One-off Mechanized Fertilization for Maize in Semiarid Area of Jilin Province

Under the soil and climate conditions in semi-arid area of Jilin Province, the growth and development, yield and its components of maize under one-off fertilization and traditional fertilization were compared and analyzed in this study. The results showed that, under the same field management, the two fertilization methods had no effect on the time when maize plants grew into each growth stage; the one-off fertilization was slightly better than the traditional fertilization in dry weight of each part of the plant, ear traits and yield; and the values of the two methods of fertilization varied from each other and were unstable. In production, the one-off fertilization saves the top dressing process, simplifes the operation process and reduces the production input, which is of great signifcance to the development of modern agriculture.

Effects of Nitrogen Fertilizer Reduction and Application of Nitrogen Fertilizer as Base Fertilizer on Rapeseed Yield and Nitrogen Absorption

[Objective] The aim was to research effects of N fertilizer reduction and application of N fertilizer （as base fertilizer） on rapeseed yield and N absorption. [Method] Based on Ganyouza No.5, the ratio of N, P2O5 andK2O was set at 1：0.5：0.5; N fertilizers were set involving reduced quantity at 150 kg/hm2 and preferred quantity at 180 kg/hm2; 100%, 80% and 60% of N fertilizers were applied as base fertilizers in the test respectively. In general, field tests were conducted to explore effects of reduced N fertilizer and application of N fertilizer as base fertilizer on rapeseed yield and N absorption. [Resalt] When applied N fertilizer as base fertilizer was the same, plant height, stem diameter, length of major inflorescence, number of effective branch, pod number per plant, seed number per pod, and biomass yield in group with preferred N quantity were significantly higher than those in group with reduced N fertilizer. Rapeseed yield and profits in group with preferred N quantity were signifi- cantly higher than those in group with reduced N fertilizer in field with moderate fertili- ty. In fields with higher fertility, however, the two factors were just a little higher. In group with reduced N fertilizer, use efficiency of N fertilizer, N uptake efficiency, par- tial factor productivity and harvest index of N were all significantly higher than those in group with preferred N fertilizer. Agronomic nitrogen use efficiency in group with preferred N fertilizer was significantly higher than that in group with reduced N fertiliz- er in field with moderate fertility and was significantly lower in field with high yield. With amounts of N, P and K fertilizers fixed, economic characters, yield constitution, yield, profits and N absorption in group, where 60% of N fertilizers were applied as base fertilizer, were significantly higher than those in groups with 80% or 100% of base fertilizer （N fertilizers）. These indicated that rational fertilization would maintain rapeseed yield high and reduce N input to improve use efficiency of N fertilizer. On the other hand, it is effective to improve rapeseed yield.＇to reduce N fertilizer to 150 kg/hm2, and application of 60%. of N fertilizers as base fertilizer is still proved optimal at present. [Conclusion] The research provides.theoretioal and technical references for improvement of yield of rapeseed and efficiency of N fertilizer.

Effects of Reducing Application Amount of Base Fertilizer and Increasing Application Time of Leaf Fertilizer on Corn Yield

This study aimed to investigate the effects of reducing application amount of base fertilizer and increasing application time of leaf fertilizer on corn yield so as to find out the most economical fertilization way for corn. On the basis of protecting environment, the economic benefits will be also increased. The results showed that the corn yield was increased with the increase of application amount of base fertilizer, and was also increased with the increase of application time of leaf fertilizer.For each time of spaying of leaf fertilizer, the corn yield was increased 258-592.5kg/hm^2 with increase amplitude ranging from 2.3%-5.6%.

Effects of biochar-based fertilizers on nutrient leaching in a tobacco-planting soil

Biochar is a soil amendment for increasing soil quality and decreasing nutrient leaching. However, there is little information on the impact of biochar-based fertilizer(BF) on soil nutrient leaching in agricultural soils. We conducted a soil column leaching experiment to study the effects of BF on the leaching of total nitrogen(TN), total phosphorus, and total potassium(TK) in tobacco soils. The distribution characteristics of NH_4^+-N, available P, and available K in soil profiles were analyzed after the application of BF. Biochar was prepared by pyrolysis of fluecured tobacco stems. It was applied at four levels, 0%, 3%,9%, and 15%(w/w), respectively, to the compound fertilizer. Compared with the control, the leaching loss of soil TN decreased by 8.36%, 6.72%, and 6.45%, and the loss of soil TK decreased by 9.18%, 9.31% and 11.82% in the 3%,9%, and 15% BF treatments, respectively. However, BF had no significant effect on the P leaching due to the low movement of P in the soil profile. In addition, the BF addition increased the immobilization of NH_4^+-N, available P, and available K in the soil profile. These results indicate that addition of BF to a tobacco-planting soil reduced nutrient leaching, and suggest that BF could be an effective method of applying biochar to agriculture fields.

Study of Dynamics of Floodwater Nitrogen and Regulation of Its Runoff Loss in Paddy Field-Based Two-Cropping Rice with Urea and Controlled Release Nitrogen Fertilizer Application

The article deals with the effects of urea and controlled release nitrogen fertilizer （CRNF） on dynamics of pH, electronic conductivity （EC）, total nitrogen （TN）, NH4^＋-N and NO3 -N in floodwater, and the regulation of runoff TN loss from paddy field-based two-cropping rice in Dongting Lake, China, and probes the best fertilization management for controlling N loss. Studies were conducted through modeling alluvial sandy loamy paddy soil （ASP） and purple calcareous clayey paddy soil （PCP） using lysimeter, following the sequence of the soil profiles identified by investigating soil profile. After application of urea in paddy field-based two-cropping rice, TN and NHa＋-N concentrations in floodwater reached peak on the 1st and the 3rd day, respectively, and then decreased rapidly over time; all the floodwater NO3--N concentrations were very low; the pH of floodwater gradually rose in case of early rice within 15 d （late rice within 3 d） after application of urea, and EC remained consistent with the dynamics of NH4^＋-N. The applied CRNF, especially 70% CRNF, led to significantly lower floodwater TN and NH4^＋ concentrations, pH, and EC values compared with urea within 15 d after application. The monitoring result for N loss due to natural rainfall runoff indicated that the amount of TN lost in runoff from paddy field- based two-cropping rice with urea application in Dongting Lake area was 7.47 kg ha^-1, which accounted for 2.49% of urea- N applied, and that with CRNF and 70% CRNF application decreased 24.5 and 27.2% compared with urea application, respectively. The two runoff events, which occurred within 20 d after application, contributed significantly to TN loss from paddy field. TN loss due to the two runoffs in urea, CRNF, and 70% CRNF treatments accounted for 72, 70, and 58% of the total TN loss due to runoff over the whole rice growth season, respectively. And the TN loss in these two CRNF treatments due to the first run-off event at the 10th day after application to early rice decreased 44.9 and 44.2% compared with urea, respectively. In conclusion, the 15-d period after application of urea was the critical time during which N loss occurred due to high floodwater N concentrations. But CRNF decreased N concentrations greatly in floodwater and runoff water during this period. As a result, it obviously reduced TN loss in runoff over the whole rice growth season.

Effects of bamboo charcoal-based bio-fertilizer on wine bamboo sap yield and nutrient composition

To explore fertilization methods for wine bamboo cultivation in southwestern semi-arid areas of China, this study analyzed annual changes in sap yield and nutrient composition from May 2013 to March 2015 by using bamboo charcoal-based bio-fertilizer （ZT） and organic fertilizer treatments （CK）. The study also provided basic data for functional beverage preparation and for application of ZT. The results of the two experimental cycles revealed that under the ZT treatment, sap was available for collection from May, the beginning of the rainy season, to November, the beginning of the dry season. The period of abundance was July to October with the highest yield of sap of 3.18 L stalk-1 in September, 2014, still lower than the moso bamboo sap, which was likely due to the scale of sap production of monopodial bamboos being different from that of sympodial bamboos. In January, trace amounts of sap were still detected, suggesting that the effect of the treatment was significant. Moreover,in the dry season, soil water content and soil temperatures at 10-15 cm depths indicated that the fertilizer had the ability to maintain soil temperatures and moisture. In both fertilizer treatments, the correlation between the collected sap and environmental parameters was significant. In the ZT treatment for the entire 2 years, the effectual environ- mental factors were soil water at 10-15 cm, air tempera- tures, and wind speeds. The same determining factors were observed for the rainy season. In the CK treatments, the effectual environmental factors for the entire year and the rainy season were soil water at 0-5 cm and air moisture. The bamboo charcoal-based bio-fertilizer elevated the potassium, calcium, iron, manganese, copper, and total phosphorus content, simultaneously increasing the sap yield, protein and reducing sugar contents, and with a relative increase in sap pH. The wine bamboo sap con- tained 18 amino acids. Glutamic acid, alanine and proline were the most abundant. Compared to the controls, the treatment showed higher levels of all amino acids. Thus, the ZT treatment could be more beneficial to the development of root systems because the function of heat preservation and moisture retention prolong the sap collection period, increase sap yields, and elevate mineral element, conventional nutrients, and amino acid contents with evident fertilization effects and broader application prospects.

Soil Test Based Fertilizer Prescriptions through Inductive cum Targeted Yield Model for Sesamum on Alfisol

Studies on Soil Test Crop Response Based Integrated Plant Nutrition System(STCR-IPNS)were conducted for three years adopting the Inductive cum Targeted Yield Model,on alfisols of Unified Andhra Pradesh,Southern India during summer 2016-2018 in order to develop fertilizer prescriptions through IPNS for the desired yield targets of Sesamum under field conditions.The bases for making the fertilizer prescriptions viz.nutrient requirement(NR),contribution of nutrients from soil(Cs),fertilizer(Cf)and vermicompost(CVC)were computed using the field experimental data.Making use of these basic parameters,the fertilizer prescription equations were developed under NPK alone and under IPNS for the desired yield targets of Sesamum for a range of soil test values.The quantity of fertilizers contributed by the application of vermicompost was assessed.Nutrient requirement to produce 100 kg of sesame seed was worked out to be 10.20 kg N,3.90 kg P2O5 and 5.22 kg K2O.In the present investigation,the requirement of N was higher which is followed by K2O and P2O5.The requirement of N was 2.62 times higher than P and 1.95 times higher than K.The percent contribution of N,P and K was 12.25,15.75 and 6.00 from soils,41.68,22.85 and 59.97 from fertilizer and 9.87,6.74 and 18.65 from organic manures,respectively.Thus the Inductive cum Targeted Yield Model used to develop fertilizer prescription equations provides a strong basis for soil fertility maintenance consistent with high productivity and efficient nutrient management in farming for sustainable and enduring agriculture.

Effects of Copper-based Nutritional Foliar Fertilizers on Photosynthetic Characteristics,Yield and Disease Control Efficiency of Cotton

[Objectives] The effects of copper-based nutrient foliar fertilizer on photosynthetic characteristics,yield,accumulation and distribution of trace elements in various organs,disease prevention effect and soil enzyme activity were studied,so as to provide a theoretical basis for the application of foliar fertilizers in cotton production. [Methods]Through two years of field experiments,six treatments were set in total,namely spraying water( CK),traditional Bordeaux mixture( BDM),Kocide 2000( KCD),copper-based nutrient foliar fertilizer( CF),iron-copper-based nutrient foliar fertilizer( CFFe),and zinc-boron-copper-based nutrient foliar fertilizer( CFZnB). Randomized block arrangement was adopted. Chlorophyll content in leaves was measured at each growth stage of the cotton. Photosynthetic characteristics of leaves were measured at the peak bolling stage. Plants were sampled at initial boll opening stage. The whole plant was divided into root,stem,leaf and cotton boll parts,in which the total copper,total zinc,total iron contents and accumulations were determined. Soil samples were collected from each plot,followed by the determination of soil enzyme activity. Disease index was investigated at bud,flowering and boll-forming and boll opening stage. [Results]( 1) Spraying CFFe,CFZnB,CF and KCD could significantly improve chlorophyll content of cotton leaves,and the CFFe treatment had the highest increase up to13. 30%,followed by the CFZnB treatment,which was 11. 40% higher than the CK; and photosynthetic rate,stomata conductance and transpiration rate could be improved significantly,and the CFFe treatment showed the highest photosynthetic rate,which increased by 26. 35% compared with the CK,followed by the CFZnB treatment,which increased by 17. 96% compared with CK; and intercellular CO2 concentration was significantly reduced.( 2) Spraying BDM,KCD,CF,CFFe and CFZnB can significantly increase total copper content and accumulation in various cotton organs( except the total copper content in the stem part of the CFZnB treatment; the CFZnB and CFFe treatments can significantly increase total zinc content and accumulation in various cotton organs; and spraying CFFe,CFZnB and CF can significantly increase total iron content and accumulation in various cotton organs( except the total iron content in the stem part of the CF treatment).( 3)Spraying CFFe,CFZnB,CF,KCD and BDM greatly reduced the disease index at flowering and boll-forming and boll opening stages.( 4) The CFZnB and CFFe treatments had the highest soil urease activity,which was 7. 14% higher than that of the CK,but the difference from the CK was not significant; the catalase activity of each treatment was significantly higher than that of the BDM treatment; and the sucrase activity of each treatment was significantly higher than that of the CK.( 5) Spraying CFFe,CFZnB,CF and KCD significantly improved lint yield of cotton,and the CFZnB treatment showed the highest yield increase up to 12. 34%,followed by the CFFe treatment,with an increase in the range of 8. 77%-10. 20%. [Conclusions]Copper-based nutrient foliar fertilizers have dual functions of disease control and prevention and plant nutrition and health care,and not only can significantly increase cotton yield,but also has certain disease prevention effect.It is recommended to use copper-based nutrient foliar fertilizers.

长期施用化肥对南方稻田土壤酸化和盐基离子损失的影响

【目的】利用长期定位试验评估氮、磷、钾化肥配施对土壤酸化程度、交换性铝产生量和盐基离子损失量的影响,为维持土壤健康生产和农田可持续利用提供依据。【方法】采用始于1984年的肥料长期定位试验,选取不施肥(CK),磷钾肥配施(PK)、氮磷肥配施(NP)、氮钾肥配施(NK)和氮磷钾肥配施(NPK)5个处理,采集每个处理的0—10、10—20、20—40和40—60 cm土层土样,分析土壤pH、交换性酸、交换性盐基离子总量、交换性盐基离子累积量、酸碱缓冲容量和酸化速率等指标。【结果】经过连续33年不同施肥处理的定向培育后,CK、PK、NP、NK和NPK处理0—20 cm土层pH较试验前分别下降0.82、0.91、1.13、0.8和1.19个pH单位,导致表层土壤明显酸化,酸化速率分别达到了1.10、1.22、1.46、1.13和1.58 kmol·hm^(-2)·a^(-1)。与CK处理相比,NP和NPK处理的0—40 cm土层显著酸化,土壤pH分别下降0.28—0.38和0.35—0.46个单位,土壤交换性酸分别增加了35.5%—110.0%和30.4%—120.5%,特别是交换性铝分别增加56.2%—157.6%和73.7%—189.8%,土壤交换性盐基离子总量分别减少6.3%—14.9%和9.9%—13.2%,盐基饱和度降低2.9—14.9和2.6—15.4个百分点;NK处理的0—20 cm土层略有酸化,土壤交换性酸增加53.5%—55.0%,盐基饱和度降低6.0—7.1个百分点;PK处理的0—60 cm土壤酸化均不明显,土壤交换性酸增加和交换性盐基离子总量减少差异均不显著。【结论】长期施化肥对土壤酸化程度和盐基离子损失量的影响表现出明显差异。其中,NPK和NP长期处理加剧土壤酸化进程,且酸化深度到达40 cm,盐基离子损失量和交换性铝的产生量大幅增加,初步估算施用化肥导致土壤pH降低1个单位,土壤交换性盐基离子的损失量约是土壤交换性酸增加量的一倍左右;长期磷钾配施、氮钾配施对土壤酸化的影响较小,盐基离子损失量和交换性铝增加量相对较少。

缓控释肥硅基膜材的制备与表征

以钙镁磷肥、硅丙树脂为主要原料,加入甲基硅酸钠作粘结剂,制备了缓控释肥硅基膜材,并采用撒粉离心包衣、底喷式流化床工艺制备了密封型硅钙镁磷肥、粘结型硅钙镁磷肥、改性硅丙树脂3种包膜尿素,通过静水试验研究了此3种包膜尿素的释放特征。结果表明,3种包膜尿素的释放周期分别为60、79、96 d,在水中均能保持完整球形,耐水性较好。通过扫描电镜、红外光谱、X-射线衍射法对膜材形貌特征和结构进行表征,发现钙镁磷肥和硅丙树脂为成膜材料;甲基硅酸钠作为密封剂和防水剂参与了成膜反应,有效增加了膜材的塑性和韧性,此复合材料可用作缓控释肥的胶结剂和包膜剂。

生物炭基肥对烤烟抗逆生理特性及经济性状的影响

为了探究施用生物炭基肥对烤烟抗氧化系统、渗透调节能力及经济性状的调控效应,以‘云烟116’为研究对象,设置常规施肥(T1)、生物炭基有机肥(T2)和生物炭基复混肥(T3)3个处理,测定烤烟移栽后30、60、90、120 d的叶片和根系的抗逆生理特性,包括超氧化物歧化酶、过氧化物酶活性以及丙二醛、可溶性蛋白、可溶性糖、脯氨酸等物质含量,并分析烤后烟叶产量、产值、均价和中上等烟比例。结果表明,(1)生物炭基肥具有提高烟株抗逆和渗透调节能力的作用,且以T2处理效果最佳,其叶片超氧化物歧化酶和过氧化物酶活性较T1处理分别提高1.1%~10.6%和2.1%~9.5%,丙二醛含量降低了16.0%~20.5%。与T1处理相比,T2和T3处理的叶片可溶性蛋白、可溶性糖和脯氨酸含量分别提高1.4%~102.1%、16.0%~52.0%和7.8%~41.1%。不同处理对根系抗逆特性与叶片的规律一致。(2)生物炭基肥可提高烤烟产量、产值和上中等烟比例,其中以T2处理的产量、产值最高,与T1处理相比分别增加了16.9%和21.8%。(3)通过烤烟的生理指标和经济性状指标的相关分析可知,在4个测定时期中,两类指标之间呈现不同程度的相关性,总体以移栽后120 d时相关性最为密切。综上,施用生物炭基肥可提高烤烟的抗氧化能力、渗透调节能力及经济性状,其中以T2处理的效果最好,研究结果为合理施用生物炭基肥提供理论依据和技术支持。

大理多花山矾扦插繁育技术研究

[目的]研究提高多花山矾(Symplocos ramosissima)插穗生根率和生根质量的方法。[方法]以大理多花山矾枝条为材料,探讨不同生长调节剂、育苗基质对扦插苗生根和移植生长的影响,并筛选出扦插苗苗期适宜基肥施用量,以提高扦插苗移植的成活率。[结果]扦插前将穗条在ABT 400 mg/L+IAA 200 mg/L的混合溶液中浸蘸30 s,可以获得较好的成活率和生根效果。选取66.7%园土+33.3%椰糠混合基质进行移植,可促进多花山矾扦插苗的成活以及生长。适合多花山矾扦插苗的基肥施用最佳方案为复合肥2 g/株+复合生物菌剂1 g/株。[结论]研究得出适宜多花山矾扦插苗成活及生长的生长调节剂、育苗基质及基肥,可为多花山矾苗木生产提供良好的技术支撑。

氮肥减量配施碳基营养肥对大白菜产量和品质及土壤养分的影响

【目的】阐明碳基营养肥和化肥对土壤养分及大白菜生长、产量和品质的影响,为大白菜生产中合理施肥提供参考。【方法】以大白菜品种春大白菜9号为研究对象,在西北农林科技大学太白蔬菜试验示范站和陕西杨凌的曹新庄试验农场2个试验点同时进行大白菜施肥试验。试验共设常规施肥(N、P_(2)O_(5)、K_(2)O的施用量分别为300,120和112.5 kg/hm^(2),CK)、有机-无机复混肥(N、P_(2)O_(5)、K_(2)O的施用量分别为360,240和120 kg/hm^(2),OF)、常规施肥基础上减施氮肥15%(N1)、常规施肥基础上减施氮肥30%(N2)、N1处理基础上配施碳基营养肥2250 kg/hm^(2)(CN1)、N2处理基础上配施碳基营养肥2250 kg/hm^(2)(CN2)6个施肥处理,每处理3次重复。分别采集2个试验点大白菜莲座期、结球期、采收期0~20 cm根围土壤,测定土壤养分含量,并于采收期测定大白菜农艺性状、产量和品质,分析不同施肥措施对大白菜种植区土壤养分及大白菜品质和产量的影响。【结果】2个试验点减施氮肥显著抑制了大白菜生长,降低了大白菜产量,而施用有机-无机复混肥和碳基营养肥对大白菜产量和品质有明显促进作用,其中太白试验点OF和CN1处理大白菜的产量较CK分别显著增加12.8%和7.6%。配施碳基营养肥处理可以显著提高大白菜的营养品质,2个试验点CN1处理大白菜的可溶性蛋白含量较CK分别显著增加了29.6%和29.1%,可溶性糖含量较CK分别显著增加了106.9%和60.6%,维生素C含量较CK分别显著增加了15.5%和25.3%。在大白菜的同一生育时期,2个试验点施肥处理土壤理化性质的变化趋势类似,在大白菜采收期,与CK相比,太白与杨凌试验点的CN1处理土壤EC分别显著下降19.9%和7.0%,而土壤铵态氮含量分别显著增加25.2%和33.1%,土壤硝态氮含量分别显著增加10.8%和17.1%,土壤有效磷含量分别显著增加23.7%和30.7%。【结论】在两种类型土壤上施用有机-无机复混肥与碳基营养肥均取得了较好的表现,其中OF和CN1处理能够增加土壤养分含量,提高土壤综合肥力水平,进而促进大白菜生长,改善大白菜营养品质。

鸟粪石基载镁生物炭对干湿交替灌溉水稻产量与品质的影响

鸟粪石(MgNH4PO_(4)·6H2O)普遍存在于镁改性生物炭对废水氮磷去除后的回收产物中,其可以作为缓释肥料使用。为探究鸟粪石基载镁生物炭(struvite-based magnesium modified biochar,MAP-BC)在农田中的应用效果以及对不同灌溉和施肥模式的适用性,该研究依托大田试验,以东研18号(粳稻)为供试材料,设置常规淹灌(ICF)、干湿交替(IAWD)2种灌溉模式,以及常规施肥(conventional fertilization,N_(1)B_(0))、常规施肥+5 t/hm^(2)MAP-BC(conventional fertilization+5 t/hm^(2)MAP-BC,N_(1)B_(1))、常规施肥+10 t/hm^(2)MAP-BC(conventional fertilization+10 t/hm^(2)MAP-BC,N_(1)B_(2))、减施氮磷肥25%+5 t/hm^(2)MAP-BC(25%less nitrogen and phosphate fertilizer+5 t/hm^(2)MAP-BC,N_(3/4)B_(1))和减施氮磷肥25%+10 t/hm^(2)MAP-BC(25%less nitrogen and phosphate fertilizer+10 t/hm^(2)MAP-BC,N_(3/4)B_(2))5种施肥模式。结果表明:与ICF相比,IAWD显著提高了乳熟期叶片叶绿素含量,并显著降低了2021年无效分蘖数(P<0.05);MAP-BC不仅能够高效弥补减施氮磷肥对水稻叶绿素含量的不利影响,还具有一定的超补偿效果;MAPBC中高纯度的鸟粪石组分通过缓释氮磷素,保障了对植株氮磷养分的长期供应。与N_(1)B_(0)相比,N_(3/4)B_(2)不仅可以满足水稻生长后期对氮磷养分的需求,还使穗部吸氮量和吸磷量分别显著增加(P<0.05)4.77%~7.06%和4.26%~12.69%;与N_(1)B_(0)相比,施加10 t/hm^(2)MAP-BC使2a的最高分蘖数和最终分蘖数分别显著增加(P<0.05)6.75%~9.64%和13.16%~16.88%;2 a试验中,在IAWD模式下,与N_(1)B_(0)相比,N_(1)B_(1)和N_(1)B_(2)的产量分别显著提高(P<0.05)了7.66%~8.43%和11.49%~12.64%,并且10 t/hm^(2)的MAP-BC可以弥补减施25%氮磷肥对产量造成的不利影响;IAWD模式下N_(3/4)B_(1)和N_(3/4)B_(2)可以显著降低消减值、垩白粒率和垩白度,显著提高崩解值,从而显著改善(P<0.05)水稻外观品质与食味值;此外,N_(1)B_(1)和N_(1)B_(2)较N_(1)B_(0)处理显著提高(P<0.05)稻米蛋白含量2.66%和5.79%,表明施用MAP-BC有助于改善稻米的营养品质。因此,在IAWD模式下减施氮磷肥25%配施10 t/hm^(2)MAP-BC可在节水条件下实现减施氮磷肥、增产、提质,从而为水稻绿色高效生产提供理论依据。

不同施肥模式对水稻产量及养分利用效率的影响

为了解决长江中下游中低产稻田产能提升应用,在湖北当阳开展大田试验,设置当地常规施肥(T_(1))、常规复合肥+3000 kg/hm2生物有机肥(T_(2))、有机无机复混肥(T_(3))、生物炭基肥(T_(4))、水稻专用配方肥(T_(5))及不施肥(CK)共6个处理,在同等施肥量下研究了不同施肥模式对水稻产量及养分利用率的影响。结果表明:不同施肥处理下,水稻产量及产量构成因素均呈现为T_(4)>T_(5)>T_(3)>T_(2)>T_(1)>CK,与T_(1)处理相比,T_(2)~T_(5)处理分别增产4.27%~19.27%;在相同施氮处理下,T_(2)~T_(5)处理氮素累积量较T_(1)处理增加了4.08%~32.03%,T_(2)~T_(5)处理在生产100 kg穗吸氮量、氮肥贡献率、氮肥偏生产力、氮肥农学利用率、氮肥表观利用率较T_(1)处理分别增加1.96%~9.15%、11.26%~44.86%、4.26%~19.27%、16.23%~72.79%、7.80%~61.22%;在相同施磷处理下,T_(2)~T_(5)处理磷素累积量较T_(1)处理增加了4.60%~26.67%,T_(2)~T_(5)处理在生产100 kg穗吸磷量、磷肥偏生产力、磷肥表观利用率较T_(1)处理分别增加4.28%~19.27%、3.33%~10.00%、12.48%~71.90%。在氮磷钾施肥总量相同的情况下,选择适合且具有缓释性的肥料进行基施,分蘖肥合理配施,既能提高养分吸收利用率,还可以增加水稻产量。

不同有机肥对土壤盐分的影响及崇明柑橘适用有机肥的筛选

[目的]通过对不同有机肥进行室内培养,分析有机肥种类和用量对上海崇明柑橘园土壤pH、电导率以及土壤八大盐基离子的影响,为设施柑橘科学选择有机肥提供理论依据。[方法]采用室内25℃恒温培养90 d,研究蚯蚓粪、鸡粪与牛粪3种有机肥以及不同施用水平下设施柑橘土壤不同培养周期中各盐基离子、pH及电导率等10项指标的变化规律。[结果]3种有机肥的施用对土壤pH影响不大;蚯蚓粪和牛粪对土壤电导率影响不显著,但在20 g/kg施用水平下,鸡粪处理电导率相比于CK提高了28%;各种有机肥对八大盐基离子的影响有较大差异,蚯蚓粪在高施肥量时会导致Mg^(2+)含量显著提高3.4%(与CK对比),而未对Na^(+)、Ca^(2+)、SO_(4)^(2-)含量产生影响;鸡粪的高量施用会导致土壤Na^(+)、K^(+)含量增幅分别达47.4%、188.2%,牛粪高量施用可显著提高土壤Ca^(2+)含量(比CK提高6.8%)。[结论]崇明土壤盐分背景值较高,而设施柑橘对盐分相对敏感,蚯蚓粪可以避免盐分累积,而控制用量时也可考虑牛粪源有机肥,但鸡粪源有机肥即使在低用量时也会导致土壤盐分超标。

覆膜稻田施用炭基肥对水稻产量及氮素利用的影响

【目的】研究炭基肥及增施生物炭对覆膜水稻产量、氮素利用的影响,以期为水稻覆膜技术可持续发展应用提供理论依据。【方法】以优质粳型常规水稻品种浙禾香2号和籼粳杂交稻甬优538为材料,2021年覆膜机插种植设置CK(不施氮)、T1(施用缓释肥)和T2(施用炭基肥)处理。2022年覆膜机插种植设置CK(不施氮)、T2(施用炭基肥)、T3(炭基肥增施6t/hm^(2)生物炭)和T4(炭基肥增施12t/hm^(2)生物炭)处理,研究覆膜稻田施用炭基肥对水稻干物质积累、产量及产量构成和氮素吸收利用的影响。【结果】炭基肥促进了覆膜水稻的生长,提高了覆膜水稻产量。炭基肥显著增加水稻干物质积累量,与T1相比干物质积累显著增加5.40%~29.69%,增施生物炭与T2相比增加了覆膜水稻干物质积累量9.28%~46.91%。浙禾香2号整个生长期效果明显,甬优538在后期作用更显著。与T1相比,炭基肥能显著提高水稻产量3.84%~4.65%。增施生物炭较T2进一步提高了覆膜水稻产量7.97%~15.06%;炭基肥促进了覆膜水稻对氮素的吸收利用,提高水稻氮素利用效率。施用炭基肥显著增加覆膜水稻各生长关键时期的氮素积累量4.87%~31.68%,且氮素积累量随炭基肥增施生物炭量的增加而提高,炭基肥增施12 t/hm2生物炭(T4)氮素积累最高,较施炭基肥(T2)增加11.87%~40.59%。炭基肥降低了覆膜水稻氮素干物质生产率和氮素稻谷生产率,提高了氮肥偏生产力、氮肥农学效率和氮肥吸收利用效率。增施生物炭处理进一步提高氮素利用,减少氮素损失。【结论】覆膜稻田施用炭基肥有利于水稻干物质量和氮素积累量增加,增施生物炭能够进一步提高其效果,从而增加产量,提高氮素利用效率。浙禾香2号增产主要通过增加穗数和每穗粒数,甬优538则通过增加穗数增产,炭基肥增施12t/hm2生物炭增产效果最好。

畜禽粪便源有机肥中四环素类抗生素及转化产物的分布特征

畜禽粪便源有机肥是农田土壤中抗生素母体及转化产物污染的重要来源之一.为研究畜禽粪便源有机肥中四环素类抗生素及转化产物的残留情况,在全国8个省(市)采集55个有机肥样品,采用超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法(UPLC-MS/MS),分析畜禽粪便源有机肥中四环素、强力霉素、金霉素和土霉素4种四环素类抗生素及10种转化产物的分布特征.结果表明,四环素、强力霉素、金霉素和土霉素在55个有机肥样品中均有检出,浓度分别为1.63-4348μg·kg^(-1)、ND-11451μg·kg^(-1)、ND-30300μg·kg^(-1)、7.11-55008μg·kg^(-1).10种转化产物中,差向异构体是主要的转化产物.不同畜禽粪便来源的有机肥中四环素类抗生素及转化产物的浓度存在显著差异,猪粪肥样品中四环素类抗生素及转化产物的浓度高于鸡粪肥、牛粪肥和羊粪肥.畜禽粪便资源化利用模式可能也会影响有机肥中四环素类抗生素的浓度.种养结合模式生产的有机肥中四环素类抗生素及转化产物的浓度显著高于集中处理模式生产的有机肥.进一步研究了典型地区畜禽粪便源有机肥和施肥土壤中的四环素类抗生素及转化产物残留的污染特征,发现四环素类抗生素及转化产物通过施用有机肥进入土壤环境中,差向异构体在施肥土壤中仍是主要的转化产物.畜禽粪便源有机肥和施肥土壤中四环素类抗生素及转化产物的残留不容忽视.

生物炭基产品及其对土壤培肥改良效应的研究进展

生物炭疏松多孔,具有很强的吸附和抗分解能力,其在农业中的应用不仅实现了秸秆资源的有效利用,还对改良土壤、减少化肥使用、增强土壤固碳能力和降低温室气体排放具有重要意义。然而,生物炭直接用作肥料时,由于其养分含量相对较低,运输和储存成本较高,加之易引起粉尘污染等问题,限制了其在农业中的广泛应用。近年来,将生物炭作为载体或特定功能组分,开发新型土壤培肥改良产品及配套技术,成为推动可持续农业发展的重要方向。通过养分合理组配和控制释放,生物炭基产品不仅能改善土壤结构、提高养分利用率,还能缓解土壤障碍、改善作物生长条件,已成为当前本领域研究热点。本文综述了生物炭基产品的类型、制备工艺、性能评价和在土壤改良与培肥中的应用,指出其对提升土壤质量、促进作物增产和环境保护具有显著效果,未来需加强新材料和技术研发,完善检测标准,加快示范推广,并关注其长期应用的生态环境效应。

基施硫肥与遮荫对甘薯生长及同化产物积累的影响

为探究基施硫肥与遮荫对甘薯生长、光合及同化产物积累的影响,采用裂区设计,研究大田试验不同硫酸钾施用量(S含量为0、36、60、84 kg·hm^(-2))和不同遮荫处理(0、30%、60%遮光)对不同品种甘薯生长和地上部形态指标、光合效率及块根同化产物积累的影响。结果表明,基施硫肥促进了甘薯的地上部生长,增强了甘薯叶片的光合作用,提高了甘薯品质和产量,以36 kg·hm^(-2)硫肥用量下块根蔗糖含量较高,60 kg·hm^(-2)硫肥用量下块根有机酸和蛋白质含量较高。遮荫降低了甘薯的产量和地上部生物量,但30%遮荫有利于甘薯块根蔗糖和有机酸的积累,而60%遮荫下的甘薯块根蛋白质含量较高。综上,可施用36~60 kg·hm^(-2)硫肥以平衡产量与品质同步提升的矛盾,在小幅度牺牲产量的同时可通过不高于30%的遮荫提高甘薯块根蔗糖、有机酸与蛋白质的积累,以促进甘薯品质提升,提高甘薯生产的经济效益。本研究结果为甘薯优质栽培和营养元素富集提供了理论与技术指导。