Study of the reaction mechanism for preparing powdered activated coke with SO_(2)adsorption capability via one-step rapid activation method under flue gas atmosphere

In this study,the impact of different reaction times on the preparation of powdered activated carbon(PAC)using a one-step rapid activation method under flue gas atmosphere is investigated,and the underlying reaction mechanism is summarized.Results indicate that the reaction process of this method can be divided into three stages:stage I is the rapid release of volatiles and the rapid consumption of O_(2),primarily occurring within a reaction time range of 0-0.5 s;stage II is mainly the continuous release and diffusion of volatiles,which is the carbonization and activation coupling reaction stage,and the carbonization process is the main in this stage.This stage mainly occurs at the reaction time range of 0.5 -2.0 s when SL-coal is used as material,and that is 0.5-3.0 s when JJ-coal is used as material;stage III is mainly the activation stage,during which activated components diffuse to both the surface and interior of particles.This stage mainly involves the reaction stage of CO_(2)and H2O(g)activation,and it mainly occurs at the reaction time range of 2.0-4.0 s when SL-coal is used as material,and that is 3.0-4.0 s when JJ-coal is used as material.Besides,the main function of the first two stages is to provide more diffusion channels and contact surfaces/activation sites for the diffusion and activation of the activated components in the third stage.Mastering the reaction mechanism would serve as a crucial reference and foundation for designing the structure,size of the reactor,and optimal positioning of the activator nozzle in PAC preparation.

Lattice Boltzmann Simulation of a Gas-to-Solid Reaction and Precipitation Process in a Circular Tube

The lattice Boltzmann method(LBM)is used to simulate the growth of a solid-deposit on the walls of a circular tube resulting from a gas-to-solid reaction and precipitation process.This process is of particular interest for the design of reactors for the production of hydrogen by the heterogeneous hydrolysis of steam with Zn vapor in the Zn/ZnO thermochemical cycle.The solid deposit of ZnO product on the tube wall evolves in time according to the temporally-and axially-varying convective-diffusive transport and reaction of Zn vapor with steam on the solid surface.The LBM is wellsuited to solving problems with coupled flow,heat and mass transfer in a time-evolving domain.Here,a D2Q9 axisymmetric multiple-relaxation-time(MRT)lattice Boltzmann scheme is used to simulate incompressible fluid transport while a D2Q5 axisymmetric MRT lattice Boltzmann scheme is used to simulate the convective-diffusive transport of Zn vapor.The model is first validated against several analytical solutions,followed by a parametric study to understand the effect of Reynolds,Schmidt,and Damk?hler numbers on the time evolution of the ZnO deposition profile along the tube axis.The axial location of the fastest deposition is found to increase with increasing Peclet number,and decrease with increasing Damk?hler number,with no independent effect from the Schmidt number.When the reaction kinetics are assumed to increase along the tube axis due to nonisothermal tube wall temperature,a second peak in the deposition profile can be observed for sufficiently low values of Da/Pe.

Discontinuous Precipitation Reaction Front of Cellular Recrystallization for a Single-Crystal Superalloy Studied by Electron Microscopy

Combining analytical transmission electron microscopy systematic tilting, scanning transmission electron microscopy mapping and nano-beam electron diffraction operations, we obtain direct experimental proofs on the boundary type, elemental distribution and structure of the cellular reerystallization reaction front for a single- crystal superalloy. It is demonstrated that the cellular recrystallization reaction front usually corresponds to coincidence site lattice boundaries, and a thin layer of γ-forming elements such as Re, Cr, Mo and Co invariably exists in the direct reaction front. Furthermore, the thin layer with γ-forming elements is proved to be γ phase, with the same orientation as the neighboring original matrix.

One-step Eco-friendly Fabrication of Antibacterial Polyester Via On-line Amination Reaction by Melt Coextrusion

The work is dedicated to develop a one-step eco-friendly method to prepare antibacterial polyethylene terephthalate(PET).We report a one-step eco-friendly method to manufacture antibacterial PET via on-line amination reaction by melt coextrusion.Beside evenly mixing of poly(hexamethylene guanidine)(PHMG)and PET in the melt coextrusion procedure,the amination reaction also occurred between PHMG and PET under high temperature(230-270℃).The antibacterial ability of composite PET showed obvious PHMG concentration dependence,and antibacterial activity reached more than 99%when PHMG content was 2.5 wt%.Moreover,LIVE/DEAD fluorescence test further confirmed that the composite PET could kill bacteria quickly and efiectively(within 30 min);while negligible cytotoxicity was observed to HSF and HUVEC cells.Onestep eco-friendly fabrication of composite antibacterial PET was accomplished by on-line melt coextrusion.The composite antibacterial PET has potential use in multiple fields to combat with pathogenic including textiles,packaging materials,decoration materials and biomedical devices,etc.

Dissolution Precipitation Wave Structure of Hydrothermal Ore Zoning

Hydrothermal ore zoning is a transport-reaction problem in which infiltration is the principal Prcness of transport and dissolution/Precipitation is the Principal process of chemical reactions.Neglecting diffusion and ion exchange/adsorption would not affect the basic attributes of hydrothermal ore zoning. Hydrothermal ore zoning belongs essentially to infiltration metasomatic zoning, it results from the formation and propagation of dissolution/precipitation waves through Permeable media. The authors apply the theory of coupled infiltration and dissolution/precipitation reactions in Physicochemical hydrodynamics to studying the structural characteristics of dissolution/precipitation waves, and apply furthermore the coherence principle in dynamic theory of multicomponent coupled systems to revealing the dynamic mechanisms of their formation. The results of investigation verify and develop . C. 's theory of infiltration metasomatic zoning,on the one hand, raising it from the qualitative, equilibrium thermodynamic basis to the quantitative dynamic level;on the other hand, and more importantly, applying theories of Physicochemical hydrodynamics and dynamics of multicomponent coupled systems to bringing to light the dynamic mechanisms of formation of the structure of hydrothermal ore zoning, and advancing a theory of hydrothermal ore zoning, putting forward new ideas on the nature of the problem of hydrothermal ore zoning, the essence of hydrothermal ore zoning and the structural characteristics and mechanisms of formation of hydrothermal ore zoning.

Precipitation and Crystallization of Struvite from Synthetic Wastewater under Stoichiometric Conditions

Phosphate (V) ions were continuously removed from synthetic wastewater containing inorganic impurities using magnesium and ammonium ions. The product was magnesium ammonium phosphate (V) hexahydrate, struvite, MgNH4PO4 × 6H2O. Research ran in stoichiometric conditions in DT MSMPR type crystallizer with internal circulation of suspension. Increase in process environment pH from 9 to 11 resulted in 3-time decrease of mean struvite crystals size (from 40.1 to12.6mm). Elongation of mean residence time of suspension in a crystallizer up to 3600 s resulted in improvement of the product quality. Mean size of struvite crystals enlarged up to50.2mm. Based on kinetic calculations results (SIG MSMPR model) it was concluded, that linear struvite crystal growth rate varied within 5.04 × 10–9 – 1.69 × 10–8 m/s range, whereas nucleation rate within 1.4 × 107 – 1.7 × 1010 1/(s m3) limits. In solid product, besides struvite, also all impurities present in wastewater were identified analytically as hydroxides, phosphates and other salts.

UV/Fe(Ⅲ)工艺对络合态重金属的去除效果及机理

UV/Fe(Ⅲ)工艺是一种处理络合态重金属的新型组合工艺,该工艺先通过Fe(Ⅲ)的置换作用释放游离重金属离子,然后通过UV辐照对有机配体进行降解,最后通过碱性沉淀去除络合态重金属。以Cu(Ⅱ)-EDTA、Ni(Ⅱ)-EDTA为目标污染物,采用UV/Fe(Ⅲ)工艺对其进行去除,通过去除效果对比和机理分析,对组合工艺去除效果差异的内部机理进行阐述,并提出相应的优化方案。结果表明,UV/Fe(Ⅲ)工艺对Cu(Ⅱ)-EDTA、Ni(Ⅱ)-EDTA的去除效果存在较大差异,对两种络合态重金属中Cu、Ni的去除率分别为70%和41%。通过高效液相色谱(HPLC)、分光光度法、苯甲酸(BA)探针实验,确定Cu(Ⅱ)-EDTA、Ni(Ⅱ)-EDTA去除效果差异的主要原因是Fe(Ⅲ)对Cu(Ⅱ)、Ni(Ⅱ)的置换效果有明显差异,置换率分别是85%、22%。对Ni(Ⅱ)-EDTA置换过程分别进行Fe(Ⅲ)投加量和反应温度优化,结果表明,反应温度优化可以显著提升Fe(Ⅲ)对Ni(Ⅱ)-EDTA的置换效率。将反应温度提升至35℃,Ni去除率从41%提升至60%。反应温度在UV/Fe(Ⅲ)工艺中对Ni(Ⅱ)-EDTA的去除至关重要,适当升温有助于提高置换率,进而提升去除率。

双元过渡金属基催化剂在氧析出反应中的应用

过渡金属由于具有低成本、储备丰富以及卓越的催化活性等多个优点,被视为很有前景的一类电解水催化材料。首先,探讨了电解水氧析出反应的反应机理;接着,综述了双元过渡金属的最新研究动态;最后,讨论了过渡双金属催化剂面临的挑战,并对其未来发展进行了展望。

A convenient one-step preparation of diaminonitrile compounds

A new method for preparation of diaminonitrile compounds is reported. In this method primary aliphatic diamine compounds were condensed with two equivalents of benzaldehyde and sodium cyanide in presence of an aqueous solution of sodium hydrogensulfite under mild conditions. This method provides an efficient, convenient and practical method for the syntheses of diaminonitrile compounds and the products are easily isolated. The prepared new compounds were characterized by elemental analysis, IR, NMR spectroscopies and mass spectrometry.

The High Surface Ratio Micro-MoS₂Grain Composed of MoS₂Nanosheet Prepared with One-Step Hydrothermal Synthesis

Micro molybdenum disulfide was prepared with one-step hydrothermal method;the influence of reactant concentration and temperature on the surface ratio of micro-MoS2 grain was investigated. Raman spectroscopy (Raman), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were used to characterize the structure, composition and morphology of MoS2. The results show that micro-MoS2 grains were synthesized with one-step hydrothermal synthesis, and the morphology of micro-MoS2 grains is like flower and sphere. The SEM figures indicate that the surface ratio of micro-MoS2 grains is different and also show that the surface ratio of micro-MoS2 grains can be improved by regulating reactant concentration and temperature. This research showed a method to improve the surface ratio of micro-MoS2 grains.

Assessing roles of geochemical reactions on CO_(2)plume,injectivity and residual trapping

With increasing CO_(2)concentration in the atmosphere,CO_(2)geo-aequestration has become a popular technique to counter the dangers of global warming resulting from high levels of CO_(2)in the atmosphere.This paper examins sequestration parameters such as CO_(2)plume behaviour,residual gas trapping and injectivity as a means of achieving safe and successful CO_(2)storage in saline aquifers.Mineral precipitation/dissolution rates are used to establish a relationship between these parameters and geochemical reactions in saline aquifers.To achieve this,mechanistic models(6 models with different inputs,created using CMG e GEM,2016 and WINPROP,2016)are simulated using input data from literature and studying changes in fluids and formation properties as well as mineral precipitation/dissolution rates in aquifers when subjected to different conditions in the different models.The results from the models show that high CO_(2)dissolution,which creates large CO_(2)plume,leads to high mineral dissolution/precipitation as results of increased fluid-rock interactions(geochemical reactions);whereas injectivity,although enhanced by CO_(2)-water cyclic injection,does not show much increase in bottom hole pressure when mineral trapping(thus geochemical reactions)is introduced into the model.Sensitivity study on residual gas trapping shows that high residual gas saturation leads to reduced mineral precipitation/dissolution due to the reduced amount of dissolved CO_(2)in brine.Also,rapid changes in the bottom hole pressure at high residual gas saturation means that a formation that fosters high residual gas trapping,rather than CO_(2)dissolution in brine,is more likely to experience injectivity issues during the sequestration process.

Ti-Si-Fe合金添加量对Si_(3)N_(4)结合SiC材料结构与性能的影响

为促进Si_(3)N_(4)结合SiC耐火材料的致密化,降低Si粉氮化温度,以SiC颗粒和细粉、Si粉为主要原料,利用从高钛型高炉渣提取的Ti-Si-Fe合金部分取代Si粉,在埋碳气氛下于1350℃反应烧结5 h,制备了Si_(3)N_(4)结合SiC耐火材料。研究了Ti-Si-Fe合金添加量(加入质量分数分别为0、1.8%、3.6%、5.4%、7.2%)对Si粉的氮化行为、材料力学性能和显微结构的影响,并探讨了氮化反应烧结机制。结果表明:1)随着Ti-Si-Fe合金添加量的增加,材料的常温力学性能和高温抗折强度明显改善,荷重软化温度均超过1700℃,Ti-Si-Fe合金添加量超过3.6%(w)后材料性能的增幅变缓;2)Ti-Si-Fe合金促进了Si粉在较低温度下的完全氮化和材料的反应烧结,Ti-Si-Fe合金中各物相及Si粉氮化反应的体积增加能够充填气孔,氮化产物改善骨料与基质、基质内部的结合状态,从而提高材料的致密化程度,改善力学性能;3)引入Ti-Si-Fe合金后,反应体系中形成了富含Ti、Si、N、Fe成分的液相,氮化物的形成除传统的VS、VLS机制外,溶解-沉淀机制在短柱状β-Si_(3)N_(4)、粒状TiN的形成中起到主导作用,交错连结的α-Si_(3)N_(4)晶须、短柱状β-Si_(3)N_(4)、粒状TiN对材料的力学性能起到增强作用。

高分散固体碱高效催化制备无甘油生物柴油

为实现无甘油生物柴油的高效制备,以共沉淀法制备的镁铝水滑石为载体,K_(2)CO_(3)溶液为浸渍液,通过等体积浸渍法制备高分散负载型固体碱催化剂,考察水滑石制备过程中金属盐种类以及物质的量比对其催化三组分(菜籽油、乙酸甲酯和甲醇)制备无甘油生物柴油性能的影响,并利用FTIR、XRD、TG、CO_(2)-TPD、BET、SEM技术对催化剂进行表征。结果表明:以MgCl_(2)和AlCl3为金属盐、镁铝物质的量比3∶1、K_(2)CO_(3)浓度2.0mol/L、焙烧温度500℃条件下制备得到的固体碱为催化剂,在油酯醇物质的量比1∶1∶10、催化剂用量10%、反应温度60℃、反应时间15min条件下,生物柴油的产率可达98%,产品性能指标均符合欧盟标准。催化剂表征发现以氯盐为金属盐制备的水滑石比表面积大,孔道结构丰富,暴露的碱性中心位点数目多。综上,金属盐种类对水滑石结构会造成影响,以MgCl_(2)和AlCl_(3)为金属盐制备的高分散负载型固体碱催化剂可高效催化油脂酯交换反应制备无甘油生物柴油。

Effect of precipitants on Ni-CeO_2 catalysts prepared by a co-precipitation method for the reverse water-gas shift reaction

A series of Ni-CeO2 catalysts were prepared by co-precipitation method with Na2CO3, NaOH, and mixed precipitant （Na2CO3：NaOH; 1：1 ratio） as precipitant, respectively. The effect of the precipitants on the catalytic performance, physical and chemical properties of Ni-CeO2 catalysts was investigated with the aid of X-ray diffraction （XRD）, Bmmaner-Emmett-Teller method （BET）, Fou- rier-transform infrared spectroscopy （FT-IR）, thermogravimetry （TG）, and H2-TPR characterizations. The Ni-CeO2 catalysts were exam- ined with respect to their catalytic performance for the reverse water-gas shift reaction, and their catalytic activities were ranked as： Ni-CeO2-CP （Na2CO3：NaOH=I：I）〉Ni-CeO2-CP（Na2CO3）〉Ni-CeO2-CP（NaOH）- Correlating to the characteristic results, it was found that the catalyst prepared by co-precipitation with mixed precipitant （Na2CO3：NaOH; 1：1 ratio） as precipitant hadthe most amount of oxygen vacancies accompanied with highly dispersed Ni particles, which made the corresponding Ni-CeO2-CP（Na2CO3：NaOH=I： 1） catalyst exhibit the highest catalytic activity. While the precipitant of Na2CO3 or NaOH resulted in less or no oxygen vacancies in Ni-CeO2 catalysts. As a result, Ni-CeO2-CP（Na2CO3） and Ni-CeO2-CP（NaOH） catalysts presented poor catalytic performance.

反应沉淀一体式生物反应器在水质净化厂应急处理中的应用

为解决滨河水质净化厂提标扩建实施阶段服务片区内污水处理缺口,设计采用反应沉淀一体式生物反应器,将该工艺模块安装在水质净化厂的原有池体内,进行原位改造。在调试运行过程中,发现该工艺具有占地省、投资较低、改造时间较短等优点,同时在设计和运行中需着重考虑选用合适的气水比、停留时间和污泥负荷,以最大限度发挥该工艺的优势。

铁、镍负载氮掺杂碳基双功能催化剂的制备及性能

针对燃料电池氧发生还原反应(ORR)、氧析出反应(OER)所需催化剂材料存在的储量稀少、价格昂贵及ORR、OER性能不能兼得等问题,提出一种利用水-浴法,掺杂Fe、Ni制备FeNi/C-PM-X双功能催化剂的方法。利用场发射扫描电镜、场发射透射电镜分析其表面形貌、组成元素;利用物理吸附仪表征样品的比表面积和孔径;利用X-射线衍射仪测试材料的晶格结构;利用光谱仪(分析样品的石墨化程度);利用X-射线光电子能谱仪表征样品元素价态、元素含量及含有的官能团。研究发现,催化剂FeNi/C-PM-900具有优异的抗甲醇中毒能力,且氧还原反应半波电位达0.801 V,可与铂基催化剂相媲美;电流密度为10 mA·cm^(-2)时,FeNi/C-PM-900的氧析出反应过电位为0.44 V,双功能催化剂良好;Fe、Ni金属掺杂碳材料具有较理想的比表面积和稳定性。实验结果表明,Fe掺杂可大大加速电荷转移动力学,并在Ni中心与自身之间产生协同效应,可极大提高氧还原和氧析出性能。

基于硫化钠的垃圾焚烧飞灰EDTA提取液中重金属回收试验研究

为实现对垃圾焚烧飞灰EDTA提取液中重金属的回收,以硫化钠溶液为沉淀剂,探究了其用量对重金属回收率的影响,并评价了回收后重金属对环境的影响。理论计算结果表明,在pH为9~12的体系中,S^(2-)能与提取液中的重金属离子形成CdS、CuS、PbS、ZnS金属硫化物沉淀。回收试验结果表明,每处理1 L提取液,5%Na_(2)S的适宜用量为40 mL,Na_(2)S用量对各重金属元素的回收率总体上影响不大;提取液处理前,Cd、Cu、Zn和Cr的质量浓度较低,Cd、Pb质量浓度超标,尤其是Pb超出了标准限值的20倍;回收处理后,提取液中Cd、Cr、Cu、Pb、Zn的质量浓度均符合GB 8978-1996的规定;浓度较高的Pb回收效果最为显著,其回收率达95.31%,浓度较低的Cd、Cu、Zn和Cr的回收率分别为63.16%、62.71%、66.37%和54.88%;Cr^(3+)虽然不与S^(2-)反应,但通过包藏、吸附等方式被其他重金属硫化物共沉淀进入重金属回收渣,从而实现分离回收;重金属回收渣中铅质量分数高达4.24%,超过了原生铅矿Pb最低工业品位的4倍多,可以作为一种炼铅资源。本工艺简单、实用性强,为垃圾焚烧飞灰综合利用提供了一条新途径。

沸腾床渣油加氢装置运行及优化

文中结合工业运行数据,研究了影响沸腾床渣油加氢装置长周期稳定运行的因素,并提出优化措施。结果表明,反应沉淀和杂质脱除率对沸腾床渣油加氢装置长周期稳定运行有较大影响。可通过降低转化率和/或减小渣油流量来减少反应沉积,转化率降低1百分点,反应沉积物指数减小0.03百分点;也可通过增加原料中稠环芳烃的比例抑制沥青质析出,进而减少反应沉淀,稠环芳烃掺炼比例多5百分点,反应沉积物指数降低0.02百分点。减小催化剂金属沉积率会使杂质脱除率增加,可采用增加催化剂加排量的方式来减小催化剂金属沉积率,达到增加杂质脱除率的目的。升高反应温度会使杂质脱除率增加,但同时也会使反应沉淀增加。

可溶性钙盐沉淀法处理含氟废水的热力学分析及应用设计

针对可溶性钙盐处理含氟废水的工艺过程较为复杂,且处理效果存在不确定性问题,通过热力学分析,研究了可溶性钙盐沉淀反应处理含氟废水的过程,揭示了去除F-过程的化学和物理现象,由此设计出两阶段可溶性钙盐处理含氟废水工艺。通过推导出的残余F-含量与Ca^(2+)浓度的平衡关系式,计算出残余F-含量低至1.91 mg·L^(-1),明显低于国家现行的污水处理排放标准。含氟废水两阶段处理工艺:第一阶段,将待处理含氟废水的pH值调整至5.0—6.5,边搅拌边加入氯化钙,其加入量为理论计算总量的1/4,搅拌10 min后静止30 min;第二阶段,将经第一阶段处理后的污水pH值调整至7.5—8.5,加入剩余的氯化钙,搅拌30 min后静止20 min,再加入400 mg·L^(-1)的聚合氯化铝絮凝剂。结果表明,当氯化钙药剂的实际添加总量为理论计算添加总量的82.29%时,采用两阶段可溶性钙盐处理工艺可去除含氟废水中99.88%的F-,残余F-的含量为3.33 mg·L^(-1),符合国家现行的污水处理排放标准。当含氟废水中F-含量大于100 mg·L^(-1)时,随着可溶性钙盐添加量增加残余F-含量迅速下降;而当含氟废水中F-含量小于100mg·L^(-1)时,随着可溶性钙盐添加量增加Ca^(2+)与F-反应的速率减慢,残余F-的含量下降趋缓。可溶性钙盐处理偏碱性含氟废水时,适当提高处理后污水的pH值有助于降低残余F-的含量,同时也能相应地减少Ca^(2+)的添加量。若含氟废水处理后的值小于处理前时,其pH值下降越少,添加可溶性钙盐的量亦越少。因此,pH值是影响Ca^(2+)添加量及处理结果的重要因素。

三元前驱体的生长机理及正极材料LiNi_(0.65)Co_(0.07)Mn_(0.28)O_(2)的电性能研究

采用共沉淀法制备球形前驱体LiNi_(0.65)Co_(0.07)Mn_(0.28)(OH)_(2)(p-NCM65),将其与LiOH·H2O混合均匀后烧结正极材料成LiNi_(0.65)Co_(0.07)Mn_(0.28)O_(2)(NCM65),通过XRD和SEM对p-NCM65的晶体结构和形貌表征,研究了前驱体p-NCM65的生长过程。在25℃、3.0~4.35 V、0.1 C充放电条件下,NCM65首次放电容量达181.8 mAh/g;而在1.0 C倍率、50次循环后,NCM65的容量仍保持率达96.2%,表明该NCM65具有良好的电化学性能。