HARTEN SOLUTION FOR ONE-DIMENSIONAL UNSTEADY EQUATION

In order to use the second-order 5-point difference scheme mentioned to compute the solution of one dimension unsteady equations of the direct reflection of the strong plane detonation wave meeting a solid wall barrier,in this paper,we technically construct the difference schemes of the boundary and sub-boundary of the problem,and deduce the auto-analogue analytic solutions of the initial value problem,and at the same time,we present a method for the singular property of the initial value problem,from which we can get a satisfactory computation result of this difficult problem.The difference scheme used in this paper to deal with the discontinuity problems of the shock wave are valuable and worth generalization.

Theoretical Research on Scattering Resonance States of Reaction I＋HI（v=O）→IH（v＇=0）＋I： Partial Potential Energy Surface and One-dimensional Quantum Reactive Scattering Calculation

Based on the vibrational potential curves coupled with the minimum energy reaction path, the partial potential energy surface of the reaction I＋HI→IH＋I was constructed at the QCISD（T）//MP4SDQ level with pseudo potential method. And the formation mechanism of the scattering resonance states of this reaction was well interpreted with the partial potential energy surface. The scattering resonance states of this reaction should belong to Feshbach resonance because of the coupling of the vibrational mode and the translational mode. With the one-dimensional square potential well model, the resonance width and lifetime of the I＋HI（v=0）→IH（v＇=0）＋I state-to-state reaction were calculated, which preferably explained the high-resolved threshold photodetachment spectroscopy of the IHI- anion performed by Neumark et al..

Broadening Thermal Energy Levels and Density States Quasi One-Dimensional Electron Gas

We have investigated the energy states of a one-dimensional electron gas and analyzed the temperature dependence of the density of states. It is shown that with increasing temperature due to thermal broadening of quantum, levels are blurred.

Study on the Influence of Piloti on Mean Radiant Temperature in Residential Blocks by 3-D Unsteady State Heat Balance Radiation Calculation

Piloti is commonly used in tropical and subtropical climate zones to get high wind velocity and create shadowed areas in order to optimize the living environment of residential blocks,but there are few studies to reveal the influence of piloti on the radiant environment of residential blocks systematically. Taking the city of Guangzhou as an example,using 3-D Unsteady State Heat Balance Radiation Calculation Method,this paper shows that the mean radiant temperature( MRT) under piloti area increases with the increase of piloti ratio,and especially when piloti ratio is equal to 100%,the MRT increase trend becomes sharp. The MRT of exposed area decreases with the increase of piloti ratio,especially when piloti ratio reaches 100%,the decrease trend of MRT becomes sharp,which offers the reference for the study on piloti design in subtropical climate zones and further research on living environment by CFD simulation in residential blocks.

Remaining Useful Life Prediction of Aeroengine Based on Principal Component Analysis and One-Dimensional Convolutional Neural Network

In order to directly construct the mapping between multiple state parameters and remaining useful life(RUL),and reduce the interference of random error on prediction accuracy,a RUL prediction model of aeroengine based on principal component analysis(PCA)and one-dimensional convolution neural network(1D-CNN)is proposed in this paper.Firstly,multiple state parameters corresponding to massive cycles of aeroengine are collected and brought into PCA for dimensionality reduction,and principal components are extracted for further time series prediction.Secondly,the 1D-CNN model is constructed to directly study the mapping between principal components and RUL.Multiple convolution and pooling operations are applied for deep feature extraction,and the end-to-end RUL prediction of aeroengine can be realized.Experimental results show that the most effective principal component from the multiple state parameters can be obtained by PCA,and the long time series of multiple state parameters can be directly mapped to RUL by 1D-CNN,so as to improve the efficiency and accuracy of RUL prediction.Compared with other traditional models,the proposed method also has lower prediction error and better robustness.

Direct Calculation of Unsteady-State Weymouth Equations for Gas Volumetric Flow Rate with Different Friction Factors in Horizontal and Inclined Pipes

Direct calculations of unsteady-state Weymouth equations for gas volumetric flow rate occur more frequently in the design and operation analysis of natural gas systems. Most of the existing gas pipelines design procedures are based on a particular friction factor and steady-state flow analysis. This paper examined the behavior of different friction factors and the need to develop model analysis capable of calculating unsteady-state gas flow rate in horizontal and inclined pipes. The results show different variation in flow rate with Panhandle A and Panhandle B attaining stability in accurate time with initial unsteadiness at the instance of flow. Chen and Jain friction factors have opposition to flow with high flow rate: The prediction also reveals that Colebrook-White degenerated to Nikuradse friction factor at high Reynolds number. The horizontal and inclined flow equations are considerably enhanced on the usage of different friction factors with the aid of Matlab to handle these calculations.

Unsteady-state Grinding Technology (III) Studies on the Surface Quality

In conventional grinding theory, the chief removed mode of ceramic coprocessor by diamond tools was brittle removal. In order to perform the plastic removal or ductility processing of engineering ceramics the high degree of accuracy and high rigidity grinner must be using micro grain size diamond grinding wheel to direct the processing of micron below rank depth to prevent form the occurring of the brittle processing zone. This will resulted in the high expense of grinding. The expense of grinding could even reach the 80% of the total manufacture cost of the ceramic part. Ultra-precision grinding for advanced ceramics has been achieved by the unsteady-state grinding technique. In this paper, we mainly deals with observing and analyzing the surface quality of the silicon nitride ground by pink fused alumina wheel in different grinding parameters. To optimize the grinding parameters in the process of the unsteady-state grinding, the experiments of X-ray diffraction, energy spectrum analysis, SEM observation and roughness measurement were performed. The results show that: 1. In the process of unsteady state grinding, high line speed (rotational speed) of the grind wheel can improve the roughness of the silicon nitride apparently. It was also evident that the larger the grain mesh size, the better the surface quality. 2. There exists an optimum combination of grinding conditions such as grinding wheel speed, rotational speed of the workpiece, feed rate between the grinding wheel and the workpiece, grinding times and cutting coolant. The surface quality of the silicon nitride can be up to the standard of mirror finishing. 3. By analyzing the finished surface with X-ray diffraction and energy spectrum, the existence of some new phases including titanium and alumina was proved. 4. By utilizing the unsteady state grinding technique, the surface roughness of Ra ≤ 0.030 μm can be achieved by grinding the silicon nitride with the pink fused alumina wheel in low cost. Based on the unsteady-state grinding technique, this paper put forward a new processing method which by utilizing aluminum oxide grinding wheel to perform burnishing process and impudent the low surface roughness processing of engineering ceramic, the Ra is about 0.01 μm. Furthermore, the working efficiency of this method is high, and the process cost is low, so it is a prospective processing method.

Unsteady-State Grinding Technology (I) Theoretical Generalization and Research on Grinding Mechanism

In conventional grinding theory, it is obvious that there must be a very high hardness difference between grains of the grinding wheel and workpieces. The best grinding wheels are those giving the lowest "natural limiting surface roughness" while cutting at appreciable plunge velocities. With the development of new materials and new machining processes, conventional theories of grinding techniques are no longer suitable to explain many phenomena in the course of grinding procedures. In dealing with precision or ultra-precision grinding processes of advanced ceramics, many results of experiments and practical production have shown that grinding with super hard materials wheels is not the only method to machine advanced ceramics. This paper is intended to propose a new grinding theory named as unsteady-state grinding technique evolved from some phenomena that can not be explained by conventional grinding theory. Unsteady-state grinding technique means the technique which can make the surface roughness of the materials, especially hard and brittle, be up to the standard of ultra-precision machining by utilizing common wheels characteristic of inferior self-sharpening and wear-resistance. In the process of machining, the common wheel need to be redressed about 3～5 times and the time between two redressings is about 3～5 minutes. As a validation of the new grinding technology, experimental work was performed to prove the existence of the unsteady state in the process of ultra-precision grinding with common abrasive wheel-pink fused alumina wheel. From the results of the observation of the wheel topography, the whole grinding process in unsteady state was separated into three stages namely cutting by grains peaks, micro-cutting by micro edges of the broken grains and rubbing without material removal, which is different from conventional grinding theory. For the difference of hardness between grinding wheel and workpiece material is not so apparent, some people have doubts about whether the cutting especially micro-cutting actions exist in the process of unsteady state grinding. By utilizing the common abrasive wheel newly redressed to grind the finished surface of silicon nitride glut and comparing the finished surface with the damaged surface in SEM pattern and surface roughness, the existence of cutting and micro- cutting actions in the unsteady state grinding process was confirmed.

Unsteady-State Grinding Technology (II) Experimental Studies of Grinding Forces and Force Ratio

As is known to all, grinding force is one of the most important parameters to evaluate the whole process of grinding. Generally, the grinding force is resolved to three component forces, namely, normal grinding force F n, tangential grinding force F t and a component force acting along the direction of longitudinal feed which is usually neglected because of insignificance. The normal grinding force F n has influence upon surface deformation and roughness of workpiece, while the tangential grinding force F t mainly affect power consumption and service life of grinding wheel. In order to study deep into the process of the unsteady state grinding, we set up a measurement system to monitor the change of grinding force during the course of grinding and try to find some difference in the change of grinding force between the steady state grinding and unsteady state grinding. In the test, the normal and tangential grinding forces, F n and F t were measured by using a set of equipments including sensor, amplifier, oscilloscope and computer monitor. From the results, we can conclude that: 1) In the unsteady state grinding process, the values of the grinding forces are much lower than those of the steady state grinding process and the grinding force ratio showed a nonlinear fluctuation. 2) The tendency of the grinding forces in the process of the unsteady state grinding proved the existence of the cutting and micro-cutting actions. 3) Because the grinding force signals of the unsteady state grinding are much weaker than those of the steady state grinding, to obtain accurate value of the grinding forces, wave filtering is needed to be done. The whole process to filter the perturbation wave can be separated into three steps in order, changing the grinding force signals from analog signals into digital signals, FFT (fast Fourier transform) treatment to the digital signals, and IFFT(inversion fast Fourier transform) treatment to the digital signals after spectrum limitation.

Sensitivity Numerical Analysis of Human Body Exergy Balance under an Unsteady-State Thermal Environment —Behavioral Adaptation Induced by Undesirable Cold Storage by Building Envelope in Winter

We analyzed the relationships between the human body exergy balance and behavioral adaptations induced by undesirable cold storage by a building envelope under an unsteady-state thermal environment in winter. The complex interaction of the warm exergy production by shivering, lifting of the shell ratio, and reduction of the blood flow rate was considered to constitute the physiological adaptation necessary for maintaining the constant core temperature, which was an important aspect in living organisms. In the case of intermittent use room, it was suggested that better thermal comfort and desirable behavioral adaptations, which decreased the consumption of fossil fuels, could be achieved if interior wooden cladding was used in constructions with building envelopes that had a comparatively large heat capacity, or in cases of wooden constructions in which the building envelope heat capacity was comparatively small.

花岗岩非稳态传热破坏过程能量演变规律研究

热作用下花岗岩损伤的定量描述是个亟待解决的问题。从能量角度出发,对600℃范围内高温花岗岩试件非稳态传热过程的温度状态进行测定,借助冷却法分析了花岗岩正规状况阶段热物理参数演变规律,讨论了花岗岩非稳态传热过程能量吸收、释放及耗散特性,揭示了热作用下花岗岩性能损伤与能量演变规律的内在联系。结果表明:不同高温状态下的花岗岩试件自然冷却时正规状况阶段比热变化分两个阶段,分别为比热平稳变化阶段与比热大幅变化阶段;随着初始高温状态的降低,整个非稳态传热过程中所耗散的能量也在随之降低,且在同一冷却模式下,输入的能量越大,耗散能所占比例也越大;非稳态传热过程中耗散能的大小与高温热作用后花岗岩宏观力学性能的劣化有较强的相关性,耗散能的大小与最大热冲击因子有显著的线性关系。

热作用下花岗岩能量演变的尺度分析

【目的】为了定量探究岩石受热作用损伤的过程。【方法】从能量角度出发,通过冷却法研究实验室尺度下不同尺寸类型花岗岩试件在空气中冷却时热物理参数演变规律,讨论花岗岩受非稳态传热全过程能量吸收、能量释放及能量耗散特性,揭示非稳态过程中能量演变规律与花岗岩试件尺寸特征的内在联系。【结果】结果表明:不同尺寸类型高温花岗岩试件空冷至室温的过程中,比热持续降低;非稳态传热能量演变过程中,同一种尺寸试件耗散能与耗散比的大小与初始高温状态呈正相关;花岗岩在非稳态传热条件一致的情况下,随试件体积的增大,用于损伤的这部分能量绝对值在增加但相对值在减小;随着试件比面的增大,用于损伤的这部分能量绝对值在减小但相对值在增大。研究结果能够丰富高温岩石力学理论研究的发展。

考虑长细比的岩土颗粒系统非稳态流动特征研究

砂土等常见岩土颗粒系统在高速流动状态下具有显著的非稳态特征,其剪切速度分布与速度波动特征等均表现出显著的随机性。但目前颗粒系统细观特征对其宏观流动参数的影响尚不明确,针对岩土颗粒流动过程随机性特征参数的研究亟待加强。本文通过离散元环剪单元实验模拟,捕捉不同形状颗粒系统高速剪切流动过程中的宏微观特征。研究结果表明:(1)颗粒形状对系统宏观剪应力有较为显著的影响。颗粒长细比越大,其残余剪应力越大;(2)颗粒系统速度波动的空间分布同时受到剪切速度与边界效应两方面的影响。剪切速度越大,速度波动越大。边界对于颗粒速度波动具有一定的约束效应;(3)颗粒形状对系统速度波动大小有显著影响。颗粒越细长,微观速度波动越小;(4)形状特征对颗粒系统细观接触特征有显著影响。颗粒越细长,其平均配位数越大,出现较大粒间接触力的概率越小。

基于多段压裂缝-井筒耦合流动模型的页岩油水平井段长度优化研究

长水平井段和大规模体积压裂是页岩油开发的关键技术,受储层特征、压裂规模的影响,不同区块的最佳水平井段长度存在差异,需综合考虑油藏渗流和长水平井井筒流动来优选水平井段长度。北美海相页岩连续性好,相对均质,油层巨厚,长水平井段对提高单井生产效率起决定性作用,而中国陆相页岩非均质性强,平面变化快,薄互层发育,需确定合理水平井段长度实现单井提产,获得经济效益。因此,准确表征页岩油藏渗流-长水平段井筒流动对页岩油产能评价和合理水平井段长度的确定至关重要。在五区线性流的基础上,综合考虑页岩基质启动压力梯度、复杂裂缝网络非均质及应力敏感特征,建立了页岩油水平井多段压裂缝-井筒耦合流动模型,并利用摄动变换、Laplace变换对模型求解。基于多段压裂缝-井筒耦合流动模型,开展了产量评价与预测,实现了复杂裂缝网络参数反演,论证了储层厚度、裂缝条数对合理页岩油水平井段长度的影响规律,在此基础上构建了页岩油水平井段长度优化图版。结果表明,对于厚层页岩,裂缝条数是影响合理水平井段长度的主控因素。将上述模型应用于实际区块,确定了不同区块在目前储层条件下的合理水平井段长度,该研究为明确不同类型页岩油储层合理水平井段长度的确定提供理论依据。

济阳坳陷页岩油储层渗流特征非稳态实验

为形成一种适用于济阳坳陷页岩油储层渗流特征参数的高效而且精确的测试方法,基于一维非稳态渗流模型,建立了非稳态页岩油流动实验方法,分析不同裂缝发育情况下页岩的液测渗透率和启动压力梯度。结果表明:非稳态压力恢复法可准确测试页岩渗透率,测试时间可缩短约90%;由于气液两相间基础物性的巨大差异,液测渗透率约为气测渗透率的0.47%~2.83%;结合数值仿真和压力衰竭测试,可获得页岩液测启动压力梯度(101~102 MPa/m),其随着渗透率的增加呈幂指数递减;层理贯穿缝发育可显著降低页岩的启动压力梯度;相较于稳态法测试,非稳态压力衰竭法测试启动压力梯度数值略小。研究成果可为页岩油储层渗流参数的高效实验测试及开发方案的制定提供技术支撑。

引入风流热流耦合特性的智能通风系统状态重构参数修正

为精准定量重构时间序列下实际矿井通风系统状态,以实时反映风网运行特征,基于实际矿井中风流的空气动力耦合热力流动特征,提出了时空特征下风流状态属性变化式,以井下网络和通风动力参数作为修正指标,以动态风流状态属性为修正变量,提出了通风系统状态重构参数点修正模型。为表述通风系统的动态连续运行状态,在点修正基础上引入连续时间特征,构建状态重构参数区间映射修正模型,以求解出时间序列下的系统状态重构参数波动区间来完成精准状态重构。为验证修正模型可靠性,以常村煤矿为工程对象进行状态重构,结果验证了井下风流的动态热流耦合特征及提出的风流状态属性变化式的可靠性,得出了状态重构参数波动区间,达到了实时准确构建风网运行状态的目的,有效提高了后续风网实时解算和控风决策的本质精度。

基于CFD仿真的高黏发酵反应物降黏研究

为了实现农林剩余物玉米秸秆、玉米芯和小麦秸秆的一种或多种混合物的预处理浆料的快速降黏液化,笔者进行了降黏研究。笔者对混合物中物料搅拌降黏机理提出假设,并利用CFD仿真技术对搅拌器结构、物料预处理类型及液化工艺组合的搅拌降黏体系进行液固两相流非稳态数值仿真,探究了速度场、湍流场的分布情况,确定了生物反应釜结构、尺寸及降黏液化工艺,最后进行了试验验证。结果表明:当反应釜上搅拌器直径为70mm、下搅拌器直径为75 mm,物料为酸处理下平均粒径为830~1450μm的颗粒,搅拌转速为200~300r/min时,搅拌液化的效果最优;由此确定了搅拌降黏体系,试验验证效果较好。CFD仿真结果可为浓稠物料反应釜搅拌器的设计及液化糖化工艺优选提供参考。

点接触滑动-往复自旋运动润滑成膜规律研究

为模拟滚动轴承中常见的自旋工况,设计开发了1种可分别控制滑动速度和自旋速度的点接触光弹流滑动-往复自旋试验装置.采用新开发的装置对带有自旋的钢球-玻璃盘接触副形成的弹性流体动力润滑油膜形状、厚度等进行试验研究,考察了运动学参数与供油条件对点接触自旋运动膜厚分布的影响,针对非稳态工况中的滑动-往复自旋复合运动进行了试验研究,对接触区油池分布以及供油状况进行了fluent两相流仿真.结果表明:设计的试验装置可精确模拟接触副滑动-往复自旋复合运动,并实现了对该条件下的油膜分布可视化研究.随着钢球自旋角速度增大,经典的马蹄形相对卷吸中心线的对称性就会消失,自旋速度越大,非对称性越明显,载荷越大,最小油膜厚度越小.在非稳态运动过程中,最大自旋角速度时刻的油膜厚度低于稳态条件下相同角速度的油膜厚度;增大钢球往复自旋运动频率,对应时刻的油膜厚度变化减小.往复自旋运动大大缩小了乏油工况下接触区入口距离,与仿真结果一致.

铸膜液中水的含量对聚醚砜微滤膜结构和性能的影响

通过蒸汽诱导相分离(VIPS)耦合非溶剂诱导相分离(NIPS)制备窄孔径分布聚醚砜(PES)微滤膜。本研究以PES为成膜材料,聚乙二醇为致孔剂,以水作为添加剂制备微滤膜,探究了铸膜液中水的质量分数对VIPS阶段蒸汽暴露时间及微滤膜结构与性能的影响.结果表明,铸膜液中水的质量分数从0%增加到3%,相似孔结构的形成所需的蒸汽暴露时间从90 s降低到30 s.膜的表面由致密皮层转变为大孔结构,孔径从0.087μm增加到0.193μm,孔径分布显著变窄,水接触角从83.6°增加到113.2°,拉伸强度从1.86 MPa增加到3.85 MPa,断裂伸长率从7%增加到16%,膜的力学性能显著增强,同时膜的纯水渗透率从5840 L/(m^(2)·h·MPa)增加到42300 L/(m^(2)·h·MPa).这表明,少量水的添加显著缩短了VIPS蒸汽暴露时间,同时改善了微滤膜的结构和性能.

流场对采空区温度分布演化规律的影响研究

准确掌握采空区煤自燃温度分布及演化规律是提高煤自燃防治效果的前提条件。以温庄煤矿15103工作面为原型,建立非均质采空区相似实验平台,探究不同流场条件下采空区温度分布演化规律,分析不同风速以及非稳态风流对采空区温度分布演化的影响。结果表明:孔隙率与风流都对温度分布具有一定影响,温度分布会偏向大孔隙率区域以及风流下风向区域,在非稳态流场条件下采空区高温区域会扩大,导致煤自燃危险区域增大;发现了高温区域以及高温点在风流作用下的迁移现象,并揭示了迁移原理。