Formation of super-hydrophobic and corrosion-resistant coatings can provide significant corrosion protection to magnesium alloys.However,it remains a grand challenge to produce such coatings for magnesium-lithium allo...Formation of super-hydrophobic and corrosion-resistant coatings can provide significant corrosion protection to magnesium alloys.However,it remains a grand challenge to produce such coatings for magnesium-lithium alloys due to their high chemical reactivity.Herein,a one-step hydrothermal processing was developed using a stearic-acid-based precursor medium,which enables the hydrothermal conversion and the formation of low surface energy materials concurrently to produce the super-hydrophobic and corrosion-resistant coating.The multiscale microstructures with nanoscale stacks and microscale spheres on the surface,as well as the through-thickness stearates,lead to the super-hydrophobicity and excellent corrosion resistance of the obtained coating.展开更多
The use of Chinese herbal medicines can replace antibiotics that cause drug-resistance problems,which are currently necessary for disease control.In this paper,a traditional Chinese medicine compound named Ephedra hou...The use of Chinese herbal medicines can replace antibiotics that cause drug-resistance problems,which are currently necessary for disease control.In this paper,a traditional Chinese medicine compound named Ephedra houttuynia granule for the treatment of Mycoplasma galliscepticum(MG)infection was prepared.Furthermore,its action mechanism was explored through network pharmacology.The optimal extraction and granulation processes of the compound were determined by high performance liquid chromatography(HPLC)method and L9 orthogonal test,and in the treatment experiment,Ephedra houttuynia granule showed a significant therapeutic effect on MG infection.In the study of network pharmacology,the results showed that the core targets of Ephedra houttuynia granule against MG infection were vascular endothelial growth factor(VEGFA),fos proto-oncogene(FOS),prepro-coagulation factor II(F2),etc.,the gene ontology/kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes(GO/KEGG)analysis results indicated that the signaling pathways of neuroactive ligand receptor interaction,cAMP,IL-17,T cell receptor,and tumor necrosis factor(TNF)might involve in anti-MG infection.In conclusion,this study would provide a new idea for elucidating the action mechanism of other diseases in veterinary clinic,which had a certain guiding significance.展开更多
The current study was to understand how process variables of high shear wet granulations affect physical properties of granules and tablets. The knowledge gained was intended to be used for Quality-by-Design based pro...The current study was to understand how process variables of high shear wet granulations affect physical properties of granules and tablets. The knowledge gained was intended to be used for Quality-by-Design based process design and optimization. The variables were selected based on the risk assessment as impeller speed, liquid addition rate, and wet massing time. Formulation compositions were kept constant to minimize their influence on granules properties. Multiple linear regression models were built providing understanding of the impact of each variable on granule hardness, Carr’s index, tablet tensile strength, surface mean diameter of granules, and compression behavior. The experimental results showed that the impact of impeller speed was more dominant compared to wet massing time and water addition rate. The results also revealed that quality of granules and tablets could be optimized by adjusting specific process variables(impeller speed 1193 rpm, water spray rate 3.7 ml/min, and wet massing time 2.84 min). Overall desirability was 0.84 suggesting that the response values were closer to the target one. The SEM image of granules showed that spherical and smooth granules produced at higher impeller speed, whereas rough and irregular shape granules at lower speed. Moreover, multivariate data analysis demonstrated that impeller speed and massing time had strong correlation with the granule and tablet properties. In overall, the combined experimental design and principal component analysis approach allowed to better understand the correlation between process variables and granules and tablet attributes.展开更多
Pharmaceutical production is changing from batch production to continuous production,during which granulation is one of the most important unit operations.The quality of mass-produced products is traditionally guarant...Pharmaceutical production is changing from batch production to continuous production,during which granulation is one of the most important unit operations.The quality of mass-produced products is traditionally guaranteed by conducting off-line testing,which cannot meet the demand of continuous production for real-time monitoring of critical process parameters and critical quality attributes(CQAs)of the pharmaceutical granulation technology.Since the U.S.Food and Drug Administration proposed process analytical technology(PAT)in 2004,many PAT tools have been developed to monitor the granulation process and provide information regarding the granulation operation conditions and endpoint determination.In this article,we review the recent research and application of two PAT modes in the granulation process,namely,single CQA and multi-CQA PAT,with the aim to provide references for comprehensively improving the technological level of the pharmaceutical granulation process.Furthermore,the potential applications in traditional Chinese Medicine are discussed.展开更多
The study focused on the fluid-bed granulation process of a product with two active pharmaceutical ingredients,intended for coated tablets preparation and further transfer to industrial scale.The work aimed to prove t...The study focused on the fluid-bed granulation process of a product with two active pharmaceutical ingredients,intended for coated tablets preparation and further transfer to industrial scale.The work aimed to prove that an accurate control of the critical granulation parameters can level the input material variability and offer a user-friendly process control strategy.Moreover,an in-line Near-Infrared monitoring method was developed,which offered a real time overview of the moisture level along the granulation process,thus a reliable supervision and control process analytical technology(PAT)tool.The experimental design’s results showed that the use of apparently interchangeable active pharmaceutical ingredients(APIs)and filler sorts that comply with pharmacopoeial specifications,lead to different end-product critical attributes.By adapting critical granulation parameters(i.e.binder spray rate and atomising pressure)as a function of material characteristics,led to granules with average sizes comprised in a narrow range of 280–320μm and low nongranulated fraction of under 5%.Therefore,the accurate control of process parameters according to the formulation particularities achieved the maintenance of product within the design space and removed material related variability.To complete the Quality by design(QbD)strategy,despite its limited spectral domain,the microNIR spectrometer was successfully used as a robust PAT monitoring tool that offered a real time overview of the moisture level and allowed the supervision and control of the granulation process.展开更多
By theoretical analysis of heat transfer during the "one-step" directional solidification process, the functional relation between the temperature in solid-liquid interface and its effect factor was studied....By theoretical analysis of heat transfer during the "one-step" directional solidification process, the functional relation between the temperature in solid-liquid interface and its effect factor was studied. The thermal gradient in solid liquid interface and heat transfer coefficient between the samples and surroundings were also calculated. On the basis of the above analysis, some suggestions for improving the thermal gradient in solid-liquid interface were put forward. It will provide a theoretical instruction for preparing high performance giant magnetostrictive materials (GMM).展开更多
Background: This work aims at investigating the histology of hippocampus formation as structural model of information processing. The study addressed the question whether the pattern of cellular type distribution with...Background: This work aims at investigating the histology of hippocampus formation as structural model of information processing. The study addressed the question whether the pattern of cellular type distribution within hippocampal fields could be used as support of information processing in the hippocampus. Method: Pyramidal-shaped neurons presenting both cytoplasm and nucleus outlined clearly were measured systematically on brain slides, using a light microscope connected to a microcomputer equipped with a scanner software for measuring particles. Morphological types of cells were identified following class sizes and their distribution determined through hippocampal fields. Results: A battery of statistical tests: Sturges’ classification, class sizes distribution around overall mean, Bartlett’s sphericity test, principal components analysis (PCA) followed by correlations matrix analysis and ANOVA allowed two cellular groups to be identified in the hippocampus: large and small pyramidal-shaped cells. Conclusion: The results show that sensory information processing in the hippocampus could be built on two classes of pyramidal neurons that differed anatomically with probably different physiological functions. The study suggests combination ensembles clustering large and small pyramidal cells at different rates, as fundamental signaling units of the hippocampus.展开更多
[Objectives]This study was conducted to optimize the preparation process of Tianlu Tongluo Granules and establish its quality standard.[Methods]Tianlu Tongluo Granules was prepared by an orthogonal test.TLC was used t...[Objectives]This study was conducted to optimize the preparation process of Tianlu Tongluo Granules and establish its quality standard.[Methods]Tianlu Tongluo Granules was prepared by an orthogonal test.TLC was used to identify Radix Astragali preparata,Radix Paeoniae Alba,Scutellariae Radix and Acori Tatarinowii Rhizoma in the granules,and the content of paeoniflorin in the finished product was determined by HPLC.[Results]The extraction process of Tianlu Tongluo Granules was as follows:adding 6 times of water,and decocting twice,1 h/time.In the forming process,the optimal ratio of thick paste to excipients as 10∶8.6,and the optimal ratio of excipients dextrin:starch:colloidal silicon dioxide was 6.5∶0.5∶1.6.The results showed that TLC spots were obvious,the separation was significant,and the specificity was strong.The paeoniflorin content had a good linear relationship in the concentration range of 5.9048-590.48 mg/L(r=0.9999).The average sample recovery was 101.10%,and the RSD was 1.18%.[Conclusions]The preparation process is stable and reasonable,and the established quality control method is specific and reproducible,and can be used for the quality control of Tianlu Tongluo Granules.展开更多
[Objectives]To optimize the forming process of Yi medicine Tongfeng Granules.[Methods]The forming process of Yi medicine Tongfeng Granules was optimized,with paste density,ethanol volume fraction,and type and proporti...[Objectives]To optimize the forming process of Yi medicine Tongfeng Granules.[Methods]The forming process of Yi medicine Tongfeng Granules was optimized,with paste density,ethanol volume fraction,and type and proportion of excipient as influencing factors,and granule formability,solubility,moisture absorption,and angle of repose as evaluation indicators.Critical relative humidity(CRH)was investigated to select optimal storage conditions.[Results]Maltodextrin was selected as the excipient,and the best process parameters was the ratio of drug to excipient at 1∶2(g/g),under which the forming rate,solubility,moisture absorption rate,and angle of repose were 81.38%,98.90%,8.81%,and 27.5°,respectively.The critical relative humidity was 72%.[Conclusions]The forming process adopted is reasonable and feasible,and can provide a reference for large-scale production of Yi medicine Tongfeng Granules.展开更多
[Objective] The paper was to compare the effects of traditional granulating process and post-expanding lower temperature granulating process on starch gelatinization degree and in vitro protein digestibility of conver...[Objective] The paper was to compare the effects of traditional granulating process and post-expanding lower temperature granulating process on starch gelatinization degree and in vitro protein digestibility of conversation feed, and growth performance of piglets. [Method] Sixty weaned piglets, 25 days old, were randomly divided into two groups, six replicates each group, and each replicate contained five piglets. Piglets in control group were fed with the conversation feed developed by traditional granulating process, and those in experimental group were fed with the conservation feed developed by post-expanding lower temperature granulating process. The trial lasted 28 d. [Result] Compared to traditional granulating process, post-expanding lower temperature granulating process significantly enhanced starch gelatinization degree of conservation feed by56.9%(P〈0.05), and significantly improved in vitro protein digestibility of conservation feed by 11.48%(P〈0.05). Compared to the control group, the feed intake of piglets in experimental group was increased by 21.63%(P〈0.05); the average daily gain was increased by 27.61%(P〈0.05); the diarrhea rate was lowered; and the feed gain ratio was improved by 4.51%(P〉0.05). The results suggested that post-expanding lower temperature granulating process effectively enhanced feed digestion and absorption of piglets. [Conclusion] The paper provides a theoretical basis and practical reference for improvement of production process of conservation feed.展开更多
基金support from the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities of Hohai university(B200202122)National Natural Science Foundation of China(51878246 and 51979099)+1 种基金the Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province of China(BK20191303)Key Research and Development Project of Jiangsu Province of China(BE2017148).
文摘Formation of super-hydrophobic and corrosion-resistant coatings can provide significant corrosion protection to magnesium alloys.However,it remains a grand challenge to produce such coatings for magnesium-lithium alloys due to their high chemical reactivity.Herein,a one-step hydrothermal processing was developed using a stearic-acid-based precursor medium,which enables the hydrothermal conversion and the formation of low surface energy materials concurrently to produce the super-hydrophobic and corrosion-resistant coating.The multiscale microstructures with nanoscale stacks and microscale spheres on the surface,as well as the through-thickness stearates,lead to the super-hydrophobicity and excellent corrosion resistance of the obtained coating.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32273062,31973005)。
文摘The use of Chinese herbal medicines can replace antibiotics that cause drug-resistance problems,which are currently necessary for disease control.In this paper,a traditional Chinese medicine compound named Ephedra houttuynia granule for the treatment of Mycoplasma galliscepticum(MG)infection was prepared.Furthermore,its action mechanism was explored through network pharmacology.The optimal extraction and granulation processes of the compound were determined by high performance liquid chromatography(HPLC)method and L9 orthogonal test,and in the treatment experiment,Ephedra houttuynia granule showed a significant therapeutic effect on MG infection.In the study of network pharmacology,the results showed that the core targets of Ephedra houttuynia granule against MG infection were vascular endothelial growth factor(VEGFA),fos proto-oncogene(FOS),prepro-coagulation factor II(F2),etc.,the gene ontology/kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes(GO/KEGG)analysis results indicated that the signaling pathways of neuroactive ligand receptor interaction,cAMP,IL-17,T cell receptor,and tumor necrosis factor(TNF)might involve in anti-MG infection.In conclusion,this study would provide a new idea for elucidating the action mechanism of other diseases in veterinary clinic,which had a certain guiding significance.
基金supported by the National Research Foun-dation of Korea(NRF)grant,funded by the Korean govern-ment(MSIT)(2015R1A1A1A05000942)the National Re-search Foundation of Korea(NRF)grant funded by the Korea government(MSIT)(NRF-2018R1A5A2023127)
文摘The current study was to understand how process variables of high shear wet granulations affect physical properties of granules and tablets. The knowledge gained was intended to be used for Quality-by-Design based process design and optimization. The variables were selected based on the risk assessment as impeller speed, liquid addition rate, and wet massing time. Formulation compositions were kept constant to minimize their influence on granules properties. Multiple linear regression models were built providing understanding of the impact of each variable on granule hardness, Carr’s index, tablet tensile strength, surface mean diameter of granules, and compression behavior. The experimental results showed that the impact of impeller speed was more dominant compared to wet massing time and water addition rate. The results also revealed that quality of granules and tablets could be optimized by adjusting specific process variables(impeller speed 1193 rpm, water spray rate 3.7 ml/min, and wet massing time 2.84 min). Overall desirability was 0.84 suggesting that the response values were closer to the target one. The SEM image of granules showed that spherical and smooth granules produced at higher impeller speed, whereas rough and irregular shape granules at lower speed. Moreover, multivariate data analysis demonstrated that impeller speed and massing time had strong correlation with the granule and tablet properties. In overall, the combined experimental design and principal component analysis approach allowed to better understand the correlation between process variables and granules and tablet attributes.
基金the National Natural Sciences Foundation of China(No.82074276)Tianjin Science and Technology project(No.20ZYJDJC00090).
文摘Pharmaceutical production is changing from batch production to continuous production,during which granulation is one of the most important unit operations.The quality of mass-produced products is traditionally guaranteed by conducting off-line testing,which cannot meet the demand of continuous production for real-time monitoring of critical process parameters and critical quality attributes(CQAs)of the pharmaceutical granulation technology.Since the U.S.Food and Drug Administration proposed process analytical technology(PAT)in 2004,many PAT tools have been developed to monitor the granulation process and provide information regarding the granulation operation conditions and endpoint determination.In this article,we review the recent research and application of two PAT modes in the granulation process,namely,single CQA and multi-CQA PAT,with the aim to provide references for comprehensively improving the technological level of the pharmaceutical granulation process.Furthermore,the potential applications in traditional Chinese Medicine are discussed.
基金This work was supported by the Romanian National Authority for Scientific Research and Innovation,CNCS-UEFISCDI[project number PN-III-P2-2.1-BG-2016-0201].
文摘The study focused on the fluid-bed granulation process of a product with two active pharmaceutical ingredients,intended for coated tablets preparation and further transfer to industrial scale.The work aimed to prove that an accurate control of the critical granulation parameters can level the input material variability and offer a user-friendly process control strategy.Moreover,an in-line Near-Infrared monitoring method was developed,which offered a real time overview of the moisture level along the granulation process,thus a reliable supervision and control process analytical technology(PAT)tool.The experimental design’s results showed that the use of apparently interchangeable active pharmaceutical ingredients(APIs)and filler sorts that comply with pharmacopoeial specifications,lead to different end-product critical attributes.By adapting critical granulation parameters(i.e.binder spray rate and atomising pressure)as a function of material characteristics,led to granules with average sizes comprised in a narrow range of 280–320μm and low nongranulated fraction of under 5%.Therefore,the accurate control of process parameters according to the formulation particularities achieved the maintenance of product within the design space and removed material related variability.To complete the Quality by design(QbD)strategy,despite its limited spectral domain,the microNIR spectrometer was successfully used as a robust PAT monitoring tool that offered a real time overview of the moisture level and allowed the supervision and control of the granulation process.
基金This project was supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Beijing (2042012)
文摘By theoretical analysis of heat transfer during the "one-step" directional solidification process, the functional relation between the temperature in solid-liquid interface and its effect factor was studied. The thermal gradient in solid liquid interface and heat transfer coefficient between the samples and surroundings were also calculated. On the basis of the above analysis, some suggestions for improving the thermal gradient in solid-liquid interface were put forward. It will provide a theoretical instruction for preparing high performance giant magnetostrictive materials (GMM).
文摘Background: This work aims at investigating the histology of hippocampus formation as structural model of information processing. The study addressed the question whether the pattern of cellular type distribution within hippocampal fields could be used as support of information processing in the hippocampus. Method: Pyramidal-shaped neurons presenting both cytoplasm and nucleus outlined clearly were measured systematically on brain slides, using a light microscope connected to a microcomputer equipped with a scanner software for measuring particles. Morphological types of cells were identified following class sizes and their distribution determined through hippocampal fields. Results: A battery of statistical tests: Sturges’ classification, class sizes distribution around overall mean, Bartlett’s sphericity test, principal components analysis (PCA) followed by correlations matrix analysis and ANOVA allowed two cellular groups to be identified in the hippocampus: large and small pyramidal-shaped cells. Conclusion: The results show that sensory information processing in the hippocampus could be built on two classes of pyramidal neurons that differed anatomically with probably different physiological functions. The study suggests combination ensembles clustering large and small pyramidal cells at different rates, as fundamental signaling units of the hippocampus.
基金Supported by Project of Guiyang Science and Technology Bureau(ZKHT[2020]-18-4).
文摘[Objectives]This study was conducted to optimize the preparation process of Tianlu Tongluo Granules and establish its quality standard.[Methods]Tianlu Tongluo Granules was prepared by an orthogonal test.TLC was used to identify Radix Astragali preparata,Radix Paeoniae Alba,Scutellariae Radix and Acori Tatarinowii Rhizoma in the granules,and the content of paeoniflorin in the finished product was determined by HPLC.[Results]The extraction process of Tianlu Tongluo Granules was as follows:adding 6 times of water,and decocting twice,1 h/time.In the forming process,the optimal ratio of thick paste to excipients as 10∶8.6,and the optimal ratio of excipients dextrin:starch:colloidal silicon dioxide was 6.5∶0.5∶1.6.The results showed that TLC spots were obvious,the separation was significant,and the specificity was strong.The paeoniflorin content had a good linear relationship in the concentration range of 5.9048-590.48 mg/L(r=0.9999).The average sample recovery was 101.10%,and the RSD was 1.18%.[Conclusions]The preparation process is stable and reasonable,and the established quality control method is specific and reproducible,and can be used for the quality control of Tianlu Tongluo Granules.
基金National Key R&D Program(2018YFC1708005)Sichuan Provincial Key R&D Project(2021YFS0043)Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(2020NGD01).
文摘[Objectives]To optimize the forming process of Yi medicine Tongfeng Granules.[Methods]The forming process of Yi medicine Tongfeng Granules was optimized,with paste density,ethanol volume fraction,and type and proportion of excipient as influencing factors,and granule formability,solubility,moisture absorption,and angle of repose as evaluation indicators.Critical relative humidity(CRH)was investigated to select optimal storage conditions.[Results]Maltodextrin was selected as the excipient,and the best process parameters was the ratio of drug to excipient at 1∶2(g/g),under which the forming rate,solubility,moisture absorption rate,and angle of repose were 81.38%,98.90%,8.81%,and 27.5°,respectively.The critical relative humidity was 72%.[Conclusions]The forming process adopted is reasonable and feasible,and can provide a reference for large-scale production of Yi medicine Tongfeng Granules.
基金Supported by Animal Genetic Resources and Utilization Innovation Platform of Foshan City(FCG[2014]136)Foshan Engineering Research Center for Animal Breeding(FK[2015]182)
文摘[Objective] The paper was to compare the effects of traditional granulating process and post-expanding lower temperature granulating process on starch gelatinization degree and in vitro protein digestibility of conversation feed, and growth performance of piglets. [Method] Sixty weaned piglets, 25 days old, were randomly divided into two groups, six replicates each group, and each replicate contained five piglets. Piglets in control group were fed with the conversation feed developed by traditional granulating process, and those in experimental group were fed with the conservation feed developed by post-expanding lower temperature granulating process. The trial lasted 28 d. [Result] Compared to traditional granulating process, post-expanding lower temperature granulating process significantly enhanced starch gelatinization degree of conservation feed by56.9%(P〈0.05), and significantly improved in vitro protein digestibility of conservation feed by 11.48%(P〈0.05). Compared to the control group, the feed intake of piglets in experimental group was increased by 21.63%(P〈0.05); the average daily gain was increased by 27.61%(P〈0.05); the diarrhea rate was lowered; and the feed gain ratio was improved by 4.51%(P〉0.05). The results suggested that post-expanding lower temperature granulating process effectively enhanced feed digestion and absorption of piglets. [Conclusion] The paper provides a theoretical basis and practical reference for improvement of production process of conservation feed.