Improvement of Attributed Scattering Center Extraction by Using SAR Super-Resolution Preprocessing

Synthetic aperture radar(SAR)is able to acquire high-resolution method using the active microwave imaging method.SAR images are widely used in target recognition,classification,and surface analysis,with extracted features.Attribute scattering center(ASC)is able to describe the image features for these tasks.However,sidelobe effects reduce the accuracy and reliability of the estimated ASC model parameters.This paper incorporates the SAR super-resolution into the ASC extraction to improve its performance.Both filter bank and subspace methods are demonstrated for preprocessing to supress the sidelobe.Based on the preprocessed data,a reinforcement based ASC method is used to get the parameters.The experimental results show that the super-resolution method can reduce noise and suppress sidelobe effect,which improve accuracy of the estimated ASC model parameters.

Single-Photon Scattering by a Three-level System Interacting with a Whispering-Gallery Resonator Coupled to One-Dimensional Waveguide：

We investigate theoretically the single-photon scattering by a A-type three-level system interacting with a whispering-gallery-type resonator which is coupled to a one-dimensional waveguide by full quantum-mechanical approach. The single-photon transmission amplitude and reflection amplitude are obtained exactly via real-space approach. The single-photon transport properties controlling by classic optical field are discussed. The critical coupling condition in the coupled waveguide-whispering-gallery resonator-atom with three-level system is also analyzed.

Scattering of a single photon in a one-dimensional coupled resonator waveguide with a Λ-type emitter assisted by an additional cavity

We analyze the transport property of a single photon in a one-dimensional coupled resonator waveguide coupled with a Λ-type emitter assisted by an additional cavity. The reflection and transmission coefficients of the inserted photon are obtained by the stationary theory. It is shown that the polarization state of the inserted photon can be converted with high efficiency. This study may inspire single-photon devices for scalable quantum memory.

Theoretical Research on Scattering Resonance States of Reaction I＋HI（v=O）→IH（v＇=0）＋I： Partial Potential Energy Surface and One-dimensional Quantum Reactive Scattering Calculation

Based on the vibrational potential curves coupled with the minimum energy reaction path, the partial potential energy surface of the reaction I＋HI→IH＋I was constructed at the QCISD（T）//MP4SDQ level with pseudo potential method. And the formation mechanism of the scattering resonance states of this reaction was well interpreted with the partial potential energy surface. The scattering resonance states of this reaction should belong to Feshbach resonance because of the coupling of the vibrational mode and the translational mode. With the one-dimensional square potential well model, the resonance width and lifetime of the I＋HI（v=0）→IH（v＇=0）＋I state-to-state reaction were calculated, which preferably explained the high-resolved threshold photodetachment spectroscopy of the IHI- anion performed by Neumark et al..

Feature Extraction of Localized Scattering Centers Using the Modified TLS-Prony Algorithm and Its Applications

This paper presents an all-parametric model of radar target in optic region, in which the localized scattering center's frequency and aspect angle dependent scattering level, distance and azimuth locations are modeled as the feature vectors. And the traditional TLS-Prony algorithm is modified to extract these feature vectors. The analysis of Cramer-Rao bound shows that the modified algorithm not only improves the restriction of high signal-to-noise ratio(SNR)threshold of traditional TLS-Prony algorithm, but also is suitable to the extraction of big damped coefficients and high-resolution estimation of near separation poles. Finally, an illustrative example is presented to verify its practicability in the applications. The experimental results show that the method developed can not only recognize two airplane-like targets with similar shape at low SNR, but also compress the original radar data with high fidelity.

Three-dimensional positions of scattering centers reconstruction from multiple SAR images based on radargrammetry

A method and procedure is presented to reconstruct three-dimensional(3D) positions of scattering centers from multiple synthetic aperture radar(SAR) images. Firstly, two-dimensional(2D) attribute scattering centers of targets are extracted from 2D SAR images. Secondly, similarity measure is developed based on 2D attributed scatter centers' location, type, and radargrammetry principle between multiple SAR images. By this similarity, we can associate 2D scatter centers and then obtain candidate 3D scattering centers. Thirdly, these candidate scattering centers are clustered in 3D space to reconstruct final 3D positions. Compared with presented methods, the proposed method has a capability of describing distributed scattering center, reduces false and missing 3D scattering centers, and has fewer restrictionson modeling data. Finally, results of experiments have demonstrated the effectiveness of the proposed method.

Hybrid micromotion-scattering center model for synthetic aperture radar micromotion target imaging

Micromotion is an important target feature, although the target micromotion has an unfavorable influence on the synthetic aperture radar （SAR） image interpretation due to defocusing. This paper introduces micromotion parameters into the scattering center model to obtain a hybrid micromotion-scattering center model, and then proposes an optimization algorithm based on the maximal likelihood estimation to solve the model for jointly obtaining target motion and scattering parameters. Initial value estimation methods using targets＇ ghost images are then presented to guarantee the global and fast convergence. Simulation results show the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm especially in high precision estimation and multiple targets processing.

Scattering center modeling for low-detectable targets

The scattering centers(SCs)of low-detectable targets(LDTs)have a low scattering intensity.It is difficult to build the SC model of an LDT using the existing methods because these methods mainly concern dominant SCs with strong scattering contributions.This paper presents an SC modeling approach to acquire the weak SCs of LDTs.We employ the induced currents at the LDT to search SCs,and the joint time-frequency transform together with the Hough transform to separate the scattering contributions of different SCs.Particle swarm optimization(PSO)is applied to improve the estimation results of SCs.The accuracy of the SC model built by this approach is verified by a full-wave numerical method.The validation results show that the SC model of the LDT can precisely simulate the signatures of high-resolution images,such as high-resolution range profile and inverse synthetic aperture radar(ISAR)images.

Scattering Center Modeling Using Adaptive Segmental Compressive Sampling

In order to deal with aliasing distortions of Doppler frequencies shown in time-frequency representation（ TFR） with aspect undersampling,an approach using adaptive segmental compressive sampling according to the aspect dependencies of the scattering centers is proposed. The random noise problem induced by compressive sampling is solved by employing a series of signal processing techniques of filtering,image transformation and Hough Transform. Three examples are presented to verify the effectiveness of this approach. The comparisons between the built models and the precise scattered fields computed by a well-validated full-wave numerical method are investigated,and the results showgood agreements between each other.

Scattering Centers Measurements by a Modified MEMP Method

A modified matrix enhancement and matrix pencil (MMEMP) method is presented for the scattering centers measurements in step-frequency radar. The method estimates the signal parameter pairs directly unlike the matrix enhancement and matrix pencil (MEMP) method which contains an additional step to pair the parameters related to each dimension. The downrange and crossrange expressions of the scattering centers are deduced, as well as the range ambiguities, from the point of view of MMEMP method. Compared with the Fourier transform method, the numerical simulation shows that both the resolution and precision of the MMEMP method are higher than those of the Fourier method. The processing results of the real measured data for three cylinders prove the above conclusions further.

Time-domain compressive dictionary of attributed scattering center model for sparse representation

Parameter estimation of the attributed scattering center(ASC) model is significant for automatic target recognition(ATR). Sparse representation based parameter estimation methods have developed rapidly. Construction of the separable dictionary is a key issue for sparse representation technology. A compressive time-domain dictionary(TD) for ASC model is presented. Two-dimensional frequency domain responses of the ASC are produced and transformed into the time domain. Then these time domain responses are cutoff and stacked into vectors. These vectored time-domain responses are amalgamated to form the TD. Compared with the traditional frequency-domain dictionary(FD), the TD is a matrix that is quite spare and can markedly reduce the data size of the dictionary. Based on the basic TD construction method, we present four extended TD construction methods, which are available for different applications. In the experiments, the performance of the TD, including the basic model and the extended models, has been firstly analyzed in comparison with the FD. Secondly, an example of parameter estimation from SAR synthetic aperture radar(SAR) measurements of a target collected in an anechoic room is exhibited. Finally, a sparse image reconstruction example is from two apart apertures. Experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness and efficiency of the proposed TD.

Scattering Center Extraction of UWB Radio Fuze's Target Based on Polar Hough Transform

In order to extract the feature information of ultra wide-band (UWB) radio fuze target and give full play to the warhead's strike ability, a method based on polar Hough transform for scattering centers extraction of the target was proposed in this paper. It firstly utilized the fuze scanning to obtain the distance and azimuth information of the target's main scattering centers at different times, i.e. the track information of scattering centers under the polar coordinates, then used the polar Hough transform to transform the track into the parameter space in order to accumulate the dots and drew 3-D parameter space diagram, in which the peak points corresponded to the target's scattering centers. The simulation results indicate that the method can not only extract scattering centers efficiently and accurately, but also has strong anti-noise performance, and the algorithm is simple and easy to be implemented in engineering.

Recognition of the major scattering sources on complex targets based on the high frequency radar cross section integrated calculation technique

Based on the high frequency （HF） integrated radar cross section （RCS） calculation approach, a technique of detecting major scattering source is developed by using an appropriate arithmetic for scattering distribution and scattering source detection. For the perfect adaptability to targets and the HF of the HF integrated RCS calculation platform, this technique is suitable to solve large complex targets and has lower requirement to the target modeling. A comparison with the result of 2-D radar imaging confirms the accuracy and reliability of this technique in recognition of the major scattering source on complex targets. This technique provides the foundation for rapid integrated evaluation of the scattering performance and 3-D scattering model reconstruction of large complex targets.

Mobility limited by cluster scattering in ternary alloy quantum wires

The mobility limited by cluster scattering in ternary alloy semiconductor quantum wire （QWR） is theoretically inves- tigated under Born approximation. We calculate the screened mobility due to clusters （high indium composition lnGaN） scattering in the InxGal_xN QWR structure. The characteristics of the cluster scattering mechanism are discussed in terms of the indium composition of clusters, the one-dimensional electron gas （1DEG） concentration, and the radius of QWR. We find that the density, breadth of cluster, and the correlation length have a strong effect on the electron mobility due to cluster scattering, Finally, a comparison of the cluster scattering is made with the alloy-disorder scattering. It is found that the cluster scattering acts as a significant scattering event to impact the resultant electron mobility in ternary alloy QWR.

多次散射中心横向位置属性及图像表征

多次散射结构是不可忽视的重要散射来源,其等效视在散射中心往往偏离目标区域,目前的解译和识别方法不具备对SAR图像中的多次散射中心现象进行散射机理和散射结构溯源的能力。为深入挖掘多次散射中心位置的本质,本文以散射中心的理论为基础,正向建立了具有明确物理含义的散射中心模型,揭示了多次散射中心横向位置与复杂多次射线路径的联系,解释了多普勒频率的形成机制,并探讨了其在雷达目标识别中的应用。首先,本文从电磁散射物理过程出发,推导了任意阶次射线场的解析表达式;其次,结合正向物理推导获取的雷达回波信号表达式与逆傅里叶变换,表征了目标在单站雷达上的图像特征,实现了散射中心三维空间位置在单站雷达图像中的直接映射;最后,通过仿真,构建了多次散射射线光程、回波信号相位表征、雷达图像散射中心位置三者之间的物理关联。

基于属性散射中心目标重构加权决策融合的SAR目标识别方法

针对合成孔径雷达(SAR)图像目标识别问题,采用原始图像及其属性散射中心目标重构结果进行决策融合。以核稀疏表示分类(KSRC)为基础分类器,对原始及重构SAR图像进行分类。KSRC通过引入核函数提升分类适应能力;目标重构可有效剔除原始SAR图像中的噪声成分。根据目标重构过程中重构结果与残差的能量关系评估原始SAR图像噪声水平,并以此为依据确定原始图像和重构图像决策结果的权重。采用加权融合手段对两个结果进行处理,判断测试样本的目标类别。基于MSTAR数据集对方法进行测试,实验结果证明了其有效性。

基于局部密度聚类的雷达目标散射中心区域分割

散射中心是描述雷达目标高频散射机理的重要特征,准确提取雷达目标散射中心参数对解析雷达目标有着极其重要的研究意义。为了提高散射中心参数计算速度,通常将整幅合成孔径雷达(synthetic aperture radar,SAR)图像分解为多个包含散射中心的小区域,对每个小区域分别进行特征提取和参数计算。根据雷达目标散射中心的特点,提出了一种基于局部密度聚类的雷达目标散射中心区域分割技术。首先,对雷达图像进行Frost滤波、基于水平集方法(level set method,LSM)的图像分割和面积滤波的一系列图像预处理获得目标感兴趣(region of interest,ROI)区域,然后对预处理后的图像利用局部密度聚类算法检测散射中心并进行区域分割。实验中,采用模拟数据和真实数据对所提方法和传统图像分割算法展开数值实验,实验结果验证了所提方法在雷达目标散射中心区域分割的有效性和优越性。

基于密度峰值聚类的宽角域散射中心聚类

宽角域合成孔径雷达(wide-angle synthetic aperture radar,WA-SAR)有着更广泛的角度覆盖范围,基于此得到的宽角域散射中心(wide-angle scattering centers,WA-SCs)包含了目标物体更加丰富的电磁散射特征,这对雷达的目标建模、目标识别等有着重要的意义。为了克服WA-SCs数据维度高、所含信息复杂的特点,并从中提取出所需的目标物体特征,采取密度峰值聚类(density peak clustering,DPC)算法研究WA-SCs。基于SLICY模型数据,从聚类内部评价指标、聚类可视化和算法自动化程度3个方面,将本文算法与经典的K-means、DBSCAN和MeanShift算法进行了对比实验。结果表明,DPC算法具有自动化程度高、高维数据适应性强、聚类精度高等优点,有望为后续的一系列基于WA-SCs的目标建模、目标识别等工作提供技术支撑。

雷达属性散射中心的快速目标分类和参数估计

雷达属性散射中心模型的属性参数能够提供目标更为丰富的重要信息,属性散射中心参数估计对解析雷达目标有着极其重要的研究意义。针对雷达属性散射中心模型,提出了基于深度学习的雷达属性散射中心快速目标分类和参数估计的技术。首先利用ViT(vision transformer)深度学习网络将雷达属性散射中心分类为局部式和分布式两类,然后基于TS2Vec框架构建针对属性散射中心参数估计的卷积神经网络(convolutional neural network for attribute scattering centers,ASCNN),最后分别对两种数据进行训练以实现局部式和分布式属性散射中心的参数估计。基于属性散射中心模型展开数值实验,实验结果表明,该方法对雷达属性散射中心目标分类的准确率高达99%以上;雷达属性散射中心参数估计的速度超过传统方法的10000倍以上,且精度更高,验证了所提方法的有效性和优越性。

空中目标动态电磁散射数据仿真系统设计与实现

电磁散射数据是目标识别研究的基础,但由于试验测量成本高、可重复性差等问题,空中目标电磁散射实测数据十分有限。基于去遮挡的N点模型和电磁计算数据插值研究了空中目标动态电磁散射数据仿真方法,设计了空中目标动态电磁数据仿真系统,该系统将电磁散射仿真与实际飞行场景相结合,支持场景自定义和空中目标三维模型库扩展。分析了飞机和巡航导弹2类目标仿真数据及成像结果,结果验证了仿真方法正确性和系统有效性,可为研究实际场景下的空中目标识别提供支撑。