Challenges to Online Criminal Litigation in the Context of Smart Justice and Responses——Focusing on the Protection of the Right to Defense

Online criminal litigation transcends the constraints of physical time and space and changes the logic and path of trial hearings for some criminal cases with the help of technology.However,the leapfrog shift from the“physical field”to the“virtual field”has brought great challenges to the effective exercise of the defendant's right to defense.Online criminal justice further highlights the imbalance in the relationship between prosecution and defense in the context of smart justice,and proposes a new topic for protecting the human rights of the prosecuted.The introduction of online criminal litigation in judicial practice is intended to achieve justice in a faster and more convenient way.However,the dissipation of the ritualized remote hearings tends to undermine the effectiveness of the defense and impair the defense's ability to cross-examine evidence,while the technically advantageous public authorities can aggravate the barrier to the defense's meeting and reading the case file.The root cause is that technological power instrumentalism overemphasizes pragmatism and the pursuit of truth under the position of authority,thus diluting humanistic care for the subject of litigation.In order to resolve the problem with the quality and effectiveness of the right to defense in remote hearings,it is necessary to transform online criminal litigation from a“practical technical tool”to a“convenient auxiliary method,”and appropriately weigh the limits of pursuing truth against human rights protection in special scenarios.Meanwhile,it is also feasible to provide technical care for the defense and strengthen its ability to cross-examine evidence.Moreover,a covert communication platform should be furnished for the defender's online meeting to actively strengthen the protection of the defendant's right to defense.

On the Nature of Online Retrieval of Electronic Data

With the development of information technology,the online retrieval of remote electronic data has become an important method for investigative agencies to collect evidence.In the current normative documents,the online retrieval of electronic data is positioned as a new type of arbitrary investigative measure.However,study of its actual operation has found that the online retrieval of electronic data does not fully comply with the characteristics of arbitrary investigative measures.The root cause is its inaccurately defined nature due to analogy errors,an emphasis on the authenticity of electronic data at the cost of rights protection,insufficient effectiveness of normative documents to break through the boundaries of law,and superficial inconsistency found in the mechanical comparison with the nature of existing investigative measures causes.The nature of electronic data retrieved online should be defined according to different circumstances.The retrieval of electronic data disclosed on the Internet is an arbitrary investigative measure,and following procedural specifications should be sufficient.When investigators conceal their true identities and enter the cyberspace of the suspected crime through a registered account to extract dynamic electronic data for criminal activities,it is essentially a covert investigation in cyberspace,and they should follow the normative requirements for covert investigations.The retrieval of dynamic electronic data from private spaces is a technical investigative measure and should be implemented in accordance with the technical investigative procedures.Retrieval of remote“non-public electronic data involving privacy”is a mandatory investigative measure,and is essentially a search in the virtual space.Therefore,procedural specifications should be set in accordance with the standards of searching.

The Change and Constancy of “Equality Issue” in Human Rights Theory Research During the 40 Years of Reform and Opening-up

In 1978, academia broke through the theoretical forbidden zone with the slogan of "equality before the law" and initiated a great discussion on some important legal issues including legal equality. During the past 40 years since the reform and opening-up, the relevant research has changed from the ideological contention deeply influenced by class discourse to the abstract theoretical research where class discourse has been fading away, and then turn to the technical and concrete practical research. This "change" is clearly visible and, to a certain extent, reveals the track of the development of human rights theory. However, there is "constancy" in "change". "Constancy" not only lies in the study of legislative equality throughout the past 40 years, but also embodies the inherent logic of theoretical research in response to social development and changes in the times.

Experiences and Achievements in the Development of Human Rights in China in the Past 40 Years of Reform and Opening-up--A Summary of Viewpoints on the Seminar on Reform and Opening-up and the Progress of the Development of Human Rights in China

Jointly held by the China Society for Human Rights Studies and the publicity department of the Hubei Provincial Committee of the Communist Party of China and organized by Institute for Human Rights and Law School of Wuhan University, A seminar on Reform and Opening-up and the Progress of the Development of Human Rights in China was held on July 18,2018 in Wuhan. Over 100 distinguished scholars participated and discussed topics including "The path for human rights development", "Reform and Opening-up and the theoretical innovation of human rights in China", "Reform and Opening-up and the achievements of human rights in China",and "Reform and Opening-up and the development of global human rights cause". The seminar summarized China’s human rights achievements over the course of 40 years of Reform and Opening-up on multiple levels and from multiple perspectives and deepened practical and theoretical understandings about the development and progress of human rights in China.

On China's Reform and Opening-up and the Evolution of the Views of Human Rights

The dominant human rights views in a country or region is closely related to the economic and social development of that country or region and is closely related to human rights practices. Since the launch of reform and opening-up, the development of China’s conception of human rights has gone through many stages. The changes of contemporary Chinese human rights conceptions have gone through the stages from the views of human rights to the theories of human rights, to the norms and practices of human rights, and human rights conceptions developed from avoidance to controversy, from passiveness to initiative, and from learning to construction, which reflects the continuous development of China’s human rights cause. By analyzing the journal records through a search of the human rights and its related keywords, it is possible to chart the evolution and historical context of contemporary Chinese human rights theory.

Reform and Opening-up and China's Participation in International Human Rights Cooperation Process

The process of China’s participation in international human rights cooperation is closely related to the process of reform and opening-up launched at the end of the 1970s, while participation in international human rights cooperation is based on the process of reform and opening-up. It is the fruit of the reform and opening-up policy and the emancipation of the mind for China to decide to participate in international human rights cooperation. Since then, along with the process, the process of China participating in international cooperation can be divided into four periods. The first established the multi-ministries cooperative group to do research on international human rights activities in 1980. The second, was the first white paper on human rights published by the government in 1991. The third was the incorporation of human rights in the Constitution in 2004, and the fourth been putting forward the idea "a community with shared future for human beings" in 2013. All of these are landmark events for China to participate in international human rights cooperation against the general background of the reform and opening-up policy.

Accurate Evaluation of China's Human Rights Legislation During the Historical Periods Before and After Reform and Opening-up

Recently, when evaluating the achievements China has made during the his- torical periods before and after reform and opening-up, Chinese President Xi Jinping pointed out, ＂The socialist construction conducted by the people under the leadership of our Party is divided into two historical periods--before and after reform and opening-up. The two periods are in- terconnected, but also different from each other. However, they both essen- tially reflect the practical explorations of socialist construction conducted by the people under the leadership of the Party. Socialism with Chinese characteristics began to take shape in the new era of reform and opening- up, but it is also grounded in New China＇s 20-plus years of experience in building and carrying out the basic system of socialism... Although the two historical periods have huge dif- ferences in the guidelines, policies,

Positively Lead Sustainable Development and Effectively Implement the Right to Development: A Chinese Perspective

The concept and claim of the right to development is a major contribution of developing countries represented by China to the international human rights theories and system. China has been actively promoting sustainable development of the global economic, social and ecological environment and has made substantial contributions to global sustainable development. At the national level, China is committed to eradicating poverty and improving people’s well-being. At the international level, China calls for the strengthening of the special mechanism for the right to development and attaches great importance to experience sharing and summarizing of the right to development. China’s human rights cause has broad prospects for progress and will also make greater progress in safeguarding the right to development.

劳动关系微分化视角下网约工劳动权益的法律保障

在算法技术与平台经济相得益彰共同推进数字经济向纵深方向发展的过程中,劳动关系日益呈现出微分化的演化趋势,使得以网约工为代表的新业态从业人员陷入了“身份不明确”的主体性危机与“权益保障难”的双重困境,不仅对传统的劳动从属基础性理论提出了新的挑战,而且也日益凸显现行法律制度供给不足的现状。基于网约工群体经济从属性、人格从属性与组织从属性微分化趋势之系统理论分析,科学审视与证成微分化视阈下具有劳动从属性的网约工“第三类劳动者”之身份,并将“内在经济与人格从属程度的差距均以外在劳动量的差别为表现形式”这一从属性微分化之核心作为识别与判定标准,对具有不同强度从属性的“第三类劳动者”给予不同程度的劳动法倾斜保护,希冀能平衡平台经济有序发展与网约工劳动权益合法保障之间的关系,为健全和完善我国劳动法律制度体系提供符合数字经济内在运行规律的科学立法选择。

民事在线诉讼当事人权益保障的检视与路径探索

当事人权益保障体现了以当事人为中心的诉讼理念,确保了实现诉讼效益与程序公正的统一。在线诉讼中单一的程序选择权类型难以满足双方当事人需求、证人远程作证提高了质证难度、异步审理稀释了直接言词原则、个人信息保护与庭审公开之间存在张力。应当根据被选择事项性质合理确定选择权类型、加强证人远程作证技术保障、肯定异步审理的价值并明确边界、具体衡量审判公开与个人信息保护价值利益。

论完善我国在线民事诉讼制度

在线民事诉讼打破物理空间限制、突破人力局限,具有便于诉讼参与人,提高诉讼效率、缓解法院“案多人少”的压力等特点。目前我国在线民事诉讼制度仍存在缺乏原则规定、个人信息权利保护不足、在线诉讼平台模式不统一以及异步审理程序存在困境等问题。是故,完善我国在线民事诉讼制度应当明确在线诉讼制度的原则、加强在线民事诉讼中的当事人个人信息权益保障,完善异步审理程序,从而保障在线民事诉讼参与秩序的稳定性,提高诉讼效率,加强司法的程序公正性和司法的仪式性。

论在线诉讼法官阐明义务

在线诉讼是诉讼信息化改革取得的重要成果,法官阐明在在线诉讼中发挥着重要作用,有利于提高司法效率,维护司法公正,保障当事人的权利。区别于传统诉讼中法官阐明的双重属性,在线诉讼法官阐明性质界定为义务似乎更加妥当,在当事人主义民事诉讼模式下,在线诉讼程序遵循的当事人同意原则依赖于法官阐明义务的履行。在线诉讼中法官阐明义务的内容、行使方式、时机都有了新的变化。法官违反阐明义务,应当阐明而未阐明,应赋予当事人上诉的救济权。

国家规制平台数据权力的正当性及其边界

平台是指基于互联网所形成的一种集信息交流、资源共享和在线服务等多种功能的互动空间。数据权力是平台的基础性权力,它伴随着数据搜集、存储、使用技术以及人工智能算法而出现。如今,平台已经深入社会生活各个领域,多种问题也随之进入公共视野,其中平台权力的扩张风险最为突出。研究发现:平台权力扩张的根本原因在于平台数据权力的边界不清。故防范平台权力的扩张首先应当厘清平台数据权力合理使用行为和滥用行为的边界。具体措施:强化平台技术层面的算法治理;规范行政监管层面的平台自治监管;完善司法监督层面的明确平台规则司法审查标准和审查边界以及平台责任层面的平台法律责任、契约责任、道德责任的强化。

网络著作权强保护下的用户合法权益保护

网络著作权保护呈现强保护特征,主要表现为网络著作权执法力度的加强,不仅通过技术保护措施和信息披露制度为著作权人层层“加码”,还通过通知—屏蔽制度、内容审核补救措施多元化、算法执行推动网络服务提供者著作权保护责任不断加重。网络著作权的过度保护也存在着一些风险隐患,网络用户的合法权益面临侵害之虞,合理使用权利、言论自由权利、隐私权和个人数据保护权都受到不同程度的侵害和忽视。侵权情形的出现多数情况下与网络服务提供者有关,因此有必要对网络服务提供者的行为进行规制。应在公平平衡原则基础上,完善相关法律,推进技术进步,以维护著作权人、网络服务提供者和网络用户、社会公众之间的利益平衡。

刑事诉讼证人出庭与远程视频作证——基本权干预的视角

面对刑事诉讼证人出庭难的实践挑战,远程视频作证成为技术层面的创新应对之策.然而,以证人在线出庭作为传统线下出庭的替代方案,存在正当性疑问.证人出庭对于查明案件事实至关重要,更是确保对质诘问权得以实现的程序保障.被告人与证人的直接对质诘问,是人的本能追求,也被国际司法规范认定为公正审判的基础性要求.从我国宪法文本出发,可以推导出对质诘问权的基本权地位.作为诉讼行为的远程视频作证,将不可避免地触及对质诘问权的核心内涵,从而具有基本权干预的性质.为规范远程视频作证,确保基本权干预的正当性,立法需要为其设置适当的正当化事由,包括但不限于当事人同意、证人无法出庭及证人保护等.

互联网视域下消费者权益的法律保护

网络消费者权益保护是中国法治协调方式中较为薄弱的一环。由于当今互联网的全面崛起,以电子商务为主要载体的消费方式为消费者参与市场经济提供了更为便捷的路径。相较于传统的消费方式,电商购物选择性更强、交互性更广、自由度更高。这种交易方式利于市场经济活动,却也引发了系列监管治理问题。本文对目前网络消费者权益保护面临的不足之处进行分析,并提出如何通过法律来规制网购侵权行为的建议。

《中华人民共和国行政许可法》视域下档案行政许可程序的完善

作为档案行政许可程序的立法依据之一,《中华人民共和国行政许可法》对档案行政许可程序的完善具有重要的指引意义。我国档案行政许可程序主要存在于《档案行政许可程序规定》中,存在立法规定亟待更新、立法理念较为滞后、审查方式有待健全、制度建设存在缺位等方面的问题。有鉴于此,应结合档案行政许可的特点,重视《中华人民共和国行政许可法》对档案行政许可程序完善的指引功能。具体而言,建议更新完善《档案行政许可程序规定》,落实简政放权、相对人权益保障、档案信息化等理念,健全档案行政许可线上审查、告知承诺和默示许可等方式,完善档案行政许可费用制度、责任制度和监督检查制度,助力档案行政许可程序法治再上新台阶。

Encrypted data sharing with multi-owner based on digital rights management in online social networks

The online social networks（OSNs） offer attractive means for social interactions and data sharing, as well as raise a number of security and privacy issues. Although current solutions propose to encrypt data before sharing, the access control of encrypted data has become a challenging task. Moreover, multiple owners may enforce different access policy to the same data because of their different privacy concerns. A digital rights management（DRM） scheme is proposed for encrypted data in OSNs. In order to protect users＇ sensitive data, the scheme allows users outsource encrypted data to the OSNs service provider for sharing and customize the access policy of their data based on ciphertext-policy attribute-based encryption. Furthermore, the scheme presents a multiparty access control model based on identity-based broadcast encryption and ciphertext-policy attribute-based proxy re-encryption, which enables multiple owners, such as tagged users who appear in a single data, customize the access policy collaboratively, and also allows the disseminators update the access policy if their attributes satisfy the existing access policy. Security analysis and comparison indicate that the proposed scheme is secure and efficient.

从“可望”走向“可及”:刑事在线诉讼完善的时空进路

网络技术产生了新的空间秩序与时间现象,在重构传统诉讼形态的同时,也引发了空间异化和时间错配的风险,使得信息会被“遮蔽”、画面会被“裁剪”,进而可能导致辩护边缘化、质证虚化、知情权弱化。在线诉讼也应当满足一种时空正义的要求,保障在线空间上的平等和时间上的同步以促进公平。在线认罪认罚应保障空间开放并充分释明,在线会见也要保障权利空间的专属性和私密性。对适用在线诉讼的时空环节进行甄别取舍,明确辩护人同意、在场且“在旁”、证据平台公平开放的空间规则,保障疑议证据的线下核实。增加确认环节以确保时间同步与信息对应,增设在线诉讼的知情权保障机制和必要性考量机制,赋予被告人设备更换权和程序变更权。

点播终端提供网上视听作品行为的定性--基于著作权侵权认定的方法论

“少而宽”立法模式下的著作权侵权认定,可以解释法定权利的保护范围将新的传播行为纳入规制;“多而窄”立法模式应采用严格依据法定权利认定著作权侵权的方法论,中国《著作权法》是该种模式的典型代表。实现严格依据法定权利认定著作权侵权的方法论,应该坚持不在法定权利类型之外和不扩大解释具体法定权利提供著作权保护。通过点播终端提供网上视听作品的行为不符合信息网络传播权控制行为所必须具备将作品上传网络的技术特征,也不符合放映权通过放映设备与片源控制放映的技术特征。因此,通过点播终端提供视听作品的行为并不构成信息网络传播权和放映权的直接侵权。