Reduction of nitrate from groundwater:powder catalysts and catalytic membrane

The reduction of nitrate contaminant in groundwater has gained renewed and intensive attention due to the environmental problems and health risks. Catalytic denetrification presents one of the most promising approaches for the removal of nitrate from water. Catalytic nitrate reduction from water by powder catalysts and catalytic membrane in a batch reactor was studied. And the effects of the initial concentration, the amounts of catalyst, and the flux H 2 on the nitrate reduction were also discussed. The results demonstrated that nitrate reduction activity and the selectivity to nitrogen gas were mainly controlled by diffusion limitations and the mass transfer of the reactants. The selectivity can improved while retaining a high catalytic activity under controlled diffusion condition or the intensification of the mass transfer, and a good reaction condition. The total nitrogen removal efficiency reached above 80%. Moreover, catalytic membrane can create a high effective gas/liquid/solid interface, and show a good selectivity to nitrogen in comparative with the powder catalyst, the selectivity to nitrogen was improved from 73 4% to 89 4%.

Preparation of carbon nanotubes by ethanol catalytic combustion technique using nickel salt as catalyst precursor

A simple growth technique of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) by combustion of ethanol was developed. In the experiment, copper plate was employed as substrate, nickel nitrate (Ni(NO3)2) and nickel chloride (NiCl2) as catalyst precursor, and ethanol as carbon source. The cleaned copper substrate was dipped into catalyst precursor solution for mounting catalyst precursor particles. The dip-coated substrate was then placed into ethanol flame for about 10 min after drying. The black wool-like production grown on copper plate was obtained. This route is called an ethanol catalytic combustion(ECC) process. The black powders were characterized by means of scanning electron microscopy(SEM), transmission electron microscopy(TEM), energy dispersive X-ray spectrometer(EDS) and Raman spectroscopy. The results show that the techique is much simpler and more economical to meet the future broader applications.

Recent progress and challenges in structural construction strategy of metal-based catalysts for nitrate electroreduction to ammonia

Ammonia plays an essential role in human production and life as a raw material for chemical fertilizers.The nitrate electroreduction to ammonia reaction(NO_(3)RR)has garnered attention due to its advantages over the Haber-Bosch process and electrochemical nitrogen reduction reaction.Therefore,it represents a promising approach to safeguard the ecological environment by enabling the cycling of nitrogen species.This review begins by discussing the theoretical insights of the NO_(3)RR.It then summarizes recent advances in catalyst design and construction strategies,including alloying,structure engineering,surface engineering,and heterostructure engineering.Finally,the challenges and prospects in this field are presented.This review aims to guide for enhancing the efficiency of electrocatalysts in the NO_(3)RR,and offers insights for converting NO_(3)-to NH_(3).

CuPc/FeNC双组分催化剂协同催化硝酸盐转化为氨

氨(NH_(3))作为重要的化学品和能源储存介质,需求量与日俱增.本文旨在通过电化学硝酸根还原反应(NO_(3)^(−)RR),将NO_(3)^(−)转化为NH3,不仅解决了NO_(3)^(−)引起的环境污染问题,又可以满足对NH_(3)的迫切需求.然而,NO_(3)^(−)RR涉及多个电子和质子转移过程,其中,NO_(2)^(−)是NO_(3)^(−)活化转化和深度还原合成NH_(3)的重要中间体.酞菁铜(CuPc)能够高效地活化转化NO_(3)^(−)为NO_(2)^(−),但在低过电位时无法有效地将NO2−还原为NH3,难以获得较高的氨法拉第效率(FENH3)和分电流密度.而氮配位的铁单原子催化剂(FeNC)则有较好的NO_(2)^(−)吸附活化特性.因此,利用双组分催化剂之间的协同作用以实现高效NO_(3)^(−)RR的活性和选择性是本文的主要研究思路.本文设计了CuPc/FeNC串联催化剂,利用CuPc和FeNC对NO_(3)^(−)和NO_(2)^(−)的吸附活化能力的差异,实现了高效的协同催化转化.X射线衍射、高角环形暗场扫描透射电镜、X射线光电子能谱及X射线吸收谱结果表明,FeNC催化剂中Fe原子均匀分布于ZIF-8热解后的基底.通过将FeNC和CuPc负载于气体扩散电极,在流动电解池中完成NO_(3)^(−)RR.CuPc/FeNC催化剂在较低电势区间中能够实现接近100%的NH3法拉第效率,同时在−0.57 V vs.RHE时达到273 mA cm–2的NH3分电流密度,并且在整个电势范围内有效地抑制了NO_(2)^(–)聚集.与单组分催化剂CuPc和FeNC对比结果表明,在−0.53 V vs.RHE时,CuPc/FeNC催化剂表现出较高的FE(NH_(3))/FE(NO_(2)^(−))比值,是CuPc催化剂的50倍;同时CuPc/FeNC催化剂上NH3分电流密度是FeNC催化剂的1.5倍.进一步研究了NO_(3)^(–)RR中的串联反应机制,其中FeNC催化剂表现出较高的NO_(2)^(–)RR活性,并且有效抑制了析氢反应.此外,CuPc/FeNC催化剂和FeNC催化剂在NO_(2)^(−)RR中表现出类似的NH3分电流密度,这表明在NO_(3)^(−)RR中,CuPc/FeNC催化剂性能的提高来源于FeNC位点能够进一步还原CuPc位点产生的NO_(2)^(–).理论计算结果表明,FeNC比CuPc表现出更强的NO_(2)^(–)吸附活化能力,说明NO_(2)^(−)在FeNC上更容易进行加氢还原.NO_(3)^(−)RR反应全路径分析结果表明,对于^(*)NO_(3)还原到*NO2过程,CuPc相对于FeNC位点具有明显降低的反应自由能,说明CuPc有利于NO_(2)^(−)的生成;而FeNC位点在后续的^(*)NO_(2)还原合成^(*)NH_(3)过程中具有更低的反应自由能,这与实验结果一致.一系列非原位和原位表征证明了CuPc催化剂在高电位下存在少量金属颗粒析出,与CuPc催化剂在高电位下NH_(3)分电流密度快速增加结果一致.综上,本工作中CuPc和FeNC催化剂之间的协同作用弥补了各自的不足,通过串联反应机制,在低过电位下有效增加了NH_(3)的法拉第效率和电流密度,实现了高效的协同催化转化,为设计和合成高效催化剂提供了新思路.

理论指导构建Cu-O-Ti-O_(v)活性位点及其高效电催化还原硝酸根研究

面向国家绿色低碳战略目标,变革化石资源合成氨技术路线变得尤为迫切,开发可再生能源制“绿氨”将成为合成氨领域未来的重要发展方向.将工业废水中的硝酸根(NO_(3)-)电催化还原为氨(NO_(3)RR),既可有效回收氨,又能消除硝酸根污染影响.然而,NO_(3)RR涉及缓慢的八电子转移过程,含有多种反应中间体,其反应机理复杂不明.此外,水系电解液中存在的析氢竞争反应也为高效NO_(3)RR催化剂的开发设计带来了巨大的挑战.为突破高效催化剂的发展瓶颈,本文通过理论模拟,在低成本的催化剂上设计了高效的NO_(3)RR催化活性位点,并利用简单的制备策略合成了目标催化剂.同时,结合原位表征技术,阐明了NO_(3)RR的反应路径及催化机理.本文通过密度泛函理论(DFT)计算发现,Cu/TiO_(2)催化剂上的Cu-O-Ti-O_(v)结构具有较好的NO_(3)-还原活性,该结构不仅能够促进反应中间体NOx-的吸附和活化,还能有效抑制竞争析氢反应,从而降低NO_(3)RR的反应能垒.在该结构上,NO_(3)RR的反应路径为:NO_(3)^(*)→NO_(2)^(*)→HONO^(*)→NO^(*)→*NOH→*N→^(*)NH→*NH2→*NH_(3)→NH_(3).基于理论计算结果,分别采用浸渍法和尿素水解法制备了系列富含Cu-O-Ti-O_(v)结构的Cu/TiO_(2)催化剂.氮气等温吸附-脱附曲线、拉曼光谱(Raman)、电子顺磁共振波谱、X射线光电子能谱(XPS)和傅立叶红外光谱等结果发现,相比于采用浸渍法制备的系列Cu/TiO_(2)催化剂,采用尿素水解法制备的Cu/TiO_(2)(CT-U)催化剂具有更大的比表面积以及更多的Cu-O-Ti-O_(v)位点,说明尿素水解法可提高Cu颗粒在TiO_(2)载体表面的分散度,增强Cu颗粒与TiO_(2)载体之间的相互作用,提高Cu/TiO_(2)催化剂表面的Cu-O-Ti-O_(v)位点含量.将以上制备出的催化剂应用于催化NO_(3)RR中,结果表明,在-1.0 V vs.RHE还原电位下,CT-U催化剂上氨产率可达3046.5μg h^(-1) mgcat^(-1),高于大多数文献报道结果.循环稳定性测试结果表明,在Cu/TiO_(2)催化剂上构建Cu-O-Ti-O_(v)位点还能显著抑制电催化反应过程中Cu物种从Cu/TiO_(2)催化剂上溶出,从而显著增强催化剂的稳定性.此外,设计制备了不含氧空位的Cu/TiO_(2),TiO_(2)-x,Cu,Cu_(2)O以及CuO催化剂,并将其用于催化NO_(3)RR.结果发现,上述催化剂上的氨产率皆明显低于CT-U催化剂,说明Cu,Ti以及O_(v)构成的Cu-O-Ti-O_(v)结构具有较好的催化协同作用,从而显著提升了NO_(3)RR反应活性.最后,通过原位Raman及原位XPS表征检测反应中间体,验证了由DFT模拟出的NO_(3)RR反应路径.综上,通过在Cu/TiO_(2)催化剂上理论指导构建Cu-O-Ti-O_(v)活性位点,实现了NO_(3)RR性能的有效提升.Cu-O-Ti-O_(v)结构中的多位点协同作用不仅促进了NO_(x)-的吸附和活化,而且抑制了电催化过程中Cu物种从催化剂上的溶出,从而提高了催化剂的稳定性.本研究为设计高效稳定的NO_(3)RR催化剂提供了新思路.

高活性异质CuS/Mo_(6)S_(8)的构筑及其电催化硝酸根合成氨

电化学还原硝酸根合成氨(NO_(3)^(-)RR)不仅有助于水中硝态氮污染物的去除,而且有助于缓解社会对氨能源的需求,减少污染,降低能耗。催化剂在一定程度上决定了NO_(3)^(-)RR的性能,然而,已报道的NO_(3)^(-)RR催化剂大多存在氨产率低和稳定性差等问题,设计和制备高性能和稳定性的NO_(3)^(-)RR催化剂是该领域的一个关键。论文设计和构筑了CuS/Mo_(6)S_(8)异质结构电催化剂,系统研究了其物化特性和NO_(3)^(-)RR性能,探讨了相关构效关系。实验结果表明,CuS/Mo_(6)S_(8)的法拉第效率和NO_(3)^(-)转化率分别为92.12%和91.34%,优于CuS(81.11%和74.13%)和Mo_(6)S_(8)(84.27%和80.23%),且经过连续4个循环(共12 h)NO_(3)^(-)RR测试,CuS/Mo_(6)S_(8)的各项性能均无明显衰减,展现出了优异的稳定性。分析和对比发现,该异质催化剂具有强的界面作用,通过Cu和Mo之间的电子转移改变了CuS/Mo_(6)S_(8)的电子结构,进而提升了NO_(3)^(-)RR性能。该研究提供了一种高性能和稳定性的NO_(3)^(-)RR催化剂,也可借鉴到设计其他高效异质催化剂。

Preparation and properties of Ce_(0.8)Ca_(0.2)O_(1.8) anode material by glycine-nitrate process

Ce0.8Ca0.2O1.8 (CDC82) anode material was prepared by glycine-nitrate process(GNP). Thermogravimetric(TG) analysis and differential scanning calorimetric(DSC) methods were adopted to characterize the reaction process of CDC82 material. X-ray diffractometry(XRD), scanning electron microcopy(SEM), direct current four probe (four-probe DC) and temperature process reduce(TPR) techniques were adopted to characterize the properties of CDC82 material. After the precursor was sintered at 750 ℃ for 4 h, CDC82 material with pure-fluorite structure and nanometer size was obtained. The total conductivity of CDC82 changes little with temperature in air at 50?850 ℃ , and the maximum value is 0.04 S/cm at 750 ℃ . The total conductivity wholly becomes larger when the atmosphere changes from air to hydrogen, which greatly increases with increasing temperature and reaches the maximum value of 1.09 S/cm at 850 ℃. Some impurities such as CeMg and La2O3 exist after the mixture of CDC82 anode and La1?xSrxGa1?yMgyO3?δ (LSGM) electrolyte material is sintered at 1 200 ℃ for 15 h. The CDC82 material as anode material has excellent catalytic property for hydrogen and methane.

白灰窑烟气低温SCR脱硝技术方案

本文提出了白灰窑烟气脱硝主要的工艺,阐述了白灰窑尾烟气低温脱硝技术方案以及针对低温脱硝催化剂热解析的实施方案,总结了白灰窑低温SCR脱硝应用的可行性。

微通道反应器中精细化学品合成危险工艺研究进展

卤化、氧化、重氮化、硝化以及催化加氢是精细化工生产中的重要反应,通常以间歇方式在釜式反应器中进行,存在安全隐患,并且反应效率低。微通道反应器技术的发展为解决上述问题提供了有效途径,因此,发展基于微通道反应器的安全高效合成工艺成为当前精细化工领域的研究热点之一。该文综述了近年来微通道反应器中涉及精细化工产品合成危险工艺的研究进展,并指出了微通道反应器存在的不足和今后研究的方向。

多级孔氮掺杂葡萄糖衍生碳的催化氧化应用

以葡萄糖为碳源、NaNO3为模板和造孔剂,通过高温炭化法以及NH3高温后处理合成了多级孔氮掺杂碳材料NC-X-T[X为NaNO3与葡萄糖的质量比,T为温度(℃)]。采用N2吸附-脱附、XRD、XPS、SEM、TEM对NC-X-T的比表面积、孔径分布、晶体结构、化学组成以及形貌进行了表征与测试。以NC-X-T为催化剂、过硫酸氢钾(PMS)为氧化剂,在不同条件下进行了苯酚的降解。结果表明,造孔和掺氮过程的协同可极大提升NC-X-T的催化性能。0.005 g NC-0.5-800及质量浓度1.0 g/L PMS在40 min内可将100 mL 5.3×10^(–4)mol/L苯酚完全降解,反应速率常数高达0.397 min^(–1),优于大多数金属及非金属催化剂。利用XPS对降解过程中NC-X-T的稳定性进行了研究,证实碳材料的氧化是其失活的主要原因,经过高温无氧处理可以恢复其部分催化活性。

催化反硝化脱氮效果及反应机制的研究

为解决水体中的硝酸盐氮污染,提出了零价铁(Fe0)耦合Pd-Cu催化剂的新型催化反硝化法去除水体中的硝酸盐氮.分别从催化反硝化操作参数的优化、反应机理及动力学等方面进行深入探讨.结果发现,用响应面曲线法对实验进行设计及分析,筛选的最佳操作条件为:溶液pH为5.0、反应时间为135min、活性组分Pd:Cu质量比为3.1、Fe0投加量为3.1g/L.在此实验条件下,催化反硝化的氮气转化率可达到74.6%.催化反应中,Fe0在催化反应中作为电子供体存在.催化剂载体负载的活性组分Pd、Cu在催化反应中发挥着重要的作用.催化剂载体的物理化学特性(如多孔结构、比表面积、吸附性能等)很大程度上影响着催化反硝化效果.通过控制溶液适宜的pH值、对催化剂载体进行酸洗处理、改变催化剂活性组分等方法可以一定程度上提高催化反硝化N2转化率.催化反硝化反应遵循Langmuir-Hinshelwood一级反应动力学规律.该催化反应是一个典型的多级反应过程.一定浓度的HCl溶液和NaOH溶液能使催化剂再生,提升催化剂的催化效果.

PUREX流程中铀/钚分离用四价铀还原剂的制备

源于不向系统引入新的固体无机盐杂质,四价铀作为铀/钚分离的最佳还原剂得到了广泛的应用。目前,从硝酸铀酰还原制备四价铀的生产工艺有电解法、硝酸肼催化还原法和氢催化还原法。首先从热力学的角度论证了各工艺过程中所涉及的主反应与副反应,并结合工艺操作参数对比了各工艺过程。对比结果显示:电解法技术成熟、廉价可靠,但是转化率相对较低,需要后续开发新的电极材料及长寿命离子膜;硝酸肼催化还原法制备四价铀的工艺具有操作条件温和、产量大的优点,但是要求的原料纯度高,副反应严重且复杂;氢催化还原法已经在法国实现工程应用多年,具有成本低、产量高、反应速度快、副反应少的优点。因此,建议通过借鉴一般化工工业中氢气安全使用经验,在我国后处理厂中使用氢催化还原法制备四价铀工艺,并使用滴流床反应器,提高气液固接触效率,突破四价铀产能和产物浓度的瓶颈,满足使用需求。

Formic acid as an alternative reducing agent for the catalytic nitrate reduction in aqueous media

Formic acid was used for the nitrate reduction as a reductant in the presence of Pd：Cu/γ-alumina catalysts. The surface characteristics of the bimetallic catalyst synthesized by wet impregnation were investigated by SEM, TEM-EDS. The metals were not distributed homogeneously on the surface of catalyst, although the total contents of both metals in particles agreed well with the theoretical values. Formic acid decomposition on the catalyst surface, its influence on solution pH and nitrate removal efficacy was investigated. The best removal of nitrate （50 ppm） was obtained under the condition of 0.75 g/L catalyst with Pd：Cu ratio （4：1） and two fold excess of formic acid. Formic acid decay patterns resembled those of nitrate removal, showing a linear relationship between kf （formic acid decay） and k （nitrate removal）. Negligible amount of ammonia was detected, and no nitrite was detected, possibly due to buffering effect of bicarbonate that is in situ produced by the decomposition of formic acid, and due to the sustained release of H2 gas.

碱式硝酸铜的制备及催化氧化四氢糠醇的性能

以工业硝酸铜和NaOH为原料,采用简单水热法制备了碱式硝酸铜,将其作为催化剂催化氧化四氢糠醇(THFA),利用FTIR,SEM,XRD,TG,XPS等方法对碱式硝酸铜的结构进行了表征。表征结果显示,所得碱式硝酸铜为高纯度晶体,呈颗粒状、晶体形貌良好。考察了反应条件对碱式硝酸铜催化氧化THFA的影响。实验结果表明,催化氧化150 mL THFA适宜的条件为:催化剂用量2.5 g、140℃、4 MPa、搅拌转速300 r/min。在该条件下,合成丁二酸戊基四氢糠醇酯的选择性为91.794%,转化率为65.67%。碱式硝酸铜催化剂具有良好的稳定性,循环5次后,THFA转化率基本不变,选择性大于80%,为合成四氢糠醇酯提供了一条方便绿色的途径。

甲苯一步催化硝化制备二硝基甲苯反应过程及危险性

采用冷冻辅助-溶胶凝胶法制备了CuMnCoO_(4)三金属尖晶石氧化物,并对其结构性质进行了XRD、BET、FTIR、Raman、XPS等表征,进一步研究了该尖晶石在无硫酸条件下以硝酸为硝化剂的甲苯无溶剂硝化的催化行为。结果表明,CuMnCoO_(4)尖晶石催化的甲苯硝化体系对二硝基甲苯(DNT)生成具有偏好性,DNT的选择性比不含尖晶石的甲苯硝化体系高1.6倍。在此基础上,根据“替代、缓和、简化”的本质安全基本原则对传统DNT两段式硝-硫混酸硝化法生产工艺进行优化,得到最佳工艺条件:95%HNO_(3)、甲苯、CuMnCoO_(4)尖晶石催化剂的摩尔比为4∶1∶0.15,室温下滴加甲苯,结束后保持50℃反应6h,可实现甲苯一步硝化制备DNT(选择性可达67.44%)。通过全自动反应量热仪(RC1e)测试了半间歇反应下,CuMnCoO_(4)尖晶石催化甲苯硝化过程的热危险性参数,考察了反应过程危险性,发现了该新型多相催化体系在提高DNT选择性的同时,也降低了热失控条件下工艺合成反应可达到的最高温度(MTSR),从而提高了反应体系的安全性。

Studies on catalytic reduction of nitrate in groundwater

Catalytic reduction of nitrate in groundwater by sodium formate over the catalyst was investigated.Pd-Cu/c-Al2O3 catalyst was prepared by impregnation and charac-terized by brunauer-emmett-teller(BET),inductive coupled plasma(ICP),X-ray diffraction(XRD),transmission electron microscopy(TEM)and energy dispersive X-ray(EDX).It was found that total nitrogen was effectively removed from the nitrate solution(100 mg/L)and the removal efficiency was 87%.The catalytic activity was affected by pH,catalyst amount used,concentration of sodium formate,and initial concentration of nitrate.As sodium formate was used as reductant,precise control in the initial pH was needed.Exces-sively high or low initial pH(7.0 or 3.0)reduced catalytic activity.At initial pH of 4.5,catalytic activity was enhanced by reducing the amount of catalyst,while concentrations of sodium formate increased with a considerable decrease in N2 selectivity.In which case,catalytic reduction followed the first order kinetics.

藉溴酸钾氧化酸性间胺黄反应催化光度测定痕量亚硝酸根和硝酸根

本文基于NO2-对KBrO3氧化酸性间胺黄而使其褪色的催化作用，以及NO3-经锌粉还原为NO2-，建立了灵敏的催化光度测定痕量NO2-、NO3-的新方法，并讨论了其动力学条件。测定范围10～90μg／L，方法简便快速、选择性好，用于水及食品中痕量NO2-、NO3-的测定，结果满意。

溴酸钾-亚甲蓝催化光度法测定硝酸盐和亚硝酸盐

用镉柱将NO-3 还原为NO-2 ,利用在磷酸介质中NO-2 对溴酸钾氧化亚甲蓝这一褪色反应具有强烈的催化作用而建立了同时测定痕量硝酸盐和亚硝酸盐的新方法。本方法简便、快速、灵敏 ,对亚硝酸盐和硝酸盐测定的线性范围分别为 0～ 2 0 0 μg·L-1和 0 0 0 3～ 310 μg·L-1,用于测定各种水样中痕量NO-2 和NO-3

荧光动力学光度法同时测定硝酸根及亚硝酸根的研究

基于亚硝根对溴酸钾氧化罗丹明6G的催化及锌粉使硝酸根还原为亚硝酸根的原理,建立了同时测定亚硝酸根和硝酸根的荧光动力学法,用于饮用水、质控水样、饮料中硝酸根及亚硝酸根的测定,测定下限分别为0.074ng NO_2^-/ml和0.25ng NO_3^-/ml.

催化还原脱除地下水中硝酸盐的研究

采用浸渍法制备催化剂Pd-Cu/γ-Al2O3,用BET、ICP、XRD、TEM和EDX对该催化剂进行了表征.以甲酸钠作为还原剂,对催化还原硝酸盐进行了试验研究.结果表明,100mg·L-1硝酸盐完全反应时总氮的脱除率可以达到87%.催化反应的活性和选择性受pH值、催化剂投加量、甲酸钠浓度和硝酸盐初始浓度等反应条件影响.甲酸钠作为还原剂时只需控制溶液初始pH值,初始pH值过高或过低都会降低催化剂活性;控制初始pH值为4.5,适当降低催化剂投加量和增加甲酸钠的浓度有利于提高催化活性,但选择性会显著降低.初始pH值为4.5时,不同初始浓度硝酸盐的催化还原反应为一级反应.