The Relationship between Parental Stress and Child Conformity:The Mediating Role of Resilience

Background:In today’s society,parental stress has become a prevalent and significant issue,impacting not only parents’mental health but also potentially profoundly affecting children’s growth and education.This topic has garnered continuous attention from scholars.The present study aims to delve into the relationship between parental stress and children’s behavior,particularly focusing on children’s conformity and discipline development during crucial stages.This study aims to explore the relationship between parental stress,child conformity,and resilience,and further examines the mediating role of resilience in the relationship between parental stress and child conformity.Methods:We used three scales:the Parental Stress Scale,the Child Conformity Scale,and the Resilience Scale,to survey 890 elementary school students(aged 6–12)and their parents in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region of China.We employed SPSS 26.0 software for data analysis,conducting descriptive statistics,correlation analysis,and mediation effect tests sequentially.In the mediation effect tests,we utilized structural equation modeling(SEM)and regression analysis to examine the mediation effects,ensuring the accuracy and scientific nature of our analysis.Results:Through descriptive statistics,correlation analysis,regression models,and mediation effect tests,we found that parental stress significantly negatively predicts child conformity,while resilience shows a significant positive prediction.Further mediation analysis indicates that resilience plays a partial mediating role between parental stress and child conformity,with the mediation effect accounting for 36.67%.Conclusion:These findings highlight the importance of the family environment on child behavior and provide valuable insights and recommendations for family education practices in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region.Therefore,we suggest future research should further explore the complex relationships among parental stress,child conformity,and resilience,and examine regional differences to better promote children’s overall development.

Commuting Space of Primary and Secondary Schools in the Context of Child Friendly Cities:A Case Study of Bajiao Street of Shijingshan District

With the continuous promotion of the construction of child friendly cities,the school commuting space is an important component of the construction of child friendly roads.Based on the background of child friendly cities,the commuting space of 11 primary and secondary schools in Bajiao Street is analyzed through literature analysis and field research methods.Firstly,the relevant literature on school commuting space is sorted out,and the characteristics of school commuting space are summarized,including transportation,landscape,culture,leisure,and security.Secondly,the characteristics of commuting space of primary and secondary schools in Bajiao Street are analyzed from three aspects:in front of the school gate,path space,and node space.This paper aims to provide reference and guidance for the future construction of children’s walking school commuting and promote the construction of a child friendly city.

Assessment of the Magnitude and Associated Factors of Unmet Need for Family Planning among Women of Reproductive Age Group with Disabilities in Bahir Dar City, Amhara Region, North West Ethiopia

The study was conducted to assess the magnitude and associated factors of unmet need for family planning among women of reproductive age group with disabilities who are members of disabled associations in Bahir Dar town. Institution based cross-sectional study was carried out. A total of 337 women of reproductive age group with disabilities were included in the study with simple random sampling. Data were collected through face-to-face interview, coded, cleaned and entered by Epi info 2002 and analyzed with SPSS version 16 computer software. Logistic regression was used to assess possible associations. The magnitude of unmet need for family planning among women with disabilities was 24.3%. Women with disabilities in the age group of 25-29 had 80% less likely to have unmet need than women above 35 years old. Women with disability who have no education were 11 times more likely to have unmet need than those who have secondary education. Women who desire to have more than 3 children have more likely to have unmet need than those who need to have 1-2 children. Unmet need for family planning among women with disabilities was high in Bahir Dar town. Age, Educational status and desired number of children were found to have statistically significant association with unmet need for family planning. Hence, it is important to encourage people with disabilities to attained formal education and the associations should provide short term trainings in accordance with their age group.

Family Planning Management Of the Floating Population in Xi'an City

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A Study on the Child-Rearing Pattern of American Family in Lizzie McGuire

Development of globalization makes family education play a more important role in global competition.The child-rearing pattern is the reflection of family education.Therefore,the paper will research child-rearing pattern of American family in Lizzie Mc Guire.

Family empowerment and associated factors in Japanese families raising a child with severe motor and intellectual disabilities

Objectives:Family caregivers raising children with severe motor and intellectual disabilities(SMID)experience the enormous burden of care.The concept of family empowerment is one of the important assessment indexes of family nursing from the perspective of providing comprehensive support for these families.The objective of this study was to identify the factors associated with the empowerment of families raising a child with SMID in Japan.Methods:We conducted a nationwide questionnaire survey involving 1659 primary caregivers raising a child with SMID through 89 special schools.We assessed the main outcomes using the Family Empowerment Scale(FES).We then conducted a multiple linear regression analysis to reveal the factors associated with family empowerment.Results:In total,1362 primary caregivers were included in our study.Our results show that factors contributing to high FES scores are higher age of the primary caregiver,higher education,greater recognition of regional support,lower childcare burden,higher utilization of home visit services,higher usage of a childcare institution,higher household income,and stronger family bonding.Conclusion:Healthcare professionals should carefully assess the state of family empowerment of the primary caregivers who are younger and those who have low education,low household income,high childcare burden,and fragile bonding with the family.Second,they should encourage such families to use regional support resources for childcare.That is,policy makers should consider ways to promote home visits and institutional services for the care of children with SMID,aiming especially for the provision of well-coordinated care and services.

Chinese family care patterns of childhood rheumatic diseases:A cluster analysis

Objectives:The purpose is to distinguish family care(FC)patterns of childhood rheumatic diseases in Chinese families and to determine the predictors of FC patterns.Methods:This secondary analysis contained two cross-section surveys with a convenient sample of totally 398 caregivers who have a child with rheumatic diseases from four pediatric hospitals.Caregivers were required to completed Family Management Measure questionnaire.Cluster analysis was used to distinguish patterns and multinomial logistic regression analysis was used to find predictors.Results:Four patterns were identified:the normal-perspective and collaborative(28.4%),the effortless and contradictory(24.6%),the chaotic and strenuous(18.3%),and the confident and concerning(28.7%).Disease category(x2=21.23,P=0.002),geographic location(x2=8.41,P=0,038),maternal educational level(x2=12.69,P=0.048)and family monthly income(x2=33.21,P<0.001)predicted different patterns.Conclusions:FC patterns were different among families.Disease-related and family-related factors were vital predictors to distinguish patterns consistent with the Family Management Style Framework.The result assisted that clinicians recognize FC patterns and predictors effectively to provide tailored advice in time.

Comparative study on emotional behavior and parental job stress of only-child and non-only-child preschool children

BACKGROUND Studies have revealed that Children's psychological,behavioral,and emotional problems are easily influenced by the family environment.In recent years,the family structure in China has undergone significant changes,with more families having two or three children.AIM To explore the relationship between emotional behavior and parental job stress in only preschool and non-only preschool children.METHODS Children aged 3-6 in kindergartens in four main urban areas of Shijiazhuang were selected by stratified sampling for a questionnaire and divided into only and nononly child groups.Their emotional behaviors and parental pressure were compared.Only and non-only children were paired in a 1:1 ratio by class and age(difference less than or equal to 6 months),and the matched data were compared.The relationship between children's emotional behavior and parents'job stress before and after matching was analyzed.RESULTS Before matching,the mother's occupation,children's personality characteristics,and children's rearing patterns differed between the groups(P<0.05).After matching 550 pairs,differences in the children's parenting styles remained.There were significant differences in children's gender and parents'attitudes toward children between the two groups.The Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire(SDQ)scores of children in the only child group and the Parenting Stress Index-Short Form(PSI-SF)scores of parents were significantly lower than those in the non-only child group(P<0.05).Pearson’s correlation analysis showed that after matching,there was a positive correlation between children's parenting style and parents'attitudes toward their children(r=0.096,P<0.01),and the PSI-SF score was positively correlated with children's gender,parents'attitudes toward their children,and SDQ scores(r=0.077,0.193,0.172,0.222).CONCLUSION Preschool children's emotional behavior and parental pressure were significantly higher in multi-child families.Parental pressure in differently structured families was associated with many factors,and preschool children's emotional behavior was positively correlated with parental pressure.

Family Centered Care versus Child Centered Care: The Malawi Context

Family Centered care is a model that is practiced and encouraged in child health care. It considers family as partners and collaborators in care of children. It aims at involving family in all aspects of child care. Family centered care also mentions involvement of child. However, emphasis is given more on family than child and does not take into account the older child’s capacity for independent decision making and right to privacy. As such, child’s needs are missed out. With child centered care, children are involved and supported at all levels of care based on their age and developmental stage. This paper aims to stress the importance of involving children within family centered care. Involving children in their care, makes them feel less threatened by the health care professional and their self esteem is promoted. Currently, no studies have been identified in Malawi that demonstrates full partnership between the family, child and the nurse. Furthermore, Family Centered Care and Child Centered Care as models are not fully practiced. It is therefore important to practice both family and child centered care in child health care if the needs of both family and children are to be addressed concurrently.

Literature Review on Support for Children and Families Experiencing Parental Bereavement

Purpose: This study aimed to understand the actual nursing support in a wide perspective by reviewing overseas literature on support for children who have experienced parental bereavement and their families. The goal was to identify future challenges in nursing support in clinical practice in Japan. Method: Literature searchable as of May 2023 was retrieved using PubMed, resulting in 11 relevant articles. Result: The results revealed the following: 1) For support provided to children, 13 codes were condensed into 5 subcategories and 4 categories. 2) For support provided to families, 36 codes were condensed into 11 subcategories and 4 categories. Conclusion: Open communication was found to be essential for supporting children and their families who have experienced parental bereavement. Moreover, involvement of multiple professions facilitated the provision of specialized support to address diverse needs of children and families, playing a crucial role in overcoming grief. Additionally, the effectiveness of support systems for bereaved families highlighted the need for nursing professionals in Japan to gain knowledge through learning opportunities and to establish a multi-disciplinary approach to support, thus indicating future challenges in nursing support.

Empirical Study on the Empowerment of Families Raising Children with Severe Motor and Intellectual Disabilities in Japan: The Association with Positive Feelings towards Child Rearing

Background: “Children with severe motor and intellectual disabilities” refers to children with markedly limited activity due to severe overlapping of physical and intellectual disabilities. The physical and mental burden placed on families raising severely disabled children, particularly the primary caregivers, is great in home settings. For families to effectively utilize services and over-come child rearing problems, the families themselves need the “strength” to cooperate with others for the purpose of raising a severely disabled child. The ultimate goal of family support is to enable such families to achieve satisfaction and self-growth in child rearing. Methods: We used a questionnaire to survey 75 primary caregivers to empirically elucidate the empowerment and positive feelings towards child rearing of families raising children with severe motor and intellectual disabilities and the related factors. The t-test and Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient were used to examine the association with bivariates. A multiple regression analysis was conducted for empowerment and positive feelings. Results: Results revealed that life events, livelihood, awareness of social support and the child’s sleep problems were factors related to empowerment. Of these, awareness of social support from outside of the family was found to contribute the most to empowerment. Furthermore, improvement and maintenance of positive feelings towards child rearing reaffirmed the existence of empowerment in addition to reducing negative feelings towards child rearing and ensuring social support. Conclusions: Raising children with severe motor and intellectual disabilities requires specialist knowledge and skills. Support from professionals to empower the entire family is therefore important in order to strengthen positive feelings towards child rearing.

Moving from fear to realization: Family engagement in tuberculosis prevention in children living in tuberculosis Sundanese households in Indonesia

Objective: Children living in tuberculosis households need protection.However,families need to be engaged to prevent tuberculosis transmission to children.This study aimed to analyze the details of "moving from fear to realization," which is one category of a substantive theory of family engagement in tuberculosis prevention in children.Methods: Fourteen family caregivers participated as key informants after their families met the criteria.The participants were recruited at a lung clinic in West Java,Indonesia and followed up at their homes.The data were gathered using in-depth interviews and analyzed following the coding procedures of the Straussian grounded theory.Findings: "Moving from fear to realization" was the main category that emerged from the experiences of the Sundanese families to begin engaging in tuberculosis prevention in children living in tuberculosis households.It was composed of four sub-categories,namely,fear of tuberculosis,seeking information,following God's will,and awareness of tuberculosis transmission risks.Conclusions: This study showed how a family moves from fear to the realization of tuberculosis transmission risks.Its findings are useful for nurses to provide optimum care in order to prevent tuberculosis transmission to children with household contact by providing both education and counseling for families.

GIS-Based Factorial Ecology and Social Public Space of the Twin City of Ramallah and Al-Bireh, West Bank, The Palestinian Authority

In the present research, a factorial ecological approach using factor analysis was employed to evaluate the dimensionality of the urban social structure of the twin city: Ramallah and Al-Bireh, West Bank, the Palestinian Authority. Through factor analysis, the 41 variables were reduced to four factors with an eigenvalue > 1.0. These factors explain 77.07 percent of the total variables used in the study. Factor I contributes 28.419% of the total variance proportion of input variables, labeled as “family, housing, and public spaces factor”. Factor II accounts for 19.57% of the variance proportion, designated as” housing and urban public spaces”. Factor III is strongly correlated with variables referring to the characteristics of the head of the family, and the availability of public spaces, and thus, is designated as “head of the family and public spaces”. It explains 16.68% of the total variance. Finally, factor IV explains 12.406% of variance proportion, and is strongly associated with variables pertaining to a lack of public social spaces. Consequently, factor IV is termed “lack of public spaces”. The spatial distribution of factor scores related to factors I to IV was mapped using Arc GIS in order to analyze the spatial patterns of the recognized four factors. It is worth noting the factor IV, which refers to the lack of urban social space and, urban public space, which persists in the twin city, and will continue to persist in the future. The lack of urban open space and public social spaces is closely connected to migration, emerged housing pattern, and family status dimensions focused on factors I to III, continuous confiscation of the Palestinian lands, and the construction of Israeli settlements. Currently, the twin city is extremely overcrowded with stone/concrete buildings at the expense of public space which has declined continuously over the last three decades. Nevertheless, the analyzed spatial pattern of factor scores indicated the homogeneous character of the urban society of the twin city. Based on the urban eco-logical models which seek to characterize the Western, non-Western, Israeli, and Arab-oil producing (e.g., Kuwait) urban structures, it is difficult to elaborate a specific Palestinian urban ecological model with reference to the models developed elsewhere.

Child Neglect and Perspectives of Nurses Specializing in Mental Health and Psychiatry in Family Violence:Clinical Case

We live in a changing society in which the family plays a role in fostering close relationships among family members,as well as the responsibility to pass on values and principles to them.When the actions of parents and other families impair the child‟s rights and needs in terms of psychomotor,intellectual,moral,emotional or relationship development,we will face situations of neglect,abuse or violence.Since these behaviors can be active(sexual,physical or psychological violence)or passive(by default,to ensure the well-being of the child).Neglect is a form of abuse that leaves the child feeling ostracized and guilty.

Family Organization in the Care of Pediatric Heart Transplant Patients:The Genogram as an Investigative Tool

This study aimed to describe structure, functionality and development of pediatric heart transplant families, from the understanding of the experienced chronic condition. A descriptive, exploratory study using a qualitative approach was developed in a hospital situated in a city of Northeast Brazil, in 2012. The study was conducted with three families, using the Calgary Family Assessment Model (CFAM). In addition to the genogram, an analysis of the children’s/adolescents’ family members was conducted at the time of interview. Two families were binuclear families and one was mononuclear. From the evaluation, it was possible to determine the care and support network of children and adolescents with heart transplants, as well as some difficulties faced by the investigated families. Nurses are important in this family context since the visualization of the family genogram can generate a change in the nursing care to each family.

Utilization of Insecticide Treated Bed Nets among Mothers Attending MCH/FP in Webuye District Hospital, Bungoma County, Kenya

Malaria is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in Kenya, with close to 70 percent (24 million) of the population at risk of infection. It affects people of all age groups: children under five years of age and pregnant women living in malaria endemic regions who are vulnerable. The main objective was to assess the utilization of the insecticide treated bed nets among the mothers attending MCH/FP in Webuye District Hospital, Bungoma County, Kenya. This research was based at the Webuye District Hospital, Bungoma County, Kenya from February to May, 2013. Sample size included 40 adult mothers attending MCH/FP aged 18 years and above during the study period. The design of the study was cross-sectional where sampling technique employed was non-probabilistic, purposive sampling. Data was collected by interviews using structured questionnaire which was administered by the researchers. SPSS version 16 was employed in Data analysis. The association between the overall knowledge about ITN use and malaria attack and level of education was tested and correlation between knowledge about malaria and ITNs utilization was calculated. Nearly all mothers attending MCH/FP had knowledge about ITNs nets and used it, with majority, 82.5% of the respondents used it for protection and 75% knew the importance of ITNs which were for malaria prevention. A majority of mothers attending MCH/FP were aware of ITNs and used it. Malaria morbidity was influenced by various factors including frequency of ITN use and most respondents interviewed had contracted malaria once before. The difference was found to be highly statistically significant between the overall knowledge about ITN use and malaria attack and level of education (χ2 = 58.7, p = 0.000). There was a significantly moderate positive correlation between total knowledge and ITN utilization (r = 0.449 & p = 0.000). The same was for the frequency of use but it was found to be in a weak magnitude, (r = 0.223 & p = 0.000). There was a strong positive correlation between knowledge about risk which is exposed to the case of non-utilization and the overall knowledge (r = 0.853 & p = 0.000). Based on the above results, it’s recommended that the Ministry of Health increase knowledge of effective malaria prevention and treatment methods in communities where misconceptions and use of unproven prevention and treatment methods are common.

The Role of the Matemal Archetype in the Work of Flannery O＇Connor

This paper explores the motivations behind the behaviors of characters in the work of renowned southern writer, Flannery O＇Connor, and displays that these characters behave the way that they do because of their relationships with their mothers. Herein the author investigates Attachment Theory, a theory regarding the human need to connect with caregivers and nurturers in childhood, and--through a psychological lens--how this principle influences the grown characters in O＇Connor＇s work. In an examination of the prevalent archetype of ＂The Great Mother＂ in her stories, namely ＂The Lame Shall Enter First＂, ＂The Enduring Chill＂, and ＂Parker＇s Back＂, we can see the effects of secure---or confident, warm and reliable--parent-child attachment as well as the effects of insecure---unstable and unreliable--attachment. These different attachment styles contribute to the lifelong development of different behaviors and even personalities in the characters of Norton, Asbury, and O.E. Parker. In the cases above mentioned, the relationship between characters and their maternal figures contribute not only to the plot of the story, but also to the fate of the characters--driving them to do things that are often extreme and climactically catalytic. It proves that parent-child relationships have lasting psychological effects, and, in the case of O＇Connor＇s work, spiritual ones as well. O＇Connor is well known for the religious morals of her works, and in this study it is ultimately evident that the relationships between characters and their maternal figures reflect and influence each character＇s relationship with and attitude towards Deity.

Problems in Nursing Service in Shanghai Single-Child Families and Countermeasures

It has been 30 years since the family planning policy had been implemented in the last 1970s. Today, the first generation of only child has already reached thirties and their parents have entered into old age so that they may confront such a dilemma situation in which they should not only look after their own child but also take care of their parents. The paper find the different demand of the aging people in different type of family through the site investigation about pension service demand in three different kinds of communities in Cao Hejing. The survey mainly make a statistical analysis in economic situation, life care and emotional solace through the on-site questionnaire and interview, finding the particularity of the only child family, sorting out the best pension service strategy for the one-child family through the analysis research and the reference of international practice.

Compromise and Change: Reconsideration on the Custody of Infants Act of 1839

The United Kingdom’s Custody of Infants Act of 1839 is generally regarded as a signature instrument for women to gain guardianship of a child, and widely considered a product of the equal rights movement launched by women in England. It has played an important role in promoting women’s equal rights and breaking patriarchal absolutism. However, there was much compromise in the legal basis for the legislation and the legal provisions, resulting in debates on the legislation that have greatly diluted the revolutionary significance of the Act. Starting with the Marxist argument on bourgeois family legislation, this paper analyzes the legislative and judicial practice of guardianship of minors before and after the promulgation of the Act in the United Kingdom. In view of its impact on the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child, this paper attempts to re-evaluate the historical status of this act.