Frequency-tunable single-photon router based on a microresonator containing a driven three-level emitter

We propose a frequency-tunable router of single photons with high routing efficiency, which is constructed by two waveguides mediately linked by a single-mode whispering gallery resonator with a driven three-level emitter. Quantum routing probability in the output port is obtained via the real-space Hamiltonian. By adjusting the resonator–emitter coupling and the drive, the desired continuous central frequencies for the resonance peaks of routing photons can be manipulated nearly linearly, with the assistance of Rabi splitting effect and optical Stark shift. The proposed routing system may provide potential applications in designing other frequency-modulation quantum optical devices, such as multiplexers,filters, and so on.

Stage at diagnosis of colorectal cancer through diagnostic route:Who should be screened?

BACKGROUND Colorectal cancer(CRC)is a global health concern,with advanced-stage diagnoses contributing to poor prognoses.The efficacy of CRC screening has been well-established;nevertheless,a significant proportion of patients remain unscreened,with>70%of cases diagnosed outside screening.Although identifying specific subgroups for whom CRC screening should be particularly recommended is crucial owing to limited resources,the association between the diagnostic routes and identification of these subgroups has been less appreciated.In the Japanese cancer registry,the diagnostic routes for groups discovered outside of screening are primarily categorized into those with comorbidities found during hospital visits and those with CRC-related symptoms.AIM To clarify the stage at CRC diagnosis based on diagnostic routes.METHODS We conducted a retrospective observational study using a cancer registry of patients with CRC between January 2016 and December 2019 at two hospitals.The diagnostic routes were primarily classified into three groups:Cancer screening,follow-up,and symptomatic.The early-stage was defined as Stages 0 or I.Multivariate and univariate logistic regressions were exploited to determine the odds of early-stage diagnosis in the symptomatic and cancer screening groups,referencing the follow-up group.The adjusted covariates were age,sex,and tumor location.RESULTS Of the 2083 patients,715(34.4%),1064(51.1%),and 304(14.6%)belonged to the follow-up,symptomatic,and cancer screening groups,respectively.Among the 2083 patients,CRCs diagnosed at an early stage were 57.3%(410 of 715),23.9%(254 of 1064),and 59.5%(181 of 304)in the follow-up,symptomatic,and cancer screening groups,respectively.The symptomatic group exhibited a lower likelihood of early-stage diagnosis than the follow-up group[P<0.001,adjusted odds ratio(aOR),0.23;95%confidence interval(95%CI):0.19-0.29].The likelihood of diagnosis at an early stage was similar between the follow-up and cancer screening groups(P=0.493,aOR for early-stage diagnosis in the cancer screening group vs follow-up group=1.11;95%CI=0.82-1.49).CONCLUSION CRCs detected during hospital visits for comorbidities were diagnosed earlier,similar to cancer screening.CRC screening should be recommended,particularly for patients without periodical hospital visits for comorbidities.

The Impact of Sea Level Rise on Roadway Design and Evacuation Routes in Delaware

As the global temperature continues to increase, the sea level continues to rise at a rapid rate that has never been seen before. This becomes an issue for many facets of life but one of the most impacted is the transportation infrastructure. Many people living in low elevation coastal areas can become trapped by flooding with no way in or out. With Delaware being a coastal state, this would affect a large portion of the population and will have detrimental effects over time if nothing is done to combat sea level rise. The issue with sea level rise in transportation is that once the roads become flooded, they become virtually unusable and detour routes would be needed. If all the roads in a coastal area were to be affected by sea level rise, the options for detours would become limited. This article looks at direct solutions to combat sea level rise and indirect solutions that would specifically help transportation infrastructure and evacuation routes in Delaware. There is not one solution that can fix every problem, so many solutions are laid out to see what is applicable to each affected area. Some solutions include defense structures that would be put close to the coast, raising the elevation of vulnerable roads throughout the state and including pumping stations to drain the water on the surface of the road. With an understanding of all these solutions around the world, the ultimate conclusion came in the form of a six-step plan that Delaware should take in order to best design against sea level rise in these coastal areas.

The Influence of Price Discrimination from Airports on the Route Development Behavior of Airlines

Given the prominence and magnitude of airport incentive schemes,it is surprising that literature hitherto remains silent as to their effectiveness.In this paper,the relationship between airport incentive schemes and the route development behavior of airlines is analyzed.Because of rare and often controversial findings in the extant literature regarding relevant influencing variables for attracting airlines at an airport,expert interviews are used as a complement to formulate testable hypotheses in this regard.A fixed effects regression model is used to test the hypotheses with a dataset that covers all seat capacity offered at the 22 largest German commercial airports in the week 46 from 2004 to 2011.It is found that incentives from primary choice,as well as secondary choice airports,have a significant influence on Low Cost Carriers.Furthermore,Low Cost Carriers,in general,do not leave any of both types of airports when the incentives cease.In the case of Network Carriers,no case is found where one joins a primary choice airport and receives an incentive.Insufficient data between Network Carriers and secondary choice airports in the time when incentives have ceased means that no statement can be given.

Tourism Route Recommendation Based on A Multi-Objective Evolutionary Algorithm Using Two-Stage Decomposition and Pareto Layering

Tourism route planning is widely applied in the smart tourism field.The Pareto-optimal front obtained by the traditional multi-objective evolutionary algorithm exhibits long tails,sharp peaks and disconnected regions problems,which leads to uneven distribution and weak diversity of optimization solutions of tourism routes.Inspired by these limitations,we propose a multi-objective evolutionary algorithm for tourism route recommendation(MOTRR)with two-stage and Pareto layering based on decomposition.The method decomposes the multiobjective problem into several subproblems,and improves the distribution of solutions through a two-stage method.The crowding degree mechanism between extreme and intermediate populations is used in the two-stage method.The neighborhood is determined according to the weight of the subproblem for crossover mutation.Finally,Pareto layering is used to improve the updating efficiency and population diversity of the solution.The two-stage method is combined with the Pareto layering structure,which not only maintains the distribution and diversity of the algorithm,but also avoids the same solutions.Compared with several classical benchmark algorithms,the experimental results demonstrate competitive advantages on five test functions,hypervolume(HV)and inverted generational distance(IGD)metrics.Using the experimental results of real scenic spot datasets from two famous tourism social networking sites with vast amounts of users and large-scale online comments in Beijing,our proposed algorithm shows better distribution.It proves that the tourism routes recommended by our proposed algorithm have better distribution and diversity,so that the recommended routes can better meet the personalized needs of tourists.

Adaptive Route Sink Relocation Using Cluster Head Chain Cycling Model in WSN

Wireless Sensor Networks(WSN)have revolutionized the processes involved in industrial communication.However,the most important challenge faced by WSN sensors is the presence of limited energy.Multiple research inves-tigations have been conducted so far on how to prolong the energy in WSN.This phenomenon is a result of inability of the network to have battery powered-sensor terminal.Energy-efficient routing on packetflow is a parallel phenomenon to delay nature,whereas the primary energy gets wasted as a result of WSN holes.Energy holes are present in the vicinity of sink and it is an important efficient-routing protocol for WSNs.In order to solve the issues discussed above,an energy-efficient routing protocol is proposed in this study named as Adaptive Route Decision Sink Relocation Protocol using Cluster Head Chain Cycling approach(ARDSR-CHC2H).The proposed method aims at improved communica-tion at sink-inviting routes.At this point,Cluster Head Node(CHN)is selected,since it consumes low energy and permits one node to communicate with others in two groups.The main purpose of the proposed model is to reduce energy con-sumption and define new interchange technology.A comparison of simulation results demonstrates that the proposed algorithm achieved low cluster creation time,better network error and high Packet Delivery Rate with less network failure.

Blockchain Driven Metaheuristic Route Planning in Secure Wireless Sensor Networks

Recently,Internet of Things(IoT)has been developed into a field of research and it purposes at linking many sensors enabling devices mostly to data collection and track applications.Wireless sensor network(WSN)is a vital element of IoT paradigm since its inception and has developed into one of the chosen platforms for deploying many smart city application regions such as disaster management,intelligent transportation,home automation,smart buildings,and other such IoT-based application.The routing approaches were extremely-utilized energy efficient approaches with an initial drive that is,for balancing the energy amongst sensor nodes.The clustering and routing procedures assumed that Non-Polynomial(NP)hard problems but bio-simulated approaches are utilized to a recognized time for resolving such problems.With this motivation,this paper presents a new blockchain with Enhanced Hunger Games Search based Route Planning(BCEHGS-RP)scheme for IoT assisted WSN.The presented BCEHGS-RP model majorly employs BC technology for secure communication in the IoT supportedWSN environment.In addition,an effective multihop route planning approach was designed by the use of EHGS technique.The proposed EHGS technique is derived from the concept of Hill Climbing strategy(HCS)and HGS algorithm.Moreover,a fitness function with two parameters namely residual energy(RE)and intercluster distance to elect optimal routes.The performance validation of the BCEHGS-RP model is experimented with under diverse number of nodes.Extensive experimental outcomes highlighted the better performance of the BCEHGS-RP technique on recent approaches.

Research on Optimizing the Construction of the Long March National Cultural Park from the Perspective of Cultural Route Heritage Protection

The idea of cultural route heritage protection expands the protection theory for world cultural heritage.The Long March route carries the prominent characteristic of cultural route heritage.By actively building the Long March National Cultural Park,China has strengthened the overall protection and integrated utilization of the Long March cultural heritage,upgraded the hardware facilities for exhibition,and investigated ways to protect cultural route heritage with Chinese characteristics.During the construction of the Park,it is necessary to draw on the concept and norms of the cultural route heritage protection,optimize the construction approach,and make the construction of the Park more in line with the linear cultural characteristics of Long March heritage.Specifically,it is proposed to improve the Long March cultural route heritage protection system oriented towards“authenticity”protection,to deeply tap and interpret the prominent universal worth of the Long March route,augmenting the international dissemination of the Long March culture in an innovative way,and realizing a more scientific and effective protection and utilization of Long March cultural resources.

Regional variation in routes to diagnosis of cholangiocarcinoma in England from 2006 to 2017

BACKGROUND Incidence of cholangiocarcinoma(CCA)is rising,with overall prognosis remaining very poor.Reasons for the high mortality of CCA include its late presentation in most patients,when curative options are no longer feasible,and poor response to systemic therapies for advanced disease.Late presentation presents a large barrier to improving outcomes and is often associated with diagnosis via mergency presentation(EP).Earlier diagnoses may be made by Two Week Wait(TWW)referrals through General practitioner(GP).We hypothesise that TWW referrals and EP routes to diagnosis differ across regions in England.AIM To investigate routes to diagnosis of CCA over time,regional variation and influencing factors.METHODS We linked patient records from the National Cancer Registration Dataset to Hospital Episode Statistics,Cancer Waiting Times and Cancer Screening Programme datasets to define routes to diagnosis and certain patient characteristics for patients diagnosed 2006-2017 in England.We used linear probability models to investigate geographic variation by assessing the proportions of patients diagnosed via TWW referral or EP across Cancer Alliances in England,adjusting for potential confounders.Correlation between the proportion of people diagnosed by TWW referral and EP was investigated with Spearman’s correlation coefficient.RESULTS Of 23632 patients diagnosed between 2006-2017 in England,the most common route to diagnosis was EP(49.6%).Non-TWW GP referrals accounted for 20.5%of diagnosis routes,13.8%were diagnosed by TWW referral,and the remainder 16.2%were diagnosed via an‘other’or Unknown route.The proportion diagnosed via a TWW referral doubled between 2006-2017 rising from 9.9%to 19.8%,conversely EP diagnosis route declined,falling from 51.3%to 46.0%.Statistically significant variation in both the TWW referral and EP proportions was found across Cancer Alliances.Age,presence of comorbidity and underlying liver disease were independently associated with both a lower proportion of patients diagnosed via TWW referral,and a higher proportion diagnosed by EP after adjusting for other potential confounders.CONCLUSION There is significant geographic and socio-demographic variation in routes to diagnosis of CCA in England.Knowledge sharing of best practice may improve diagnostic pathways and reduce unwarranted variation.

Migration routes and differences in migration strategies of Whooper Swans between spring and autumn

Long-distance migratory birds travel more rapidly in spring than in autumn,as they face temporal breeding constraints.However,several species travel slower in spring owing to environmental influences,such as food availability and wind conditions.GPS trackers were attached to 17 Whooper Swans(Cygnus cygnus) inhabiting northeastern Mongolia,to determine their migration routes and stopover sites in spring and autumn.Differences between spring and autumn migrations,migration-influencing parameters,and the effect of spring stopover site temperatures were analyzed.Six swans completed perfect tours between their wintering and breeding sites,and these data were used for analysis.Spring migration lasted 57 days,with 49.2 days spent at 3.7 stopover sites.Autumn migration lasted 21.5 days,with 17.5 days spent at 1.0 stopover sites.Thus,the swans traveled more rapidly in autumn than in spring.Migration distance,number of stopovers,migration speed,and straightness were important migration determinants in both spring and autumn.Migration distance,stopover duration,number of stopovers,daily travel speed,travel duration,and migration speed differed significantly between spring and autumn.During spring migration,the temperature at the current stopover sites and that at the future stopover sites displayed significant variations(t=1585.8,df=631.6,p <0.001).These findings are critical for the conservation and management of Whooper Swans and their key habitats in East Asian regions,and the data are anticipated to make a particularly significant contribution toward developing detailed management plans for the conservation of their key habitats.

Therapeutic Routes of a Group of Heart Failure Patients Followed in a Cameroonian Urban Setting

Background: Heart failure (HF) is a rising global health problem. Patients with HF tend to use several therapies obtained via different treatment routes to relieve their symptoms. It is rampant in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), leading to poor health-seeking behaviours and worsened HF health outcomes. We aimed to describe the different therapeutic routes of HF patients from the onset of their first symptom until treatment in a specialised cardiology centre to identify and rebuke harmful therapeutic routes. Materials and Methods: This was a cross-sectional study at the Yaoundé Central Hospital in Cameroon between December 2018 to July 2019. Patients were recruited by consecutive convenient sampling. Adult patients aged above 18 years with confirmed HF were included using the Framingham criteria. Variables relating to socio-demographic and clinical data and the health-seeking behaviours of HF patients were studied. Results: We included 132 patients with a mean age of 62.90 years (62.88% women). Very few patients (0.90%) followed an ideal route;60.71% of subjects had a pseudo-ideal route, 19.64% accessed a specialised facility directly, and 21.42% used an erratic route. At the arrival time in a cardiology unit, 49.24% and 35.61% of our subjects were in NYHA stage III and IV HF compared to 15.15% for stage II. None of them was in Stage I. Conclusion: Most heart failure patients in Cameroon have resorted to non-specialised care, which worsens their clinical presentation. There is an urgent need for health education of HF patients in our context.

Enhanced Metaheuristics with Trust Aware Route Selection for Wireless Sensor Networks

Recently,a trust system was introduced to enhance security and cooperation between nodes in wireless sensor networks(WSN).In routing,the trust system includes or avoids nodes related to the estimated trust values in the routing function.This article introduces Enhanced Metaheuristics with Trust Aware Secure Route Selection Protocol(EMTA-SRSP)for WSN.The presented EMTA-SRSP technique majorly involves the optimal selection of routes in WSN.To accomplish this,the EMTA-SRSP technique involves the design of an oppositional Aquila optimization algorithm to choose safe routes for data communication.For the clustering process,the nodes with maximum residual energy will be considered cluster heads(CHs).In addition,the OAOA technique gets executed to choose optimal routes based on objective functions with multiple parameters such as energy,distance,and trust degree.The experimental validation of the EMTA-SRSP technique is tested,and the results exhibited a better performance of the EMTA-SRSP technique over other approaches.

Joint mission and route planning of unmanned air vehicles via a learning-based heuristic

Unmanned air vehicles(UAVs) have been regularly employed in modern wars to conduct different missions. Instead of addressing mission planning and route planning separately,this study investigates the issue of joint mission and route planning for a fleet of UAVs. The mission planning determines the configuration of weapons in UAVs and the weapons to attack targets, while the route planning determines the UAV’s visiting sequence for the targets. The problem is formulated as an integer linear programming model. Due to the inefficiency of CPLEX on large scale optimization problems, an effective learningbased heuristic, namely, population based adaptive large neighborhood search(P-ALNS), is proposed to solve the model. In P-ALNS, seven neighborhood structures are designed and adaptively utilized in terms of their historical performance. The effectiveness and superiority of the proposed model and algorithm are demonstrated on test instances of small, medium and large sizes. In particular, P-ALNS achieves comparable solutions or as good as those of CPLEX on small-size(20 targets)instances in much shorter time.

Application Research of an Intelligent Detection Algorithm for Vehicle Trajectory Route Deviation

In the vehicle trajectory application system, it is often necessary to detect whether the vehicle deviates from the specified route. Trajectory planning in the traditional route deviation detection is defined by the driver through the mobile phone navigation software, which plays a more auxiliary driving role. This paper presents a method of vehicle trajectory deviation detection. Firstly, the manager customizes the trajectory planning and then uses big data technologies to match the deviation between the trajectory planning and the vehicle trajectory. Finally, it achieves the supervisory function of the manager on the vehicle track route in real-time. The results show that this method could detect the vehicle trajectory deviation quickly and accurately, and has practical application value.

Secure and Energy Concise Route Revamp Technique in Wireless Sensor Networks

Energy conservation has become a significant consideration in wireless sensor networks(WSN).In the sensor network,the sensor nodes have internal batteries,and as a result,they expire after a certain period.As a result,expanding the life duration of sensing devices by improving data depletion in an effective and sustainable energy-efficient way remains a challenge.Also,the clustering strategy employs to enhance or extend the life cycle of WSNs.We identify the supervisory head node(SH)or cluster head(CH)in every grouping considered the feasible strategy for power-saving route discovery in the clustering model,which diminishes the communication overhead in the WSN.However,the critical issue was determining the best SH for ensuring timely communication services.Our secure and energy concise route revamp technology(SECRET)protocol involves selecting an energy-concise cluster head(ECH)and route revamping to optimize navigation.The sensors transmit information over the ECH,which delivers the information to the base station via the determined optimal path using our strategy for effective data transmission.We modeled our methods to accom-plish power-efficient multi-hop routing.Furthermore,protected navigation helps to preserve energy when routing.The suggested solution improves energy savings,packet delivery ratio(PDR),route latency(RL),network lifetime(NL),and scalability.

Combined Linear Multi-Model for Reliable Route Recommender in Next Generation Network

Network analysis is a promisingfield in the area of network applications as different types of traffic grow enormously and exponentially.Reliable route prediction is a challenging task in the Large Scale Networks(LSN).Various non-self-learning and self-learning approaches have been adopted to predict reliable routing.Routing protocols decide how to send all the packets from source to the destination addresses across the network through their IP.In the current era,dynamic protocols are preferred as they network self-learning internally using an algorithm and may not entail being updated physically more than the static protocols.A novel method named Reliable Route Prediction Model(RRPM)is proposed tofind the best routes in the given hefty gage network to balance the load of the entire network to advance the network recital.The task is carried out in two phases.In thefirst phase,Network Embedding(NE)based node classification is carried out.The second phase involves the network analysis to predict the route of the LSN.The experiment is carried out for average data transmission and rerouting time is measured between RRPM and Routing Information Protocol(RIP)protocol models with before and after failure links.It was observed that average transmission time for RIP protocol has measured as 18.5 ms and RRPM protocol has measured as 18.2 ms.Hence the proposed RRPM model outperforms well than the traditional routefinding protocols such as RIP and Open Shortest Path First(OSPF).

Synthesis and Characterization of Triangular-pyramidal Bismuth Oxide via a One-step Chemical Precipitation Route

Triangular-pyramidal ω-Bi2O3 is successfully synthesized via a one-step wet-chemical method.XRD,SEM,and UV-vis have been employed to characterize the as-prepared samples.Structural characterization by XRD confirms the formation of triclinic ω-Bi2O3 with high purity.The well-defined flowerlike Bi2O3 structures consisted of many triangular-pyramids are formed.Preparative parameters,such as concentration of PEG 6000,have great effects on the morphology and the particle size.The obvious absorption edge for ω-Bi2O3 powder is located at about 493 nm,which corresponds to the optical band gap energy of2.73 eV.

Cooperative Channel and Optimized Route Selection in Adhoc Network

Over the last decade,mobile Adhoc networks have expanded dramati-cally in popularity,and their impact on the communication sector on a variety of levels is enormous.Its uses have expanded in lockstep with its growth.Due to its instability in usage and the fact that numerous nodes communicate data concur-rently,adequate channel and forwarder selection is essential.In this proposed design for a Cognitive Radio Cognitive Network(CRCN),we gain the confidence of each forwarding node by contacting one-hop and second level nodes,obtaining reports from them,and selecting the forwarder appropriately with the use of an optimization technique.At that point,we concentrate our efforts on their channel,selection,and lastly,the transmission of data packets via the designated forwarder.The simulation work is validated in this section using the MATLAB program.Additionally,steps show how the node acts as a confident forwarder and shares the channel in a compatible method to communicate,allowing for more packet bits to be transmitted by conveniently picking the channel between them.We cal-culate the confidence of the node at the start of the network by combining the reliability report for thefirst hop and the reliability report for the secondary hop.We then refer to the same node as the confident node in order to operate as a forwarder.As a result,we witness an increase in the leftover energy in the output.The percentage of data packets delivered has also increased.

Route Search Method for Railway Replacement Buses Adopting Ant Colony Optimization

In recent years, Japan, and especially rural areas have faced the growing problems of debt-ridden local railway lines along with the population decline and aging population. Therefore, it is best to consider the discontinuation of local railway lines and introduce replacement buses to secure the transportation methods of the local people especially in rural areas. Based on the above background, targeting local railway lines that may be discontinued in the near future, appropriate bus stops when provided with potential bus stops were selected, the present study proposed a method that introduces routes for railway replacement buses adopting ant colony optimization (ACO). The improved ACO was designed and developed based on the requirements set concerning the route length, number of turns, road width, accessibility of railway lines and zones without bus stops as well as the constraint conditions concerning the route length, number of turns and zones without bus stops. Original road network data were generated and processed adopting a geographic information systems (GIS), and these are used to search for the optimal route for railway replacement buses adopting the improved ACO concerning the 8 zones on the target railway line (JR Kakogawa line). By comparing the improved ACO with Dijkstra’s algorithm, its relevance was verified and areas needing further improvements were revealed.

MTCR-CR Routing Strategy for Connection-Oriented Routing over Satellite Networks

The high-speed movement of satellites makes it not feasible to directly apply the mature routing scheme on the ground to the satellite network.DT-DVTR in the snapshot-based connectionoriented routing strategy is one of the representative solutions,but it still has room for improvement in terms of routing stability.In this paper,we propose an improved scheme for connection-oriented routing strategy named the Minimal Topology Change Routing based on Collaborative Rules(MTCR-CR).The MTCR-CR uses continuous time static topology snapshots based on satellite status to search for intersatellite link(ISL)construction solutions that meet the minimum number of topology changes to avoid route oscillations.The simulation results in Beidou-3 show that compared with DT-DVTR,MTCR-CR reduces the number of routing changes by about 92%,the number of path changes caused by routing changes is about38%,and the rerouting time is reduced by approximately 47%.At the same time,in order to show our algorithm more comprehensively,the same experimental index test was also carried out on the Globalstar satellite constellation.