump-type horizontal loop heat pipe were calculated by examining the change of heating rate of two evaporators. Calculation results showed that the vapor and liquid flow rates in the loop heat pipe and the thermal conductance of the heat pipe changed significantly depending on the distribution ratio of the heating rate of the multiple evaporators. The thermal performance of the vertical loop heat pipe with two evaporators was also examined and experimental results of flow direction and thermal conductance of the heat pipe agreed with the analytical results. The lumped network model analysis is therefore considered accurate and preferable for the practical design of a loop heat pipe with multiple evaporators.

Multi-dimensional Simulation of Phase Change by a 0D-2D Model Coupling via Stefan Condition

Considering phase changes associated with a high-temperature molten material cooled down from the outside,this work presents an improvement of the modelling and the numerical simulation of such processes for an application pertaining to the safety of light water nuclear reactors.Postulating a core meltdown accident,the behaviour of the core melt(aka corium)into a steel vessel is of tremendous importance when evaluating the vessel integrity.Evaluating correctly the heat fluxes requires the numerical simulation of the interaction between the liquid material and its solid counterpart which forms during the solidification process,but also may melt back.To simulate this configuration,encoun-tered in various industrial applications,one considers a bi-phase model constituted by a liquid phase in contact and interaction with its solid phase.The liquid phase may solidify in presence of low energetic source,while the solid phase may melt due to an intense heat flux from the high-temperature liquid.In the frame of the in-house legacy code,several simplifying assumptions(0D multi-layer discretization,instantaneous heat transfer via a quadratic temperature profile in solids)are made for the modelling of such phase changes.In the present work,these shortcomings are illustrated and further overcome by solving a 2D heat conduction model in the solid by a mixed Raviart-Thomas finite element method coupled to the liquid phase due to heat and mass exchanges through Stefan condition.The liquid phase is modeled with a 0D multi-layer approach.The 0D-liquid and 2D-solid mod-els are coupled by a Stefan like phase change interface model.Several sanity checks are performed to assess the validity of the approach on 1D and 2D academical configurations for which exact or reference solutions are available.Then more advanced situations(genu-ine multi-dimensional phase changes and an"industrial-like scenario")are simulated to verify the appropriate behavior of the obtained coupled simulation scheme.

平板型环路热管研究现状及发展趋势

平板型环路热管是一种具有平板蒸发器的环路结构热管器件,其利用气液相变原理进行高效热传递。由于平板型环路热管更符合先进电子技术的发展趋势,并具有优异的远距离热传输性能,在航天飞行器、电子设备冷却、余热回收利用等领域具备广阔的应用前景。因此,文章综述了近年来研究者在平板型环路热管的吸液芯、工质、工作特性、理论模型以及异型结构等方面所做出的努力,总结了平板型环路热管上述方向的发展现状,提出平板型环路热管的未来发展趋势,助力先进两相散热技术发展。

饱和砂土地基中碳化硅能源桩的传热特性测试与分析

采用标准试块测试与模型试验,对碳化硅能源桩的传热特性进行研究。通过桩基混凝土试块导热系数和力学性能测试,确定碳化硅能源桩的桩身材料配合比;通过饱和砂土地基中能源桩高温释热工况模型试验,分析饱和砂土地基中碳化硅能源桩的传热性能以及轴向和径向温度分布及变化规律。结果表明:碳化硅代砂率达到16.0%时,桩基混凝土试块的导热系数、抗压强度以及抗折强度会分别提升64.1%、19.9%和11.4%,该代砂率下的碳化硅能源桩桩身材料配合比为最佳配合比。碳化硅能源桩的最高温度出现在桩体中部。相较于普通能源桩,碳化硅能源桩具有更高的桩体温度、温度增长速率和换热功率,表现出更优的传热性能。在碳化硅能源桩进行热循环时,桩土间的热量传递效率自桩身向外沿径向递减;热循环后,桩周土体呈现热量堆积现象,且这种现象随着接近桩身区域而逐渐增强。研究结果可为碳化硅能源桩的设计及其在饱和砂土地基中的应用提供试验依据。

顾及土壤热传导-对流效应的InSAR冻土活动层厚度估计

冻土活动层厚度(Active Layer Thickness,ALT)的变化是反映青藏高原多年冻土发育情况及其状态的一个重要指标,监测活动层厚度变化对寒区景观稳定发展、碳循环等方面具有非常重要的意义.由于合成孔径雷达干涉测量(Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar,InSAR)技术具有大范围、高精度、高时空分辨率等优势,近年来逐渐被用于反演活动层厚度.已有研究中基于InSAR和土壤一维热传导模型的活动层厚度估计方法,没有充分考虑到冻土中土壤水分对流引起的热量传递.因此本文提出了基于InSAR时序形变及土壤热传导-对流模型的活动层厚度估计方法,利用土壤热传导-对流模型建立InSAR探测的最大融沉形变与最高地温之间的滞后时间与活动层厚度之间的相关关系,实现了由滞后时间直接推算大范围、高分辨率的冻土活动层厚度.本文以青藏高原五道梁多年冻土区为例,利用116景Sentinel-1影像图作为实验数据,估计了该地区2017—2020年的平均活动层厚度.结果表明,活动层厚度值范围为0~7.0 m,平均活动层厚度为3.06 m,与已有研究中相近时间段相关成果及观测数据结果一致.本文方法兼顾冻土水热过程,证明了土壤热传导-对流模型在冻土活动层厚度反演中具有良好的应用前景,可用于青藏高原其他偏远地区的高空间分辨率活动层厚度反演.

不同温度速率下桥上CRTSⅡ型板式无砟轨道热力学性能研究

针对我国CRTSⅡ型板式无砟轨道的复杂温度荷载效应,重点研究不同温度速率变化对桥上CRTSⅡ型板式无砟轨道结构热力学性能的影响。通过大型环境模拟试验箱,开展简支箱梁上5块CRTSⅡ型板式无砟轨道的1∶4几何缩尺模型的温度试验,对比分析3种环境温度变化速率下无砟轨道内的温度和应力分布特征;建立两端自由和两端约束条件下缩尺模型的热传导数值模型,验证了该数值模型的有效性,分析了两种约束条件下无砟轨道-箱梁结构的三维温度场、应力场和位移的变化规律。结果表明,随着温度变化速率下降,无砟轨道-箱梁结构的竖向位移和温度变化幅值在增大,但竖向多层的温度和位移数值在下降;结构的应力、轨道板轴力也不断增大,特别是温度变化速率从0.67℃/min下降到0.44℃/min时。此外,两端自由的纵向应力和竖向位移均比两端约束的小,但其温度要大于两端约束的,约束边界条件会加速轨道内热传递过程。

Effects of Diesel Concentration on the Thermal Conductivity,Specific Heat Capacity and Thermal Diffusivity of Diesel-Contaminated Soil

High energy consumption is a serious issue associated with in situ thermal desorption(TD)remediation of sites contaminated by petroleum hydrocarbons(PHs).The knowledge on the thermophysical properties of contaminated soil can help predict accurately the transient temperature distribution in a remediation site,for the purpose of energy conservation.However,such data are rarely reported for PH-contaminated soil.In this study,by taking diesel as a representative example for PHs,soil samples with constant dry bulk density but different diesel mass concentrations ranging from 0% to 20% were prepared,and the variations of their thermal conductivity,specific heat capacity and thermal diffusivity were measured and analyzed over a wide temperature range between 0℃ and 120℃.It was found that the effect of diesel concentration on the thermal conductivity of soil is negligible when it is below 1%.When diesel concentration is below 10%,the thermal conductivity of soil increases with raising the temperature.However,when diesel concentration becomes above 10%,the change of the thermal conductivity of soil with temperature exhibits the opposite trend.This is mainly due to the competition between soil minerals and diesel,because the thermal conductivity of minerals increases with temperature,whereas the thermal conductivity of diesel decreases with temperature.The analysis results showed that,compared with temperature,the diesel concentration has more significant effects on soil thermal conductivity.Regardless of the diesel concentration,with the increase of temperature,the specific heat capacity of soil increases,while the thermal diffusivity of soil decreases.In addition,the results of a control experiment exhibited that the relative differences of the thermal conductivity of the soil samples containing the same concentration of both diesel and a pure alkane are all below 10%,indicating that the results obtained with diesel in this study can be extended to the family of PHs.A theoretical prediction model was proposed based on cubic fractal and thermal resistance analysis,which confirmed that diesel concentration does have a significant effect on soil thermal conductivity.For the sake of practical applications,a regression model with the diesel concentration as a primary parameter was also proposed.

基于二维热传导方程的COB-LED散热器热模拟

针对COB-LED(Chip on Board-Light Emitting Diode)散热问题,文中基于二维热传导方程建立了一个可快速计算COB-LED散热器表面热分布的数学模型。为了便于模型求解,采用有限差分法求解该数学模型并选择交替方向隐格式作为其差分格式。根据模型中的边界条件和初始条件设计COB-LED常温点亮实验,并基于ANSYS有限元分析软件进行仿真分析。通过比较求解结果、仿真结果和实验结果验证该数学模型的合理性。结果表明,求解结果与实验结果中最高温度相对误差约23.57%,且两者的温度变化趋势一致。求解结果与仿真结果中最高温度相对误差约34.84%,且温度分布较为接近,证明了该数学模型的合理性与正确性。

填埋场底部有水循环管情况下温度变化分析

为了减少填埋场中温度升高对衬垫系统的危害,对填埋场底部有水循环管情况下衬垫层温度变化进行研究。针对水循环系统建立了热传导数学模型,并求得了解析解,通过与Comsol的对比,验证了模型及其解答的正确性。根据解析解分析了不同情况下水循环系统对垃圾填埋场衬垫系统温度的影响情况。研究表明,循环水温度和热交换系数对水循环管的降温性能有较大的影响,水循环管对上下层周围土体的温度也有影响,影响范围为4 m左右。