A novel one-time-programmable memory unit based on Schottky-type p-GaN diode

In this work,a novel one-time-programmable memory unit based on a Schottky-type p-GaN diode is proposed.During the programming process,the junction switches from a high-resistance state to a low-resistance state through Schottky junction breakdown,and the state is permanently preserved.The memory unit features a current ratio of more than 10^(3),a read voltage window of 6 V,a programming time of less than 10^(−4)s,a stability of more than 108 read cycles,and a lifetime of far more than 10 years.Besides,the fabrication of the device is fully compatible with commercial Si-based GaN process platforms,which is of great significance for the realization of low-cost read-only memory in all-GaN integration.

Evaluation of the Effectiveness and Safety of One-Time Endodontics in the Treatment of Chronic Apical Periodontitis with Sinus Tract in Pediatric Deciduous Teeth

Objective:To observe the effectiveness and safety of one-time endodontics in the treatment of chronic apical periodontitis with sinus tract in pediatric deciduous teeth.Methods:109 cases of children with chronic apical periodontitis with sinus tract in the deciduous teeth treated in our hospital from January 2022 to December 2023 were selected and grouped by the randomized numerical table method,with 54 cases in the experimental group and 55 cases in the control group.The experimental group was treated with one-time endodontics and the control group was treated with conventional endodontics.Results:After the treatment,the total effective rate of treatment was higher in the experimental group than in the control group(P<0.05);the incidence of adverse events was lower in the experimental group than in the control group(P<0.05);the satisfaction of the children's family members was higher in the experimental group than in the control group(P<0.05);the pain duration was lower in the experimental group than in the control group(P<0.05).Conclusion:In the experimental group,children with chronic apical periodontitis with sinus tract of the deciduous teeth were given one-time endodontic treatment,and the results of its implementation were relatively good.

Hybrid Approach for Cost Efficient Application Placement in Fog-Cloud Computing Environments

Fog computing has recently developed as a new paradigm with the aim of addressing time-sensitive applications better than with cloud computing by placing and processing tasks in close proximity to the data sources.However,the majority of the fog nodes in this environment are geographically scattered with resources that are limited in terms of capabilities compared to cloud nodes,thus making the application placement problem more complex than that in cloud computing.An approach for cost-efficient application placement in fog-cloud computing environments that combines the benefits of both fog and cloud computing to optimize the placement of applications and services while minimizing costs.This approach is particularly relevant in scenarios where latency,resource constraints,and cost considerations are crucial factors for the deployment of applications.In this study,we propose a hybrid approach that combines a genetic algorithm(GA)with the Flamingo Search Algorithm(FSA)to place application modules while minimizing cost.We consider four cost-types for application deployment:Computation,communication,energy consumption,and violations.The proposed hybrid approach is called GA-FSA and is designed to place the application modules considering the deadline of the application and deploy them appropriately to fog or cloud nodes to curtail the overall cost of the system.An extensive simulation is conducted to assess the performance of the proposed approach compared to other state-of-the-art approaches.The results demonstrate that GA-FSA approach is superior to the other approaches with respect to task guarantee ratio(TGR)and total cost.

Layered Coded Cache Placement and Cooperative Delivery with Sharing Links in Satellite-Terrestrial Integrated Networks

Cooperative utilization of multidimensional resources including cache, power and spectrum in satellite-terrestrial integrated networks(STINs) can provide a feasible approach for massive streaming media content delivery over the seamless global coverage area. However, the on-board supportable resources of a single satellite are extremely limited and lack of interaction with others. In this paper, we design a network model with two-layered cache deployment, i.e., satellite layer and ground base station layer, and two types of sharing links, i.e., terrestrial-satellite sharing(TSS) links and inter-satellite sharing(ISS) links, to enhance the capability of cooperative delivery over STINs. Thus, we use rateless codes for the content divided-packet transmission, and derive the total energy efficiency(EE) in the whole transmission procedure, which is defined as the ratio of traffic offloading and energy consumption. We formulate two optimization problems about maximizing EE in different sharing scenarios(only TSS and TSS-ISS),and propose two optimized algorithms to obtain the optimal content placement matrixes, respectively.Simulation results demonstrate that, enabling sharing links with optimized cache placement have more than 2 times improvement of EE performance than other traditional placement schemes. Particularly, TSS-ISS schemes have the higher EE performance than only TSS schemes under the conditions of enough number of satellites and smaller inter-satellite distances.

Efficient placement technology of proppants based on structural stabilizers

Fiber is highly escapable in conventional slickwater,making it difficult to form fiber-proppant agglomerate with proppant and exhibit limited effectiveness.To solve these problems,a novel structure stabilizer(SS)is developed.Through microscopic structural observations and performance evaluations in indoor experiments,the mechanism of proppant placement under the action of the SS and the effects of the SS on proppant placement dimensions and fracture conductivity were elucidated.The SS facilitates the formation of robust fiber-proppant agglomerates by polymer,fiber,and quartz sand.Compared to bare proppants,these agglomerates exhibit reduced density,increased volume,and enlarged contact area with the fluid during settlement,leading to heightened buoyancy and drag forces,ultimately resulting in slower settling velocities and enhanced transportability into deeper regions of the fracture.Co-injecting the fiber and the SS alongside the proppant into the reservoir effectively reduces the fiber escape rate,increases the proppant volume in the slickwater,and boosts the proppant placement height,conveyance distance and fracture conductivity,while also decreasing the proppant backflow.Experimental results indicate an optimal SS mass fraction of 0.3%.The application of this SS in over 80 wells targeting tight gas,shale oil,and shale gas reservoirs has substantiated its strong adaptability and general suitability for meeting the production enhancement,cost reduction,and sand control requirements of such wells.

Characteristics of proppant transport and placement within rough hydraulic fractures

A three-dimensional reconstruction of rough fracture surfaces of hydraulically fractured rock outcrops is carried out by casting process,a large-scale experimental setup for visualizing rough fractures is built to perform proppant transport experiments.The typical characteristics of proppant transport and placement in rough fractures and its intrinsic mechanisms are investigated,and the influences of fracture inclination,fracture width and fracturing fluid viscosity on proppant transport and placement in rough fractures are analyzed.The results show that the rough fractures cause variations in the shape of the flow channel and the fluid flow pattern,resulting in the bridging buildup during proppant transport to form unfilled zone,the emergence of multiple complex flow patterns such as channeling,reverse flow and bypassing of sand-carrying fluid,and the influence on the stability of the sand dune.The proppant has a higher placement rate in inclined rough fractures,with a maximum increase of 22.16 percentage points in the experiments compared to vertical fractures,but exhibits poor stability of the sand dune.Reduced fracture width aggravates the bridging of proppant and induces higher pumping pressure.Increasing the viscosity of the fracturing fluid can weaken the proppant bridging phenomenon caused by the rough fractures.

Energy-optimal DNN model placement in UAV-enabled edge computing networks

Unmanned aerial vehicle(UAV)-enabled edge computing is emerging as a potential enabler for Artificial Intelligence of Things(AIoT)in the forthcoming sixth-generation(6G)communication networks.With the use of flexible UAVs,massive sensing data is gathered and processed promptly without considering geographical locations.Deep neural networks(DNNs)are becoming a driving force to extract valuable information from sensing data.However,the lightweight servers installed on UAVs are not able to meet the extremely high requirements of inference tasks due to the limited battery capacities of UAVs.In this work,we investigate a DNN model placement problem for AIoT applications,where the trained DNN models are selected and placed on UAVs to execute inference tasks locally.It is impractical to obtain future DNN model request profiles and system operation states in UAV-enabled edge computing.The Lyapunov optimization technique is leveraged for the proposed DNN model placement problem.Based on the observed system overview,an advanced online placement(AOP)algorithm is developed to solve the transformed problem in each time slot,which can reduce DNN model transmission delay and disk I/O energy cost simultaneously while keeping the input data queues stable.Finally,extensive simulations are provided to depict the effectiveness of the AOP algorithm.The numerical results demonstrate that the AOP algorithm can reduce 18.14%of the model placement cost and 29.89%of the input data queue backlog on average by comparing it with benchmark algorithms.

Efficient Digital Twin Placement for Blockchain-Empowered Wireless Computing Power Network

As an open network architecture,Wireless Computing PowerNetworks(WCPN)pose newchallenges for achieving efficient and secure resource management in networks,because of issues such as insecure communication channels and untrusted device terminals.Blockchain,as a shared,immutable distributed ledger,provides a secure resource management solution for WCPN.However,integrating blockchain into WCPN faces challenges like device heterogeneity,monitoring communication states,and dynamic network nature.Whereas Digital Twins(DT)can accurately maintain digital models of physical entities through real-time data updates and self-learning,enabling continuous optimization of WCPN,improving synchronization performance,ensuring real-time accuracy,and supporting smooth operation of WCPN services.In this paper,we propose a DT for blockchain-empowered WCPN architecture that guarantees real-time data transmission between physical entities and digital models.We adopt an enumeration-based optimal placement algorithm(EOPA)and an improved simulated annealing-based near-optimal placement algorithm(ISAPA)to achieve minimum average DT synchronization latency under the constraint of DT error.Numerical results show that the proposed solution in this paper outperforms benchmarks in terms of average synchronization latency.

Analysis of the Application Effect of Tracheal Stent Placement in the Nutritional Support Treatment of Tracheoesophageal Fistula

Objective:To evaluate and analyze the application effect of tracheal stent placement in nutritional support therapy for tracheoesophageal fistula.Methods:Clinical data of 32 patients who underwent nutritional support therapy for tracheoesophageal fistula in our hospital from September 2021 to September 2022 were collected,and all patients underwent tracheal silicone stenting,comparing dyspnea classification and Karnofsky score before and after stenting,and conducting post-treatment follow-up.Results:In 32 patients with tracheoesophageal fistula,dyspnea grading improved from grades III and IV to grades 0 to II.Before treatment,10 patients(31.06%)were in grade IV,17 patients(53.12%)were in grade III,and five patients(15.62)were in grade II;after treatment,13 patients(40.63%)were in grade I,12 patients(37.50%)were in grade I,and seven patients(21.87%)were in grade 0(P<0.05);Karnofsky score(37.52±4.86 before treatment)improved significantly to 71.39±8.24 one week after treatment(P<0.05).Nine patients with tracheoesophageal fistula were placed with silicone Y14-10-10 stent,11 with silicone 18-14-14 stent,three with silicone Y15-12-12,and seven with silicone stent 16-13-13.Conclusion:Silicone tracheobronchial stent placement for the treatment of tracheoesophageal fistula is technically feasible,simple,and safe,with reliable near-term efficacy,and is worthy of popularization and application.

Clinical Study on Improving Articulation Clarity in Spastic Cerebral Palsy with 120 Cases of Oral-Facial Acupressure Combined with Oral Placement Therapy

Objective:To observe the efficacy of oral-facial acupressure combined with oral placement therapy(OPT)in improving articulation clarity in 120 children with spastic cerebral palsy,and to explore effective therapeutic solutions for speech disorders associated with spastic cerebral palsy.Methods:A total of 120 children with spastic cerebral palsy and speech disorders,meeting the inclusion criteria,were randomly assigned into two groups:60 cases in the treatment group and 60 cases in the control group.The treatment group received orofacial acupressure combined with OPT,while the control group received only OPT.The Oral Motor Function Assessment Scale(OMFAS),developed by the China Rehabilitation Research Centre(CRRC),was used to evaluate the treatment outcomes before and after the intervention.Results:After the treatment,both the treatment and control groups showed improved mobility of the mandible,lips,and tongue.However,the treatment group exhibited significantly better improvement than the control group,with the difference between the two groups being statistically significant(P<0.05).Conclusion:Oral-facial acupressure combined with OPT can effectively improve articulation clarity in children with spastic cerebral palsy.This combined therapy is recommended for clinical promotion and application.

One-time fertilization at first flowering improves lint yield and dry matter partitioning in late planted short-season cotton

Cotton producers have substantially reduced their inputs(labor,nutrients,and management)mainly by adopting a shortseason cropping management that is characterized by late sowing,high density,and reduced fertilization with one-time application at the first bloom stage without lint yield reduction.However,it has been hypothesized that one-time fertilization at an earlier growth stage could be a more effective and economic management practice.A two-year field experiment was conducted by applying five fertilizer one-time fertilization at 0(FT1),5(FT2),10(FT3),15(FT4),and 20(FT5)days after the first flower appeared in the field and one three-split fertilizer application taken as the conventional control(FT6),making six treatments altogether.Cotton growth period,biomass accumulation,yield,and its formation were quantified.The results showed that the one-time fertilization did not affect the cotton growth progress as compared to FT6,however,the total crop cycles for FT3–FT5 were 3 days shorter.FT1 produced the highest cotton lint yield(1396 kg ha–1),which was similar to the FT6 but higher than the other treatments,and could be attributed to more bolls per unit area and higher lint percentage.Cotton yield was positively correlated with cotton plant biomass accumulated.FT1 had both the highest average(VT)(193.7 kg ha–1 d–1)and the highest maximum(VM)(220.9 kg ha–1 d–1)rates during the fast biomass accumulation period.These results suggest that one-time fertilizer application at the first flower stage might be an adjustment that is more effective than at first bloom,and allowed for easier decision making for application date due to non counting of plants with flowers is needed.

One-time sintering process to modify xLi2MnO3(1-x)LiMO2 hollow architecture and studying their enhanced electrochemical performances

To solve the critical problems of lithium rich cathode materials, e.g., structure instability and short cycle life, we have successfully prepared a ZrO2-coated and Zr-doping xLi2MnO3·(1–x)LiMO2 hollow architecture via one-time sintering process. The modified structural materials as lithium-ion cathodes present good structural stability and superior cycle performance in LIBs. The discharge capacity of the ZrO2-coated and Zr-doped hollow pristine is 220 mAh g-1 at the 20th cycle at 0.2 C(discharge capacity loss, 2.7%)and 150 m Ah g-1 at the 100 th cycle at 1 C(discharge capacity loss, 17.7%), respectively. However, hollow pristine electrode only delivers 203 m Ah g-1 at the 20 th cycle at 0.2 C and 124 mAh g-1 at the 100 th cycle at 1 C, respectively, and the corresponding to capacity retention is 92.2% and 72.8%, respectively.Diffusion coefficients of modified hollow pristine electrode are much higher than that of hollow pristine electrode after 100 cycles(approach to 1.4 times). In addition, we simulate the adsorption reaction of HF on the surface of ZrO2-coated layer by the first-principles theory. The calculations prove that the adsorption energy of HF on the surface of ZrO2-coated layer is about-1.699 e V, and the ZrO2-coated layer could protect the hollow spherical xLi2MnO3·(1–x)LiMO2 from erosion by HF. Our results would be applicable for systematic amelioration of high-performance lithium rich material for anode with the respect of practical application.

Cryptanalysis of the One-Time Proxy Signature Scheme Used in Mobile Agents

We ayptanalyze Kim et. al's one-time proxy signature scheme used in mobileagents, and then a successful forgery is introduced It is showed that a dishonest customer cansuccessfully forge a valid one-time proxy signature by impersonating the stiver Furthermore, he canrequest the server with responsibility for the forged bidding information.

Design of 32 kbit one-time programmable memory for microcontroller units

A 32 kbit OTP(one-time programmable)memory for MCUs(micro-controller units)used in remote controllers was designed.This OTP memory is used for program and data storage.It is required to apply 5.5V to BL(bit-line)and 11V to WL(word-line)for a OTP cell of 0.35μm ETOX(EEPROM tunnel oxide)type by MagnaChip.We use 5V transistors on column data paths to reduce the area of column data paths since they require small areas.In addition,we secure device reliability by using HV(high-voltage)transistors in the WL driver.Furthermore,we change from a static logic to a dynamic logic used for the WL driver in the core circuit.Also,we optimize the WD(write data)switch circuit.Thus,we can implement them with a small-area design.In addition,we implement the address predecoder with a small-area logic circuit.The area of the designed 32 kbit OTP with 5V and HV devices is 674.725μm×258.75μm(=0.1745mm2)and is 56.3% smaller than that using 3.3V devices.

One-time Shaping Technological System of Lightweight Roof Greening

Lightweight roof greening is an important way for improving urban ecological environment and has good ecological and social benefits, but the investment is- too-high for the investors. Therefore, it is necessary to improve the system of lightweight roof greening. This study introduced a lightweight roof greening mode with low cost, simple construction, rapid formation, good economic benefit and convenient curing.

Effect of Nucleating Agent on the Crystallization of Tailings Glass Ceramics Prepared by One-time Sintering

Glass ceramics was made by the one-time sintering method using the main raw material of iron tailings. On the basis of quaternary system of CaO-MgO-Al2O3-SiO2, using DTA, XRD and SEM, the effects of different nucleating agents and mixing amounts as well as heat treatment on the crystallization of railings glass ceramics were studied. The experimental results show that, nucleating agent and heat treatment are two necessary conditions for one-time sintering preparation of tailings glass ceramics namely, only adding nucleating agent or experiencing heat treatment, the quaternary system can not crystallize. The composite nucleating agent consisting of Cr2O3 and TiO2 can further lead to the crystallization of the CaO-MgO-A1203-SiO2 quaternary system at the lower temperature, with the major phase of diopside. In the range of mass content, 0%-4%, crystal intensity and crystal content grow. But when mass content is more than 4%, the crystal size will become coarser and the crystal distribution will be less regular. Different heat treatment regimes do not change the composition of the crystalline major phase in the glass ceramics crystallization of CaO-MgO-Al2O3-SiO2 system. In the range of 30-60 minutes, with the extension of nucleation and crystallization, crystallization degree enhanced, but if the holding time surpasses 60 minutes, the crystallization is worse.

A One-Time Pad Encryption Scheme Based on Efficient Physical-Layer Secret Key Generation for Intelligent IoT System

The one-time pad(OTP)is an applicationlayer encryption technique to achieve the informationtheoretic security,and the physical-layer secret key generation(SKG)technique is a promising candidate to provide the random keys for OTP.In this paper,we propose a joint SKG and OTP encryption scheme with the aid of a reconfigurable intelligent surface(RIS)to boost secret key rate.To maximize the efficiency of secure communication,we divide the process of secure transmission into two stages:SKG and then encrypted packet transmission.Meanwhile,we design an optimal algorithm for allocating time slots for SKG to maximize SKG efficiency without security risk.Furthermore,we design a key updating protocol based on our SKG scheme for OTP encryption.Simulation results verify that our scheme can generate keys securely and efficiently,and significantly improve the secure communication performance in an intelligent IoT system.

Sea Turtle Foraging Optimization-Based Controller Placement with Blockchain-Assisted Intrusion Detection in Software-Defined Networks

Software-defined networking(SDN)algorithms are gaining increas-ing interest and are making networks flexible and agile.The basic idea of SDN is to move the control planes to more than one server’s named controllers and limit the data planes to numerous sending network components,enabling flexible and dynamic network management.A distinctive characteristic of SDN is that it can logically centralize the control plane by utilizing many physical controllers.The deployment of the controller—that is,the controller placement problem(CPP)—becomes a vital model challenge.Through the advancements of blockchain technology,data integrity between nodes can be enhanced with no requirement for a trusted third party.Using the lat-est developments in blockchain technology,this article designs a novel sea turtle foraging optimization algorithm for the controller placement problem(STFOA-CPP)with blockchain-based intrusion detection in an SDN environ-ment.The major intention of the STFOA-CPP technique is the maximization of lifetime,network connectivity,and load balancing with the minimization of latency.In addition,the STFOA-CPP technique is based on the sea turtles’food-searching characteristics of tracking the odour path of dimethyl sulphide(DMS)released from food sources.Moreover,the presented STFOA-CPP technique can adapt with the controller’s count mandated and the shift to controller mapping to variable network traffic.Finally,the blockchain can inspect the data integrity,determine significantly malicious input,and improve the robust nature of developing a trust relationship between sev-eral nodes in the SDN.To demonstrate the improved performance of the STFOA-CPP algorithm,a wide-ranging experimental analysis was carried out.The extensive comparison study highlighted the improved outcomes of the STFOA-CPP technique over other recent approaches.

Multi-Layer Fog-Cloud Architecture for Optimizing the Placement of IoT Applications in Smart Cities

In the smart city paradigm, the deployment of Internet of Things(IoT) services and solutions requires extensive communication and computingresources to place and process IoT applications in real time, which consumesa lot of energy and increases operational costs. Usually, IoT applications areplaced in the cloud to provide high-quality services and scalable resources.However, the existing cloud-based approach should consider the above constraintsto efficiently place and process IoT applications. In this paper, anefficient optimization approach for placing IoT applications in a multi-layerfog-cloud environment is proposed using a mathematical model (Mixed-Integer Linear Programming (MILP)). This approach takes into accountIoT application requirements, available resource capacities, and geographicallocations of servers, which would help optimize IoT application placementdecisions, considering multiple objectives such as data transmission, powerconsumption, and cost. Simulation experiments were conducted with variousIoT applications (e.g., augmented reality, infotainment, healthcare, andcompute-intensive) to simulate realistic scenarios. The results showed thatthe proposed approach outperformed the existing cloud-based approach interms of reducing data transmission by 64% and the associated processingand networking power consumption costs by up to 78%. Finally, a heuristicapproach was developed to validate and imitate the presented approach. Itshowed comparable outcomes to the proposed model, with the gap betweenthem reach to a maximum of 5.4% of the total power consumption.

Improved Harris Hawks Optimization Algorithm Based Data Placement Strategy for Integrated Cloud and Edge Computing

Cloud computing is considered to facilitate a more cost-effective way to deploy scientific workflows.The individual tasks of a scientific work-flow necessitate a diversified number of large states that are spatially located in different datacenters,thereby resulting in huge delays during data transmis-sion.Edge computing minimizes the delays in data transmission and supports the fixed storage strategy for scientific workflow private datasets.Therefore,this fixed storage strategy creates huge amount of bottleneck in its storage capacity.At this juncture,integrating the merits of cloud computing and edge computing during the process of rationalizing the data placement of scientific workflows and optimizing the energy and time incurred in data transmission across different datacentres remains a challenge.In this paper,Adaptive Cooperative Foraging and Dispersed Foraging Strategies-Improved Harris Hawks Optimization Algorithm(ACF-DFS-HHOA)is proposed for optimizing the energy and data transmission time in the event of placing data for a specific scientific workflow.This ACF-DFS-HHOA considered the factors influencing transmission delay and energy consumption of data centers into account during the process of rationalizing the data placement of scientific workflows.The adaptive cooperative and dispersed foraging strategy is included in HHOA to guide the position updates that improve population diversity and effectively prevent the algorithm from being trapped into local optimality points.The experimental results of ACF-DFS-HHOA confirmed its predominance in minimizing energy and data transmission time incurred during workflow execution.