Due to the low spatial resolution of sea surface temperature(T_S)retrieval by real aperture microwave radiometers,in this study,an iterative retrieval method that minimizes the differences between brightness temperatu...Due to the low spatial resolution of sea surface temperature(T_S)retrieval by real aperture microwave radiometers,in this study,an iterative retrieval method that minimizes the differences between brightness temperature(T_B)measured and modeled was used to retrieve sea surface temperature with a one-dimensional synthetic aperture microwave radiometer,temporarily named 1 D-SAMR.Regarding the configuration of the radiometer,an angular resolution of 0.43°was reached by theoretical calculation.Experiments on sea surface temperature retrieval were carried out with ideal parameters;the results show that the main factors affecting the retrieval accuracy of sea surface temperature are the accuracy of radiometer calibration and the precision of auxiliary geophysical parameters.In the case of no auxiliary parameter errors,the greatest error in retrieved sea surface temperature is obtained at low T_S scene(i.e.,0.7106 K for the incidence angle of 35°under the radiometer calibration accuracy of0.5 K).While errors on auxiliary parameters are assumed to follow a Gaussian distribution,the greatest error on retrieved sea surface temperature was 1.3305 K at an incidence angle of 65°in poorly known sea surface wind speed(W)(the error on W of 1.0 m/s)over high W scene,for the radiometer calibration accuracy of 0.5 K.展开更多
Compared with traditional real aperture microwave radiometers,one-dimensional synthetic aperture microwave radiometers have higher spatial resolution.In this paper,we proposed to retrieve sea surface temperature using...Compared with traditional real aperture microwave radiometers,one-dimensional synthetic aperture microwave radiometers have higher spatial resolution.In this paper,we proposed to retrieve sea surface temperature using a one-dimensional synthetic aperture microwave radiometer that operates at frequencies of 6.9 GHz,10.65 GHz,18.7 GHz and 23.8 GHz at multiple incidence angles.We used the ERA5 reanalysis data provided by the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts and a radiation transmission forward model to calculate the model brightness temperature.The brightness temperature measured by the spaceborne one-dimensional synthetic aperture microwave radiometer was simulated by adding Gaussian noise to the model brightness temperature.Then,a backpropagation(BP)neural network algorithm,a random forest(RF)algorithm and two multiple linear regression algorithms(RE1 and RE2)were developed to retrieve sea surface temperature from the measured brightness temperature within the incidence angle range of 0°-65°.The results show that the retrieval errors of the four algorithms increase with the increasing Gaussian noise.The BP achieves the lowest retrieval errors at all incidence angles.The retrieval error of the RE1 and RE2 decrease first and then increase with the incidence angle and the retrieval error of the RF is contrary to that of RE1 and RE2.展开更多
One-dimensional synthetic aperture microwave radiometers have higher spatial resolution and record measurements at multiple incidence angles.In this paper,we propose a multiple linear regression method to retrieve sea...One-dimensional synthetic aperture microwave radiometers have higher spatial resolution and record measurements at multiple incidence angles.In this paper,we propose a multiple linear regression method to retrieve sea surface wind speed at an incidence angle between 0°65°.We assume that a one-dimensional synthetic aperture microwave radiometer operates at frequencies of 6.9,10.65,18.7,23.8 and 36.5 GHz.Then,the microwave radiative transfer forward model is used to simulate the measured brightness temperatures.The sensitivity of the brightness temperatures at 0°65°to the sea surface wind speed is calculated.Then,vertical polarization channels(VR),horizontal polarization channels(HR)and all channels(AR)are used to retrieve the sea surface wind speed via a multiple linear regression algorithm at 0°65°,and the relationship between the retrieval error and incidence angle is obtained.The results are as follows:(1)The sensitivity of the vertical polarization brightness temperature to the sea surface wind speed is smaller than that of the horizontal polarization.(2)The retrieval error increases with Gaussian noise.The retrieval error of VR first increases and then decreases with increasing incidence angle,the retrieval error of HR gradually decreases with increasing incidence angle,and the retrieval error of AR first decreases and then increases with increasing incidence angle.(3)The retrieval error of AR is the lowest and it is necessary to retrieve the sea surface wind speed at a larger incidence angle for AR.展开更多
The synthetic aperture microwave radiometer (SAMR) has been proved to be an interesting system for the remote sensing of the earth from space with a high spatial resolution. This paper presents the formulas for comput...The synthetic aperture microwave radiometer (SAMR) has been proved to be an interesting system for the remote sensing of the earth from space with a high spatial resolution. This paper presents the formulas for computing the spatial resolution of the SAMR. Some practical examples are also presented, and it is proved that the spatial resolution becomes more inferior with the increment of the off-nadir angle.展开更多
射频干扰(radio frequency interference,RFI)对L波段综合孔径辐射计遥感数据造成了严重污染,降低了产品质量。RFI检测定位是处理RFI的关键步骤。传统的基于亮温图像的定位算法受到仪器角分辨率的限制,无法有效分离相邻的RFI。为了实现...射频干扰(radio frequency interference,RFI)对L波段综合孔径辐射计遥感数据造成了严重污染,降低了产品质量。RFI检测定位是处理RFI的关键步骤。传统的基于亮温图像的定位算法受到仪器角分辨率的限制,无法有效分离相邻的RFI。为了实现更高的空间分辨率,基于子空间分解技术的多信号分类(multiple signal classification,MUSIC)算法被提出。然而,当亮温图像的信噪比较低时,背景和噪声对子空间分解的准确性影响较大,进而降低了MUSIC算法的定位性能。文章通过结合亮温图像和子空间分解两种方法的优点,提出了一种融合改进定位方法。该方法通过在亮温图像域中消除背景场景、增强目标射频干扰,2次提高了图像信噪比,在频域中,利用子空间分解和MUSIC算法实现超分辨率和高精度定位。通过对土壤湿度和海洋盐度(soil moisture and ocean salinity,SMOS)卫星数据进行实验和仿真验证,证明了文章提出的方法在低信噪比情况下优于传统的MUSIC算法和基于亮温的定位算法。此外,在对多个弱RFI源的定位上,该方法的定位精度也优于基于点源波纹的弱RFI检测定位算法。展开更多
基金The National Natural Science Foundation of China under contract Nos 41475019,41575028,41705007,41605016,and 41505016。
文摘Due to the low spatial resolution of sea surface temperature(T_S)retrieval by real aperture microwave radiometers,in this study,an iterative retrieval method that minimizes the differences between brightness temperature(T_B)measured and modeled was used to retrieve sea surface temperature with a one-dimensional synthetic aperture microwave radiometer,temporarily named 1 D-SAMR.Regarding the configuration of the radiometer,an angular resolution of 0.43°was reached by theoretical calculation.Experiments on sea surface temperature retrieval were carried out with ideal parameters;the results show that the main factors affecting the retrieval accuracy of sea surface temperature are the accuracy of radiometer calibration and the precision of auxiliary geophysical parameters.In the case of no auxiliary parameter errors,the greatest error in retrieved sea surface temperature is obtained at low T_S scene(i.e.,0.7106 K for the incidence angle of 35°under the radiometer calibration accuracy of0.5 K).While errors on auxiliary parameters are assumed to follow a Gaussian distribution,the greatest error on retrieved sea surface temperature was 1.3305 K at an incidence angle of 65°in poorly known sea surface wind speed(W)(the error on W of 1.0 m/s)over high W scene,for the radiometer calibration accuracy of 0.5 K.
基金The National Natural Science Foundation of China under contract Nos 41475019 and 41705007.
文摘Compared with traditional real aperture microwave radiometers,one-dimensional synthetic aperture microwave radiometers have higher spatial resolution.In this paper,we proposed to retrieve sea surface temperature using a one-dimensional synthetic aperture microwave radiometer that operates at frequencies of 6.9 GHz,10.65 GHz,18.7 GHz and 23.8 GHz at multiple incidence angles.We used the ERA5 reanalysis data provided by the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts and a radiation transmission forward model to calculate the model brightness temperature.The brightness temperature measured by the spaceborne one-dimensional synthetic aperture microwave radiometer was simulated by adding Gaussian noise to the model brightness temperature.Then,a backpropagation(BP)neural network algorithm,a random forest(RF)algorithm and two multiple linear regression algorithms(RE1 and RE2)were developed to retrieve sea surface temperature from the measured brightness temperature within the incidence angle range of 0°-65°.The results show that the retrieval errors of the four algorithms increase with the increasing Gaussian noise.The BP achieves the lowest retrieval errors at all incidence angles.The retrieval error of the RE1 and RE2 decrease first and then increase with the incidence angle and the retrieval error of the RF is contrary to that of RE1 and RE2.
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China(41475019,41631072)
文摘One-dimensional synthetic aperture microwave radiometers have higher spatial resolution and record measurements at multiple incidence angles.In this paper,we propose a multiple linear regression method to retrieve sea surface wind speed at an incidence angle between 0°65°.We assume that a one-dimensional synthetic aperture microwave radiometer operates at frequencies of 6.9,10.65,18.7,23.8 and 36.5 GHz.Then,the microwave radiative transfer forward model is used to simulate the measured brightness temperatures.The sensitivity of the brightness temperatures at 0°65°to the sea surface wind speed is calculated.Then,vertical polarization channels(VR),horizontal polarization channels(HR)and all channels(AR)are used to retrieve the sea surface wind speed via a multiple linear regression algorithm at 0°65°,and the relationship between the retrieval error and incidence angle is obtained.The results are as follows:(1)The sensitivity of the vertical polarization brightness temperature to the sea surface wind speed is smaller than that of the horizontal polarization.(2)The retrieval error increases with Gaussian noise.The retrieval error of VR first increases and then decreases with increasing incidence angle,the retrieval error of HR gradually decreases with increasing incidence angle,and the retrieval error of AR first decreases and then increases with increasing incidence angle.(3)The retrieval error of AR is the lowest and it is necessary to retrieve the sea surface wind speed at a larger incidence angle for AR.
文摘The synthetic aperture microwave radiometer (SAMR) has been proved to be an interesting system for the remote sensing of the earth from space with a high spatial resolution. This paper presents the formulas for computing the spatial resolution of the SAMR. Some practical examples are also presented, and it is proved that the spatial resolution becomes more inferior with the increment of the off-nadir angle.
文摘射频干扰(radio frequency interference,RFI)对L波段综合孔径辐射计遥感数据造成了严重污染,降低了产品质量。RFI检测定位是处理RFI的关键步骤。传统的基于亮温图像的定位算法受到仪器角分辨率的限制,无法有效分离相邻的RFI。为了实现更高的空间分辨率,基于子空间分解技术的多信号分类(multiple signal classification,MUSIC)算法被提出。然而,当亮温图像的信噪比较低时,背景和噪声对子空间分解的准确性影响较大,进而降低了MUSIC算法的定位性能。文章通过结合亮温图像和子空间分解两种方法的优点,提出了一种融合改进定位方法。该方法通过在亮温图像域中消除背景场景、增强目标射频干扰,2次提高了图像信噪比,在频域中,利用子空间分解和MUSIC算法实现超分辨率和高精度定位。通过对土壤湿度和海洋盐度(soil moisture and ocean salinity,SMOS)卫星数据进行实验和仿真验证,证明了文章提出的方法在低信噪比情况下优于传统的MUSIC算法和基于亮温的定位算法。此外,在对多个弱RFI源的定位上,该方法的定位精度也优于基于点源波纹的弱RFI检测定位算法。
