Anammox生物膜富集培养过程中硝化菌的增殖特性

在升流式厌氧固定床生物膜(UAFB)反应器中,通过逐步提升氮负荷富集培养厌氧氨氧化(Anammox)生物膜,考察培养过程中Anammox生物膜上硝化菌的增殖特性.结果表明,逐步提升氮负荷可以成功实现厌氧氨氧化菌(An AOB)的富集,但随着基质浓度的提升,反应器中ΔNO_(3)~-/ΔNH_(4)^(+)比值逐渐从0.76±0.11降低至0.42±0.10,表明高基质浓度更有利于Anammox生物膜的培养且不利于亚硝酸盐氧化菌(NOB)竞争亚硝酸盐.而随着培养进行,生物膜的氨氧化活性(AUR)和亚硝酸盐氧化活性(NUR)均大幅增加但最终趋于稳定.高通量测序结果表明,系统在成功富集了33.51%的Ca.Brocadia和3.02%的Ca.Jettenia的同时,氨氧化菌(AOB)-Nitrosomonas的相对丰度仅有0.78%,但培养后优势NOB-Nitrospira的丰度高达2.32%,因此,Anammox生物膜培养过程中硝化菌的增殖现象不可避免,而明显的NOB优势增殖有可能会对PN/Anammox生物脱氮工艺的稳定运行造成负面影响.

Fe(Ⅲ)对Anammox污泥脱氮效能长短期影响

通过接种厌氧氨氧化(Anammox)污泥,研究了Fe(Ⅲ)对Anammox污泥脱氮效能长短期影响.结果表明,适量提升Fe(Ⅲ)浓度可以提升Anammox菌的活性.当进水Fe(Ⅲ)浓度达到0.09mol/L时,反应器氮去除速率最高为0.238kg/(L·d),较对照组提升了14.2%.继续提高进水Fe(Ⅲ)浓度,氮去除速率逐步下降,当Fe(Ⅲ)浓度升至0.18mol/L时,氮去除速率降至0.215kg/(L·d),与最高氮去除速率相比下降10.75%.采用Haldane抑制动力学模型拟合得到Fe(Ⅲ)对Anammox半速率常数(KFe)为0.012mol/L,半抑制常数(KI)为0.449mol/L.长期结果表明,在0.09mol/L Fe(Ⅲ)浓度下,Anammox氮去除速率增幅最快,并且随着Fe(Ⅲ)浓度增加而逐步降低.由于Fe(Ⅲ)代替了NO_(2)^(-)-N作为电子受体发生厌氧铁氨氧化反应,在含有Fe(Ⅲ)的反应器中NO_(2)^(-)-N与NH_(4)^(+)-N的转化比在1.108~1.227之间波动,明显低于理论值1.32,并随Fe(Ⅲ)浓度的提升而降低.扫描电镜结果表明,添加Fe(Ⅲ)可使Anammox菌细胞结构更加稳定.

温度与负荷对Anammox菌自富集启动的PDA的影响

采用UASB反应器,接种厌氧氨氧化菌自富集启动的PDA污泥,在温度由25℃下降到19℃条件下逐步将进水氮浓度从20mg/L提高到100mg/L(即氮负荷从3.2g/(m^(3)·d)提高到4.0g/(m^(3)·d)),反应器共运行115d,总氮去除率最高可达到89.9%.16S rRNA基因测序结果表明,Candidatus Brocadia作为主要厌氧氨氧化功能菌在生物填料中丰度达到3.7%,短程反硝化功能菌Thaurea在絮体污泥中的丰度最高达15.7%.宏基因组学分析显示与短程反硝化相关的基因Nar,Nap和与厌氧氨氧化相关的Nir,Hzs和Hdh基因表达程度较高.

温度影响下Anammox-DAMO系统N2O产消机制及调控

以厌氧氨氧化-反硝化厌氧甲烷氧化(Anammox-DAMO)系统为研究对象,考察了不同温度对该系统性能和N_(2)O产消的影响,建立了该过程的酶动力学模型.结果表明,在40℃的高温胁迫下系统性能明显恶化且积累了更多的N_(2)O,Acidovorax和Thauera属丰度在高温条件下显著降低,而Bacillus属丰度则上升,N_(2)O还原酶活性的抑制是N_(2)O排放量增加的主要因素.酶动力学拟合结果表明35℃时可以最大程度地实现N_(2)O减排.

探析生物炭对Anammox工艺脱氮的影响及其机理

厌氧氨氧化(Anammox)因其高效率和低能耗的特点,被认为是当下最有前景的生物脱氮技术。但是,Anammox工艺在主流污水处理中的应用仍面临挑战,比如厌氧氨氧化菌倍增时间长、对生长环境要求苛刻、电子受体不易获得、生物质易随水流流失等。近年来,生物炭作为一种廉价易得、具有大比表面积、表面富含官能团的环境友好型载体,在促进Anammox脱氮工艺方面受到越来越多的关注。文中从制备方法对生物炭的影响出发,总结不同生物炭类型作为Anammox脱氮工艺生物载体的特点,并通过回顾前人的研究,尝试分析生物炭作为生物载体在Anammox脱氮工艺中缩短启动时间、提高脱氮性能和减轻污染物抑制方面的作用,以期为生物炭在Anammox脱氮工艺中的大规模应用提供参考。

One-step quantum dialogue

Quantum dialogue(QD)enables two communication parties to directly exchange secret messages simultaneously.In conventional QD protocols,photons need to transmit in the quantum channel for two rounds.In this paper,we propose a one-step QD protocol based on the hyperentanglement.With the help of the non-local hyperentanglement-assisted Bell state measurement(BSM),the photons only need to transmit in the quantum channel once.We prove that our one-step QD protocol is secure in theory and numerically simulate its secret message capacity under practical experimental condition.Compared with previous QD protocols,the one-step QD protocol can effectively simplify the experiment operations and reduce the message loss caused by the photon transmission loss.Meanwhile,the non-local hyperentanglement-assisted BSM has a success probability of 100%and is feasible with linear optical elements.Moreover,combined with the hyperentanglement heralded amplification and purification,our protocol is possible to realize long-distance one-step QD.

Three-dimensional visualization technology for guiding one-step percutaneous transhepatic cholangioscopic lithotripsy for the treatment of complex hepatolithiasis

BACKGROUND Biliary stone disease is a highly prevalent condition and a leading cause of hospitalization worldwide.Hepatolithiasis with associated strictures has high residual and recurrence rates after traditional multisession percutaneous transhepatic cholangioscopic lithotripsy(PTCSL).AIM To study one-step PTCSL using the percutaneous transhepatic one-step biliary fistulation(PTOBF)technique guided by three-dimensional(3D)visualization.METHODS This was a retrospective,single-center study analyzing,140 patients who,between October 2016 and October 2023,underwent one-step PTCSL for hepatolithiasis.The patients were divided into two groups:The 3D-PTOBF group and the PTOBF group.Stone clearance on choledochoscopy,complications,and long-term clearance and recurrence rates were assessed.RESULTS Age,total bilirubin,direct bilirubin,Child-Pugh class,and stone location were similar between the 2 groups,but there was a significant difference in bile duct strictures,with biliary strictures more common in the 3D-PTOBF group(P=0.001).The median follow-up time was 55.0(55.0,512.0)days.The immediate stone clearance ratio(88.6%vs 27.1%,P=0.000)and stricture resolution ratio(97.1%vs 78.6%,P=0.001)in the 3D-PTOBF group were significantly greater than those in the PTOBF group.Postoperative complication(8.6%vs 41.4%,P=0.000)and stone recurrence rates(7.1%vs 38.6%,P=0.000)were significantly lower in the 3D-PTOBF group.CONCLUSION Three-dimensional visualization helps make one-step PTCSL a safe,effective,and promising treatment for patients with complicated primary hepatolithiasis.The perioperative and long-term outcomes are satisfactory for patients with complicated primary hepatolithiasis.This minimally invasive method has the potential to be used as a substitute for hepatobiliary surgery.

Study of the reaction mechanism for preparing powdered activated coke with SO_(2)adsorption capability via one-step rapid activation method under flue gas atmosphere

In this study,the impact of different reaction times on the preparation of powdered activated carbon(PAC)using a one-step rapid activation method under flue gas atmosphere is investigated,and the underlying reaction mechanism is summarized.Results indicate that the reaction process of this method can be divided into three stages:stage I is the rapid release of volatiles and the rapid consumption of O_(2),primarily occurring within a reaction time range of 0-0.5 s;stage II is mainly the continuous release and diffusion of volatiles,which is the carbonization and activation coupling reaction stage,and the carbonization process is the main in this stage.This stage mainly occurs at the reaction time range of 0.5 -2.0 s when SL-coal is used as material,and that is 0.5-3.0 s when JJ-coal is used as material;stage III is mainly the activation stage,during which activated components diffuse to both the surface and interior of particles.This stage mainly involves the reaction stage of CO_(2)and H2O(g)activation,and it mainly occurs at the reaction time range of 2.0-4.0 s when SL-coal is used as material,and that is 3.0-4.0 s when JJ-coal is used as material.Besides,the main function of the first two stages is to provide more diffusion channels and contact surfaces/activation sites for the diffusion and activation of the activated components in the third stage.Mastering the reaction mechanism would serve as a crucial reference and foundation for designing the structure,size of the reactor,and optimal positioning of the activator nozzle in PAC preparation.

污水中微量污染物对Anammox活性抑制机制研究进展

综述了芳香污染物、金属和金属纳米颗粒、抗生素等3种污水中常见微量污染物对厌氧氨氧化(Anammox)菌群的抑制效应,分析了导致Anammox活性丧失的抑制机理,指出抑制作用多表现为对细胞膜的损害,抑制效果受污染物在细胞质中扩散、溶解和摄入细胞能力的影响。针对不同的污染物提出了相应的应对策略,可以通过淘洗菌种、投加新鲜种群、添加促进剂等方式提高Anammox活性和胞外聚合物(EPS)含量,也可以利用驯化手段诱导抗性基因的产生,或采用生物膜法增强Anammox群落对污染物的耐受性。

ABBR启动ANAMMOX工艺的性能及内部流场结构研究

厌氧氨氧化(ANAMMOX)作为一种新兴的污水生物脱氮技术,在目前的水处理行业受到了广泛的关注。反应器的选型对于该工艺的快速启动起着至关重要的作用,而通过Fluent流体仿真模拟软件考察不同反应器的内部流场结构,从流体动力学结合微生物生长状态初步分析反应器构型对ANAMMOX工艺的强化机理。本研究采用厌氧折流板反应器(ABR)及在其基础上改进的厌氧折流板生物膜反应器(ABBR)启动ANAMMOX工艺,对比研究两种反应器启动ANAMMOX工艺的性能。反应器控制条件在温度为25℃,HRT为24 h,进水氨氮和NO_(2)^(-)-N质量浓度均为50 mg/L。ABR启动ANAMMOX工艺需要49 d,ABBR启动ANAMMOX工艺仅需35 d,启动成功时ABR和ABBR的总氮去除率分别为86.11%和89.79%。结果表明,ABBR相比于ABR表现出显著更好的ANAMMOX工艺启动性能。本研究再运用Fluent软件模拟两种反应器的内部流场结构。结果显示,相比于ABR,ABBR具有更加丰富的流线,且其内部流场具有更加明显的紊流效果。ABBR流场结构特性保证了更佳的传质效果,且ABBR内部形成的生物膜又显著提高反应器对ANAMMOX菌的截留能力,从而缩短了反应器的启动周期,同时提高ANAMMOX工艺脱氮效率。

新型膜组件MBR启动运行Anammox工艺及膜污染控制

膜生物反应器(MBR)作为一种高效的厌氧氨氧化(Anaerobic ammonia oxidation,Anammox)反应器受到研究者的广泛关注。然而,膜污染问题制约了MBR在Anammox领域的工程应用。为了减缓膜污染的形成,设计了一种新型伞式膜组件,再在这种膜组件的基础上构建MBR用于启动运行Anammox工艺,通过形成特定的流场结构强化膜附近水流剪切力和水流速度,从而实现膜组件的自清洗,进而延长膜组件的使用周期。该反应器经55 d运行成功启动Anammox工艺,直到运行81 d才达到更换膜组件的条件(跨膜压力达到0.045 MPa)。结果表明,新型膜组件MBR不仅可以缩短Anammox工艺的启动周期,还可以有效缓解膜污染。扫描电镜结果表明,运行81 d的膜组件表面形成了明显的滤饼层,其主要污染物为具有花椰菜结构的厌氧氨氧化菌(AnAOB)及生长代谢产物。同时利用Ansys Fluent模拟工艺运行过程中伞式膜组件周围的流场结构,从流体动力学角度解释了伞式膜组件缓解膜污染的机理。研究表明,膜组件附近强化的水流剪切力和水流速度作用于展开的膜丝,显著减缓滤饼层的形成。

One-step green method to prepare progressive burning gun propellant through gradient denitration strategy

Gradiently denitrated gun propellant(GDGP)prepared by a“gradient denitration”strategy is obviously superior in progressive burning performance to the traditional deterred gun propellant.Currently,the preparation of GDGP employed a tedious two-step method involving organic solvents,which hinders the large-scale preparation of GDGP.In this paper,GDGP was successfully prepared via a novelty and environmentally friendly one-step method.The obtained samples were characterized by FT-IR,Raman,SEM and XPS.The results showed that the content of nitrate groups gradiently increased from the surface to the core in the surface layer of GDGP and the surface layer of GDGP exhibited a higher compaction than that of raw gun propellant,with a well-preserved nitrocellulose structure.The denitration process enabled the propellant surface with regressive energy density and good progressive burning performance,as confirmed by oxygen bomb and closed bomb test.At the same time,the effects of different solvents on the component loss of propellant were compared.The result showed that water caused the least component loss.Finally,the stability of GDGP was confirmed by methyl-violet test.This work not only provided environmentally friendly,simple and economic preparation of GDGP,but also confirmed the stability of GDGP prepared by this method.

Developing super-hydrophobic and corrosion-resistant coating on magnesium-lithium alloy via one-step hydrothermal processing

Formation of super-hydrophobic and corrosion-resistant coatings can provide significant corrosion protection to magnesium alloys.However,it remains a grand challenge to produce such coatings for magnesium-lithium alloys due to their high chemical reactivity.Herein,a one-step hydrothermal processing was developed using a stearic-acid-based precursor medium,which enables the hydrothermal conversion and the formation of low surface energy materials concurrently to produce the super-hydrophobic and corrosion-resistant coating.The multiscale microstructures with nanoscale stacks and microscale spheres on the surface,as well as the through-thickness stearates,lead to the super-hydrophobicity and excellent corrosion resistance of the obtained coating.

高盐环境下ANAMMOX-UASB反应器启动特性

在高盐环境下(含盐量3%)以耐高盐厌氧反硝化颗粒污泥作为接种污泥启动ANAMMOX-UASB反应器,研究其启动特性。结果表明,高盐环境下ANAMMOX-UASB启动成功仅耗时186 d,总氮(Total Nitrogen,TN)去除率在87.5%以上,NH^(+)_(4)-N和NO^(-)_(2)-N消耗量之比(Rs)、NH^(+)_(4)-N消耗量与NO^(-)_(3)-N生成量之比(Rp)分别为1.13和0.26。启动成功后反应器中污泥由黑色逐步变为红褐色,污泥颗粒化形态较为明显。高盐环境下ANAMMOX-UASB启动成功后污泥中Heme c含量、硝酸盐还原酶(Nitrate reductase,Nar)活性、亚硝酸盐还原酶(Nitrite reductase,Nir)活性、联氨氧化酶(Hydrazine oxidase,HZO)活性、联氨合成酶(Hydrazine synthase,HZS)活性较接种污泥的增幅分别为8.00、6.74、8.34、0.58和6.00倍;门水平下,厌氧氨氧化菌所属的浮霉菌门丰度占比为6.05%,较接种污泥增加了5.11倍;启动过程中反硝化菌属丰度下降,厌氧氨氧化菌属丰度不断增加,优势菌属为Candidatus_Brocadia,启动成功后的丰度是接种污泥的12.98倍。

聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯微塑料对Anammox颗粒污泥的尺寸影响效应

为探究微塑料(MPs)对活性污泥脱氮性能的尺寸影响效应,采用水质测定、活性测试、物化表征及微生物群落分析等方法,探索了不同粒径下(75~500μm)聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯(PET)对厌氧氨氧化颗粒污泥(AnGS)的影响.结果显示,投加75和150μm的PET-MPs时,Anammox脱氮效能低于控制组,而300和500μm组中却表现出优于控制组.厌氧氨氧化活性(SAA)测试具有相似结果.胞外聚合物(EPS)分析发现PET-MPs粒径越小,EPS分泌和PN/PS越高,AnGS结构越不完整.小粒径下PET对Anammox抑制主要与颗粒污泥所具有的较低Zeta电位和较小的比表面积显著相关.而大粒径PET-MPs则减少了与MPs接触的机率且能提供更多的活性位点,促进了Anammox底物的传递效率.高通量测序结果表明PET-MPs粒径大小决定了微生物群落的多样性和丰富度,尤其对Anammox菌属(Candidatus Kuenenia)相对丰度影响显著.

Anammox的实现及其应用前景分析

低碳高效的Anammox技术在污水处理中对实现“双碳”目标具有潜力,并为污水处理厂工艺带来技术变革。对传统脱氮和Anammox脱氮进行了比较,指出Anammox在节能降耗和温室气体减排中具有优势;分析了实现短程硝化Anammox(PNA)和短程反硝化Anammox(PDA)稳定获得NO_(2)^(-)的控制策略,其中游离氨(FA)、温度、DO和间歇曝气是PNA的重点调控因子,而碳氮比是PDA的重要控制因素。基于控制原理,Anammox技术在多种污水中具有应用前景,但PNA更适合污泥消化液、污泥脱水液和垃圾渗滤液的处理,PDA则更适合低温、低NH_(4)^(+)-N的主流污水,以及城市污水和NO_(3)^(-)污水混合污水的处理。未来研究的重点在于:界定适于PNA和PDA的污水种类,考察污水组分对PNA/PDA的影响及响应,中试验证各种污水的PNA/PDA,改造升级传统脱氮以实现PNA/PDA。

Fe^(2+)与Fe^(3+)对anammox体系中N_(2)O排放的影响

有研究表明,适量Fe^(2+)与Fe^(3+)能够促进anammox菌体代谢,但对于菌体N_(2)O产量的影响仍未可知。该文以批次实验的形式探究anammox在不同浓度Fe^(2+)与Fe^(3+)浓度下的N_(2)O产量,并分析其微生物组学和功能基因变化。结果表明,加入Fe^(2+)的组别中N_(2)O排放量在20 mg/L Fe^(2+)时最高(0.29 mg/L),30 mg/L Fe^(2+)时下降47.01%;加入Fe^(3+)的组别中N_(2)O排放量随Fe^(3+)浓度递增,30 mg/L Fe^(3+)时N_(2)O最高排放量为0.17 mg/L。微生物群落多样性分析表明,5 mg/L Fe^(2+)和Fe^(3+)能刺激Candidatus Kuenenia的生长,然而反硝化菌Denitratisoma和Limnobacter随Fe^(2+)和Fe^(3+)浓度的提高而增加。功能基因分析表明,N_(2)O的释放与硝化途径、DNRA途径、反硝化途径以及anammox途径中的功能基因有关,并与基因norB、nirD、hcp呈显著正相关(P<0.05)。该文阐述了Fe^(2+)与Fe^(3+)对anammox体系N_(2)O排放的影响,可为anammox工艺中的N_(2)O控制提供参考。

基于LSSVM与NSGA-Ⅱ的反硝化-Anammox工艺协同优化研究

针对反硝化-Anammox工艺中整体脱氮除碳能力较低的问题,提出基于LSSVM与NSGA-Ⅱ构建废水脱氮除碳处理的多目标优化模型。利用基于LSSVM的软测量方法进行脱氮除碳结果的相关变量的预测,通过NSGA-Ⅱ算法求解反硝化-Anammox工艺的全局最佳进水条件的解集。经仿真实验证明,通过LSSVM预测的COD_(rem)等相关变量与真实值的误差较小,基本满足预测需求。按照优化模型求解出的帕累托解集进行废水脱氮除碳处理,在NH_(3)-N的去除率达到90.67%的同时,对TN、COD的去除率分别为80.21%、85.73%,氮、碳2种元素的整体去除率为85.54%,能够满足反硝化-Anammox工艺协同优化的需求。

One-step ethylene separation from ternary C_(2) hydrocarbon mixture with a robust zirconium metal-organic framework

One-step separation of high-purity ethylene(C_(2)H_(4))from C_(2) hydrocarbon mixture is critical but challenging because of the very similar molecular sizes and physical properties of C_(2)H_(4),ethane(C_(2)H_(6)),and acetylene(C_(2)H_(2)).Herein,we report a robust zirconium metal-organic framework(MOF)Zr-TCA(H3TCA=4,4',4"-tricarboxytriphenylamine)with suitable pore size(0.6 nm×0.7 nm)and pore environment for direct C_(2)H_(4) purification from C_(2)H_(4)/C_(2)H_(2)/C_(2)H_(6) gas-mixture.Computational studies indicate that the abundant oxygen atoms and non-polar phenyl rings created favorable pore environments for the preferential binding of C_(2)H_(2) and C_(2)H_(6) over C_(2)H_(4).As a result,Zr-TCA exhibits not only high C_(2)H_(6)(2.28 mmol·g^(-1))and C_(2)H_(2)(2.78 mmol·g^(-1))adsorption capacity but also excellent C_(2)H_(6)/C_(2)H_(4)(2.72)and C_(2)H_(2)/C_(2)H_(4)(5.64)selectivity,surpassing most of one-step C_(2)H_(4) purification MOF materials.Dynamic breakthrough experiments confirm that Zr-TCA can produce high-purity C_(2)H_(4)(>99.9%)from a ternary gas mixture(1/9/90 C_(2)H_(2)/C_(2)H_(6)/C_(2)H_(4))in a single step with a high C_(2)H_(4) productivity of 5.61 L·kg^(-1).

One-step Eco-friendly Fabrication of Antibacterial Polyester Via On-line Amination Reaction by Melt Coextrusion

The work is dedicated to develop a one-step eco-friendly method to prepare antibacterial polyethylene terephthalate(PET).We report a one-step eco-friendly method to manufacture antibacterial PET via on-line amination reaction by melt coextrusion.Beside evenly mixing of poly(hexamethylene guanidine)(PHMG)and PET in the melt coextrusion procedure,the amination reaction also occurred between PHMG and PET under high temperature(230-270℃).The antibacterial ability of composite PET showed obvious PHMG concentration dependence,and antibacterial activity reached more than 99%when PHMG content was 2.5 wt%.Moreover,LIVE/DEAD fluorescence test further confirmed that the composite PET could kill bacteria quickly and efiectively(within 30 min);while negligible cytotoxicity was observed to HSF and HUVEC cells.Onestep eco-friendly fabrication of composite antibacterial PET was accomplished by on-line melt coextrusion.The composite antibacterial PET has potential use in multiple fields to combat with pathogenic including textiles,packaging materials,decoration materials and biomedical devices,etc.