Studying the mechanical properties of the soil-root interface using the pullout test method

It is important to quantify the effect of the root diameter, the embedment length of the root and load speed on the soil-root interface mechanical properties for studying the root anchorage. The soilroot interface mechanical properties can be obtained through the pullout force and root slippage curve(F-S curve). About 120 Pinus tabulaeformis single roots whose diameters ranged from 1 mm to 10 mm divided into 6 groups based on different root embedment length(50 mm, 100 mm and 150 mm) and different load velocity(10 mm·min^(-1), 50 mm·min^(-1), 100 mm·min^(-1) and 300 mm·min^(-1)) were investigated using the pullout method. This study aims to explore the mechanical properties of the soil-root interface in the real conditions using the pullout test method. The results showed two kinds of pullout test failure modes during the experimental process: breakage failure and pullout failure. The results showed that the roots were easier to be broken when the root diameter was smaller or the loading speed was larger. The relationship between the maximum anchorage force and root diameter was linear and the linearly dependent coefficient(R^2) was larger than 0.85. The anchorage force increased with the root embedment length. An increase of 10%^(-1)5% for the maximumanchorage force was found when load speed increased from 10 to 300 mm.min^(-1). The mean peak slippage of the root was from 13.81 to 35.79 mm when the load velocity varied from 10 to 300 mm.min^(-1). The study will be helpful for the design of slopes reinforced by vegetation and in predicting risk of uprooting of trees, and will have practical benefits for understanding the mechanism of landslide.

Field Measurements and Pullout Tests of Reinforced Earth Retaining Wall

In this paper, field measurements and pullout tests of a new type of reinforced earth retaining wall, which is reinforced by trapezoid concrete blocks connected by steel bar, are described. Field measurements included settlements of the earth fill, tensile forces in the ties and earth pressures on the facing panels during the construction and at completion. Based on the measurements, the following statements can be made: (1) the tensile forces in the ties increased with the height of backfill above the tie and there is a tensile force crest in most ties; (2) at completion, the measured earth pressures along the wall face were between the values of the active earth pressures and the pressures at rest; (3) larger settlements occurred near the face of the wall where a zone of drainage sand and gravel was not compacted properly and smaller settlements occurred in the well-compacted backfill. The results of field pullout tests indicated that the magnitudes of pullout resistances as well as tensile forces induced in the ties were strongly influenced by the relative displacements between the ties and the backfill, and pullout resistances increased with the height of backfill above the ties and the length of ties.

Influence of soil moisture content on pullout properties of Hippophae rhamnoides Linn. roots

Plant root system plays an important role in preventing soil erosion and improving slope stability.However,its performance is significantly affected by soil moisture content,and the role of soil moisture in root reinforcement is not fully understood.In this study,the influence of soil moisture on root pullout properties was studied by experiments.Vertical in-situ pullout tests under four different levels of soil matric suction(12 kPa,18 kPa,24 kPa,30 kPa)were carried out on roots of sea buckthorn plants(Hippophae rhamnoides Linn.)which were artificially cultivated for 7 months.Diameter and length of the root system of sea buckthorn were investigated.The results showed that a very significant correlation was observed between root diameter(D)and root length(L)(P<0.01),and root diameter decreased with soil depth.When soil bulk density was constant,peak pullout force(F)and friction coefficient of root-soil interface(μ)decreased with increasing gravimetric soil moisture content in power functions.Soil moisture content significantly affected root pullout resistance because the increase of soil moisture content decreased the friction coefficient between the roots and soil.Root diameter at breakage point(Db)and length of root segment left in soil(Lb)were increased with soil moisture content.In addition,peak pullout force of the roots increased in a power function with root diameter at the soil surface(D0)and in a linear function with total root length(L).The results provided an experimental basis for quantifying the effects of soil moisture content on soil reinforcement by plant roots.

Characteristics of root pullout resistance of Caragana korshinskii Kom.in the loess area of northeastern Qinghai-Tibet Plateau,China

Roots exert pullout resistance under pullout force,allowing plants to resist uprooting.However,the pullout resistance characteristics of taproot-type shrub species of different ages remain unclear.In this study,in order to improve our knowledge of pullout resistance characteristics of taproot systems of shrub species,we selected the shrub species Caragana korshinskii Kom.in different growth periods as the research plant and conducted in situ root pullout test.The relationships among the maximum pullout resistance,peak root displacement,shrub growth period,and aboveground growth indices(plant height and plant crown breadth)were analyzed,as well as the mechanical process of uprooting.Pullout resistance of 4-15 year-old C.korshinskii ranged from 2.49(±0.25)to 14.71(±4.96)kN,and the peak displacement ranged from 11.77(±8.61)to 26.50(±16.09)cm.The maximum pullout resistance and the peak displacement of roots increased as a power function(R^(2)=0.9038)and a linear function(R^(2)=0.8242)with increasing age,respectively.The maximum pullout resistance and the peak displacement increased with increasing plant height;however,this relationship was not significant.The maximum pullout resistance increased exponentially(R^(2)=0.5522)as the crown breadth increased.There was no significant relationship between the peak displacement and crown breadth.The pullout resistance and displacement curve were divided into three stages:the initial nonlinear growth,linear growth,and nonlinear stages.Two modes of failure of a single root occurred when the roots were subjected to vertical loading forces:the synchronous breakage mode and the periderm preferential breakage mode.These findings provide a foundation for further investigation of the soil reinforcement and slope protection mechanisms of this shrub species in the loess area of northeastern Qinghai-Tibet Plateau,China.

Pullout behavior of polymeric strip in compacted dry granular soil under cyclic tensile load conditions

Assessment of the reinforcement behavior of soil under cyclic and monotonic loads is of great impor- tance in the safe design of mechanically stabilized earth walls, In this article, the method of conducting a multistage pullout （MSP） test on the polymeric strip （PS） is presented, The post-cyclic behavior of the reinforcement can be evaluated using a large-scale pullout apparatus adopting MSP test and one-stage pullout （OSP） test procedures, This research investigates the effects of various factors including load amplitude, load frequency, number of load cycles and vertical effective stress on the peak apparent coefficient of friction mobilized at the soil-PS interface and the pullout resistance of the PS buried in dry sandy soil. The results illustrate that changing the cyclic tensile load frequency from 0,1 Hz to 0,5 Hz does not affect the pullout resistance. Moreover, the influence of increasing the number of load cycles from 30 to 250 on the peak pullout resistance is negligible. Finally, the effect of increasing the cyclic tensile load amplitude from 20% to 40% on the monotonic pullout resistance can be ignored. The peak apparent coefficient of friction mobilized at the soil-PS interface under monotonic and cyclic load conditions decreases with the increase in vertical effective stress.

ONE-WAY MULTIVARIATE REPEATED MEASUREMENTS ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE MODEL

The one-way multivariate repeated measurements analysis of variance (1-way MRM ANOVA) model for complete data and the sphericity test are studied.

On Unobservability of One-Way Speed of Light

In this paper we recall the different definitions of simultaneity, the coordinate time interval and the velocity. It is emphasized that the above second two definitions depend on the simultaneity. We review the test theories on special relativity. It is shown that anisotropy (if possible) of one-way speed of light has not any ef- fects in the physical experiments. Therefore anisotropy of one-way speed of light cannot be determined by the experiments, except if an absolute (standard) simultaneity would be found.

Investigations on pullout behavior of geogrid-granular trench using CANAsand constitutive model

Experimental and numerical investigations have been carried out on behavior of pullout resistance of embedded circular plate with and without geogrid reinforcement layers in stabilized loose and dense sands using a granular trench.Different parameters have been considered,such as the number of geogrid layers,embedment depth ratio,relative density of soil and height ratio of granular trench.Results showed that,without granular trench,the single layer of geogrid was more effective in enhancing the pullout capacity compared to the multilayer of geogrid reinforcement.Also,increasing the soil density and embedment depth ratio led to an increase in the uplift capacity.When soil was improved with the granular trench,the uplift force significantly increased.The granular trench improved the uplift load in dense sand more,as compared to the same symmetrical plate embedded in loose sand.Although it was observed that,in geogrid-reinforced granular trench condition,the ultimate pullout resistance at failure increased as the number of geogrid layers increased up to the third layer,and the fifth layer had a negligible effect in comparison with the third layer of reinforcement.Finite element analyses with hardening soil model for sand and CANAsand constitutive model for granular trench were conducted to investigate the failure mechanism and the associated rupture surfaces utilized.The response of granular material in the proposed model is an elastoplastic constitutive model derived from the CANAsand model,which uses a non-associated flow rule along with the concept of the state boundary surface possessing a critical and a compact state.It was observed that the granular trench might change the failure mechanism from deep plate to shallow plate as the failure surface can extend to the ground surface.The ultimate uplift capacity of anchor and the variation of surface deformation indicated a close agreement between the experiment and numerical model.

Improving the Interfacial Mechanical Property of Fiber Reinforced Cement with Dielectric Barrier Discharge 1:The Pul - out Test

The effect of dielectric barrier discharge(DBD)on the interfacial mechanical property of polypropylene fiber reinforced cement is investigated with the aid of single fiber pull out test.The result shows that the DBD treatment improved the adhesion between the PP fiber and the surrounding cement matrix considerably without serious aging.Keywords:dielectric barrier discharge,single fiber pull-out test.

Laboratory large-scale pullout investigation of a new reinforcement ofcomposite geosynthetic strip

In this paper,more than 70 large-scale pullout tests were performed to evaluate the performance of an innovative composite geosynthetic strip(CGS)reinforcement in sandy backfill.The CGS reinforcement is composed of a geosynthetic strip(GS)and parts of a scrap truck tire as transverse members.The experimental pullout results for the CGS reinforcement were compared with the suggested theoretical equations and ordinary reinforcements,including the GS,the steel strip(SS),and the steel strip with rib(SSR).The pullout test results show that adding three transverse members to the GS reinforcement(CGS3)with S/H?6.6(where S and H are the space and height of the transverse members,respectively)increases pullout resistance by more than 120%,170%,and 50%compared to the GS,the SS,and the SSR,respectively.This result shows that the CGS3(CGS with three transverse members)reinforcement needs at least 55.5%,63%,and 33.3%smaller length compared to the GS,the SS,and the SSR,respectively.In general,implementation of mechanically stabilized earth wall(MSEW)with the proposed strip may help geotechnical engineers prevent costly designs and solve the problem of MSEW implementation in cases where there are limitations of space.

Study on Ultimate Pullout Force of Grouting Anchors of the Anchor-Pull Retaining Wall

Determination of the grouting anchor pullout force is a key step during the design of anchor-pull retaining wall, but it is mostly determined relied on empirical formula at present, and the rationality and the safety cannot be effectively guaranteed. Based on the engineering case of the gravity retaining wall of Qinglin Freeway, the model test was designed, and combined with the results of the ABAQUS finite element numerical analysis, it was analyzed that how the anchor axial pulling force distributes. The results showed that the force of the anchor near the wall bolt was large and which far from the wall was small and the ultimate pullout force was proportional to the length, diameter and shear strength. When the end tension of the anchor was small, the top load played a leading role on the anchor tension. This conclusion confirmed the calculation formula of ultimate pullout force was and provided a theoretical basis for anchor-pull retaining wall design and calculation.

3D打印弯曲根系拉拔力学特性试验研究

天然根系具有不同弯曲形态,对根土相互作用特性影响极大。以往研究多将根系视为顺直,未充分考虑弯曲根系拉拔受力变形特征、破坏模式。利用3D打印技术制作弯曲根系,开展3种根径(2.0,3.5,5.0 mm)、5种弯曲度(1.00,1.05,1.10,1.15,1.20)的根系拉伸、拉拔试验,探索弯曲根系的拉拔力学特性。结果表明:根系拉伸特性受到弯曲结构和自身材料性质共同影响,根系最大拉伸力、拉伸变形刚度随弯曲度增加而减小,随直径增加而增大;根系峰值拉拔力随弯曲度增加呈先增大后减小,弯曲度1.15时最大,峰值拉拔位移呈类似变化趋势;弯曲根系齿肋挤压土体形成啮合作用,有助于增强根土相互作用;弯曲细根系的拉伸力和拉伸刚度低,更容易与土体协同变形承担拉拔荷载。弯曲根系受力变形与直根系差异极大,研究结果可为弯曲形态根系固土评价提供理论参考。

加筋土结构筋-土界面特性和筋材位移变化规律试验研究

基于拉拔试验研究加筋土结构筋-土界面正应力、填土压实度与含水率、拉拔速率等对筋-土相互作用特性和筋材位移变化的影响,分析筋材位移的演变规律。研究结果表明:土中筋材各点位移均不同程度滞后于加载端位移,且随与加载端的距离增加而增加,筋材位移呈非线性递减趋势;增加界面正应力、压实度或含水率,相同拉拔力下同一位置处筋材位移呈减小趋势,且距加载端越远,筋材位移受影响越小;筋材拉拔以整体拔出和拉断破坏模式为主,筋材拔出破坏时拉拔力峰值与加载端位移呈近似线性关系,且格栅拉拔力峰值与界面正应力、压实度、含水率或拉拔速率呈正相关关系;增加压实度或含水率,筋-土界面相互作用增强,筋-土界面摩擦角略有增加,但筋-土界面似黏聚力增加明显,且接近填土最佳含水率时界面似黏聚力较大。拉拔特性试验表明,加筋土工程中应严格控制填土含水率,适当的筋-土界面变形有利于发挥筋材作用。

不同围岩刚度条件下锚杆的锚固性能与失效机制研究

为探究不同围岩刚度条件下锚杆的锚固性能和失效机制,采用不同规格套筒模拟硬岩、中硬岩和软岩刚度环境,开展了不同围岩刚度条件下锚杆拉拔测试,借助声发射(AE)、应变仪和数字图像相关技术(DIC)进行同步监测,分析了围岩刚度对锚杆的锚固强度、刚度和锚固失效模式的影响规律,揭示了拉拔过程中锚固界面声发射和剪应力分布特征以及套筒周向和轴向应变演化规律。结果表明:随着围岩刚度降低,锚杆的锚固强度和刚度逐渐减小,低围岩刚度下锚杆锚固强度和刚度仅为高围岩刚度条件下的65%和44%,在高刚度和中等刚度围岩条件下,锚固失效模式主要表现为锚杆-锚固剂界面滑移失效;而在低刚度围岩条件下,则主要表现为锚固剂-围岩界面滑移失效。拉拔荷载作用下,试样经历弹性、峰前屈服、峰后软化以及摩擦滑移4个阶段,围岩刚度越低,峰前屈服阶段越明显。锚固界面脱粘始于峰值剪应力附近,位于锚杆中部偏下位置,且围岩刚度越小初始脱粘位置离锚杆中部越近。随着拉拔位移的增大,套筒周向应变呈先增大再减小最后趋于平缓的趋势。套筒轴向应变呈现为下部受压上部受拉,峰值应变位于套筒两端,上部受拉区域随拉拔位移的增大逐渐向下延伸,且轴向应变量随围岩刚度降低而增大。研究结果可为不同围岩刚度条件下锚杆的支护设计提供参考。

中空GFRP筋土钉抗拔性能研究

中空GFRP筋土钉是一种空心厚壁土钉,具有质量轻、易切割、耐腐蚀等优点。目前,对中空GFRP筋土钉的研究相对较少,对其抗拔性能和抗拔机理尚不清楚。依托北京地铁12号线北岗子站基坑工程,对中空GFRP筋土钉进行了现场抗拔试验,并采用FLAC3D数值模拟探究了不同拉拔力下中空GFRP筋土钉应力和位移沿钉长的分布规律,分析了不同内径和长度对应力分布和抗拔力的影响,对中空GFRP筋土钉的抗拔机理进行了分析。研究结果表明,拉拔过程中土钉的位移和轴力沿钉长呈指数衰减,剪应力在距钉头1.5 m处达到峰值,在距离钉头3.5 m处降至零;增大内径使土钉轴力沿钉长衰减更快,同时可提高其抗拔承载力,建议外径为32 mm的中空GFRP土钉内径取为15 mm;增加土钉长度不仅可以在一定范围内提高其抗拔力,还可使土钉轴力分布更均匀;中空GFRP筋土钉的破坏过程可分为弹性、塑性和破坏三个阶段,其破坏形式表现为拔出。

Mechanical behaviour of fiber-reinforced grout in rock bolt reinforcement

Grouted rock bolts subject to axial loading in the field exhibit various failure modes,among which the most predominant one is the bolt-grout interface failure.Thus,mechanical characterization of the grout is essential for understanding its performance in ground support.To date,few studies have been conducted to characterize the mechanical behaviour of fiber-reinforced grout(FRG)in rock bolt reinforcement.Here we experimentally studied the mechanical behaviour of FRG under uniaxial compression,indirect tension,and direct shear loading conditions.We also conducted a series of pullout tests of rebar bolt encapsulated with different grouts including conventional cementitious grout and FRG.FRG was developed using 15%silica fume(SF)replacement of cement(by weight)and steel fiber to achieve highstrength and crack-resistance to overcome drawbacks of the conventional grout.Two types of steel fibers including straight and wavy steel fibers were further added to enhance the grout quality.The effect of fiber shape and fiber volume proportion on the grout mechanical properties were examined.Our experimental results showed that the addition of SF and steel fiber by 1.5%fiber volume proportion could lead to the highest compressive,tensile,and shear strengths of the grout.The minimum volume of fiber that could improve the mechanical properties of grout was found at 0.5%.The scanning electron microscopy(SEM)analysis demonstrated that steel fibers act as an excellent bridge to prevent the cracks from propagating at the interfacial region and hence to aid in maintaining the integrity of the cementitious grout.Our laboratory pullout tests further confirmed that FRG could prevent the cylindrical grout annulus from radial crack and hence improve the rebar’s load carrying capacity.Therefore,FRG has a potential to be utilized in civil and mining applications where high-strength and crack-resistance support is required.

Mechanism underlying the uprooting of taproot-type shrub species in the loess area of northeastern Qinghai-Xizang Plateau, China

Characteristics of root pullout resistance determine the capacity to withstand uprooting and the slope protection ability of plants.However,mechanism underlying the uprooting of taproot-type shrub species in the loess area of northeastern Qinghai-Xizang Plateau,China remains unclear.In this study,a common taproot-type shrub,Caragana korshinskii Kom.,in northeastern Qinghai-Xizang Plateau was selected as the research material.Mechanism of root-soil interaction of vertical root of C.korshinskii was investigated via a combination of a single-root pullout test and numerical simulation analysis.The results indicated that,when pulling vertically,axial force of the roots decreased with an increase in buried depth,whereas shear stress at root-soil interface initially increased and then decreased as burial depths increased.At the same buried depth,both axial force and shear stress of the roots increased with the increase in pullout force.Shear stress and plastic zone of the soil surrounding the root were symmetrically distributed along the root system.Plastic zone was located close to the surface and was caused primarily by tensile failure.In nonvertical pulling,symmetry of shear stress and plastic zone of the soil surrounding the root was disrupted.We observed larger shear stress and plastic zones on the side facing the direction of root deflection.Plastic zone included both shear and tensile failure.Axial force of the root system near the surface decreased as deflection angle of the pullout force increased.When different rainfall infiltration depths had the same vertical pulling force,root axial force decreased with the increase of rainfall infiltration depth and total root displacement increased.During rainfall infiltration,shear stress and plastic zone of the soil surrounding the root were prone to propagating deeper into the soil.These findings provide a foundation for further investigation of soil reinforcement and slope protection mechanisms of taproot-type shrub species in the loess area of northeastern Qinghai-Xizang Plateau and similar areas.

拉拔过程中全长灌浆锚固系统能量演化规律

锚固系统的拔出破坏实质上是能量驱动的失稳破坏,能量演化规律能充分反映锚固系统的承载性状和失效破坏过程。为了揭示循环荷载作用下全长灌浆锚固系统变形破坏过程中的能量转化机制及损伤劣化过程,文章基于热力学第一定律,给出了锚固系统在拉拔过程中的输入能、弹性能、耗散能、阻尼能以及损伤能等能量计算公式,并结合某项目全长灌浆锚索的现场拉拔试验,系统地研究了拉拔过程中全长灌浆锚固系统内部的能量演化规律。研究结果表明:1)随着循环次数和拉拔荷载的增加,输入能、弹性能、阻尼能以及损伤能均在逐渐增加,当拉拔荷载接近于极限抗拔力时,损伤能会呈现出急速增加的现象;2)在拉拔过程中,弹性能的变化幅度较小,其占比始终维持在50%左右;3)阻尼能和损伤能的演化是一个“此消彼长”的过程,阻尼能的占比曲线呈倒“U”型,其占比总体来说维持在20%以下,而损伤能的占比曲线大体呈“U”型,且其随着荷载比的变化幅度相对较为明显;4)全长灌浆锚固系统在拉拔过程中会产生较大的塑性损伤能,该过程实际上是不断损伤、刚度逐渐劣化的过程。本文成果对全长灌浆锚固系统的设计、施工、检验及监测预警具有一定借鉴意义。

黏性海床中固结桩式沉箱的垂向抗拔能力

随着海洋工程的日益大型化、深水化,巫需发展新型的水下基础建设方法。本文介绍了一种结合了吸力式沉箱与海工固结锚技术的固结桩式沉箱,描述了其结构与工作原理,并在试验室内开展了一系列的垂向上拔试验,观测分析了灌浆量及桩管长度对抗拔力的影响。试验表明,固结材料与桩管底部四周土体结合所形成的次生固结体大大增加了抗剪面积,固结桩式沉箱的抗拔能力较吸力式沉箱有显著提升;沉箱的灌浆量宜取1/20M_(s)(M_(s)为沉箱内能容纳的土体质量);短粗沉箱的最大抗拔力在桩管长度为1.5H(H为沉箱的高度)时出现拐点,细长沉箱的最大抗拔力拐点出现在桩管长度1.5H~2H区间。固结桩式沉箱的抓重比较传统沉箱更高,施工便捷,具有良好的工程应用前景。

基于PFC的全长灌浆锚固系统渐进失效过程模拟

随着岩土锚固技术的飞速发展,锚固系统的变形破坏机理仍是当前的热点问题。鉴于PFC软件在模拟岩土体裂隙发育、扩展、失稳等非连续现象方面具有较明显的优越性,文章基于PFC5.0软件建立了全长灌浆锚固系统颗粒流计算分析模型,并根据室内试验和现场拉拔试验结果对模型细观参数进行了标定,从位移场演化规律、应力场演化规律、裂隙扩展规律、组构变化规律以及能量变化等5个方面,系统地总结了全长灌浆锚固系统在拉拔荷载作用下的渐进失效特征。研究表明:PFC能够很好地应用于全长灌浆锚固系统等离散介质的模拟分析中,锚固系统内的位移场、应力场、裂隙、组构及能量等的变化规律均能反映其承载性能状况。