Initial Stages of Ontogenesis of <i>Capparis spinosa</i>L. in the Conditions of the Tashkent Botanical Garden (Uzbekistan)

The initial stages of the ontogenesis of Capparis spinosa L. (Capparidaceae) were studied for the first time in the conditions of the Tashkent Botanical Garden of the Republic of Uzbekistan. In plants, the seed peel is very dense and hard. Therefore, in laboratory and field conditions, the germination of seeds is low. In natural conditions, the seeds of mature fruits do not germinate for a long time (4 - 5 years). The seeds after undergoing cold stratification gave positive results (70% - 80%). Also, information is given about the nature of the use of its useful properties in the national economy as both forage, medicinal, and honey-bearing use. Plants are quite resistant to xerothermic factors, parasites and diseases. Capparis spinosa is a very promising plant adapted to various environmental conditions and can be used for degraded pastures of desert and foothill regions of the Republic of Uzbekistan.

Ontogenesis of the Form <i>Biota orientalis compacta</i>(Cupressaceae) in the Conditions of Introduction of the Tashkent Botanical Garden (Uzbekistan)

The ontogenesis of the form Biota orientalis compacta (Cupressaceae) was first studied in the conditions of introduction of the Tashkent Botanical Garden. The passage of periods and stages of ontogenesis, full ripening of the cones, a high rate of growth and development, as well as high seed productivity are the main indicators of the success and prospects of the introduction of the form Biota orientalis compacta. The data obtained will serve as a theoretical basis for the agrotechnical development in landscaping.

Ontogenesis of Elytrigia trichophora (Link) Nevski in the Conditions of Uzbekistan (Biometric Indicators)

The article is devoted to the study of the biomorphological features of Elytrigia trichophora under conditions of introduction in the mountain semi-desert zone and the determination of their economic prospects for introduction into rainfed crops. The research results showed that, in the Tashkent area, the number of generative shoots is almost the same, but they are 30 - 31 cm long and the number of partial bushes is 4 - 5 more than in Chartak. The root system lengthens by 18 - 25 cm per year, and the number of roots of the first order in the third year of vegetation increases to 93.6 ± 2.31 pieces, they branch up to the III-IV order. The duration of medium-aged generative plants in the Chartak area is 5 - 6 years, and in the Tashkent area, it is 1 - 2 years longer.

Ontogenes and Their Role in Cellular Construction

The genes referred to as ontogenes are responsible for conditional mutations. Based on the results of the research of conditional mutations in D. melanogaster, we attempt to figure out the biological role of ontogenes. We conclude that ontogenes in the process of individual development control the construction of the living organisms of cells (cellular construction), which comprises the induction of cell division, determination of division plane, and the location of daughter cells after the division is completed. The process of morphogenesis consists of cellular construction and protein synthesis. Protein synthesis is controlled by protein-coding (Mendelian) genes. Mendelian genes are switched on by ontogenes. In terms of the two-component genome composed of Mendelian genes and ontogenes, we consider 1) the concept of biological character;2) interspecific incompatibility;3) ontogenesis;4) phylogenesis;and 5) mutagenesis. Ontogenes, which control cellular construction, possess the specific features unusual for Mendelian genes, namely, 1) the activity in germ line tissue;2) remote interaction;and 3) activity in a compacted state (heterochromatization). These specific features of ontogenes suggest that unlike the Mendelian genes with their chemical activity, ontogenes possess another type of activity (biophysical) involving induction of an electromagnetic field.

Mutation in Ontogene and Emergence of Secondary Chromosome Damages in Drosophila Germline Cells

The conditional mutations in drosophila were obtained by γ-irradiation and selected using the test for dominant lethality. The conditional mutations survive under permissive genetic conditions and, additionally, commence to display novel properties. One of such properties is a recessive lethality. Ten conditional mutations that displayed recessive lethality were mapped with the help of a standard set of deletions. Half mutations contained two and more lethal defects. The fact that a large number of the lethal defects are associated with one mutation suggests that γ-irradiation is the most unlikely cause of the defects. One of the conditional mutations carried four lethal regions and had a Small barrel (Smba) visual phenotype. The Smba phenotype in the Smba/ In(2LR) Cy strain is inherited according to a parental type and disappears in the Smba/In(2LR) Pm strain. Lethality in two of the four lethal regions also disappears in this strain. A separate experiment was conducted to clarify how these regions lost a lethal manifestation after the In(2LR) Cy chromosome in the Smba/In(2LR) Cy strain was replaced with the In(2LR) Pm chromosome. The process of disappearance of the Smba phenotype was also observed in three Smba/In(2LR) Cy substocks. These data suggest that the regions of multiple recessive lethality emerge in a secondary manner under the effect of the earlier formed radiation-induced mutation in ontogene. It is assumed that the recessive lethal regions are the ontogenes with an altered DNA conformation. The conformation in ontogenes is changed in the germline cells during a regular “editing” of the individual development program.

Perspectives of pluripotent stem cells in livestock

The recent progress in derivation of pluripotent stem cells(PSCs)from farm animals opens new approaches not only for reproduction,genetic engineering,treatment and conservation of these species,but also for screening novel drugs for their efficacy and toxicity,and modelling of human diseases.Initial attempts to derive PSCs from the inner cell mass of blastocyst stages in farm animals were largely unsuccessful as either the cells survived for only a few passages,or lost their cellular potency;indicating that the protocols which allowed the derivation of murine or human embryonic stem(ES)cells were not sufficient to support the maintenance of ES cells from farm animals.This scenario changed by the innovation of induced pluripotency and by the development of the 3 inhibitor culture conditions to support naïve pluripotency in ES cells from livestock species.However,the long-term culture of livestock PSCs while maintaining the full pluripotency is still challenging,and requires further refinements.Here,we review the current achievements in the derivation of PSCs from farm animals,and discuss the potential application areas.

Morphogenesis of the Euplotid Ciliate Uronychia binucleata Young, 1922(Ciliophora, Hypotrichia)

Morphogenesis of a population of the marine euplotid ciliate, Uronychia binucleata, which was found in Yellow Sea coastal waters next to a sewage outfall at a beach near Zhanqiao Pier, Qingdao, China, was investigated using protargol staining. The main pattern of morphogenesis is typical for the genus and can be summarized as follows: 1) the oral primordium in both proter and opisthe develops de novo in a subcortical pouch. In each daughter cell, the developing adoral zone of membranelles divides into two parts. The new membranelles formed in the proter's oral primordium will replace the leftmost five parental ones; six parental membranelles are retained by the proter; 2) the undulating membranes anlage is formed and develops independently from the oral primordium within the same subcortical pouch; 3) five primary front oventral-transverse cirral anlagen appear de novo on the cell surface; 4) the marginal cirral anlagen are formed de novo; 5) the leftmost frontal cirrus develops de novo on the cell surface; 6) two caudal cirri are formed at the posterior end of the rightmost anlage while the second primordium from the right gives rise to the third caudal cirrus. In contrast to its congeners, the anlage of the leftmost frontal cirrus is formed to the right of the undulating membranes anlage and before the formation of the latter.

Social Deprivation of Newborn Rats Modifies Exploratory and Defensive Behavior at Mature Age

The effect of complete social deprivation in early postnatal ontogenesis on adult behavior in Wag/Rij rats with a genetic predisposition to the development of absence epilepsy was studied. From the 2nd to the 8th day of life, a 3-hour daily isolation of the pups from the mother and siblings was performed, the control animals were handled. In adulthood, offspring behavior was tested in an elevated plus-maze, an open field, and for an ability to learn the conditioned reflex of active avoidance. In isolated earlier rats, an increase in emotional reactivity, exploratory behavior in a potentially dangerous space, the speed of learning a conditioned reflex with negative painful reinforcement, and a disturbance of the formation of a defensive reaction were revealed. It is assumed that high emotional reactivity creates the prerequisites for the development of absence epilepsy.

Bioecological Characteristics and Natural Resources of <i>Rhaponticum integrifolium</i>in Uzbekistan

The large life cycle Rhaponticum integrifolium in natural populations (Qashqadaryo, Uzbekistan) was studied. Duration of before generative, generative and senile periods of Rhaponticum integrifolium is 2 - 5, 8 - 10 and 2 - 4 years respectively. The beginning of phenophases depends on the height of the terrain above sea level: raising the terrain from 400 to 1500 m leads to a delay in the onset of phenophases. Age states of Rhaponticum integrifolium in different ecological and phytogenetic conditions were revealed. Updated distribution of detected participation of vegetation and the raw Rhaponticum integrifolium in Uzbekistan, describes the dynamics of the contents ecdysteroids in the periods of vegetation. At the same time, a map of the species area in Central Asia was made and the term of its phytomass recovery under different operating modes of thickets was determined.

The Current Situation of Coenopopulation of <i>Lepidium subcordatum</i>Botsch. et Vved. (<i>Brassicaceae</i>) in Relict Mountains Kyzylkum (Uzbekistan)

Lepidium subcordatum Botsch. et Vved. (Brassicaceae) is a rare endemic species of relict mountains of the Kyzylkum desert. The plant is listed in the “Red Data Book of Uzbekistan”. It grows on stony and rocky slopes of relict mountains. The ontogenetic structure of five coenotypical populations of this taxa growing in the Kuldzhuktau and Auminzatau mountains had been revealed. The ontogenesis duration is more than 20 years in natural habitats. All investigated coenopopulations can be assessed as normal and incomplete. The typical spectrum of coenopopulations is centralized with a peak in the middle-generative individuals. The ontogenetic spectrum of the most studied coenopopulations coincides with the characteristic ontogenetic structure that indicates a favorable environmental condition in region for self-maintenance of L. subcordatum coenopopulations.

Geobotanical and Ecological-Physiological Characteristics of Some Medicinal Species of the Genus <i>Inula</i>L. under Conditions of Uzbekistan

The article presents the geobotanical and some bioecological features of species of the genus Inula L., family Asteraceae (Compositae). The water regime, as well as the water holding capacity, transpiration rate and adaptive ability of plants to drought in the arid zone, is considered. The results of studies on the introduction into the culture based on indicators of the osmotic pressure of cell juice are presented.

Genetic Nature of the “Hanthoviresens” Mutation of l - 4 Yellow Line—Transforming into Green and Their Relationship with the Chlorophylls Content

It was determined that the yellow colour of Hanthoviresens mutation in L4 line of leaves is the result of genetic transforming into green and correlation of their hybrids on the L3. The yellow color in the leaves of L4 line is the result of recessive mutation relatively to anthocyanin colour in L3 line. This mutation and chlorophylls quantity in L4 line are being controlled by nuclear genes and high quantity of chlorophylls in L3 line is the result of linkage in gene group where gene Rstv is located or the result of the effect of pleiotropia on chlorophylls content. That is why chlorophylls quantity in plants with yellow colour is lower than in L3 line as these plants resulted from expression of rprprst<sup style="margin-left:-6px;">v rst<sup style="margin-left:-6px;">v gene type.

Ontogenetic Approach to the Study of Mechanisms of Copper-Induced Liver Fibrosis

On the model of Cu-induced liver fibrosis, the relationship between the activity of prooxidant-antioxidant system, immune system parameters, liver morphology and several physiological parameters (body temperature and performance ability of the animals, taking into account their ages) was investigated. Classical biochemical, immunological, histological and physiological methods of investigation were used. The subjects of the study were male Wistar rats of 3-month (young) and 20-month (old) age. For the induction of liver fibrosis, experimental animals were successively injected with copper sulfate (three times at intervals of 24 hours at a dose corresponding to 33% of the lethal one). It was shown that after five days of sulfate copper administration inflammatory reactions in the liver, damage of the vessel epithelium, an increase in collagen content, and other morphological changes were detected. At this time, the content of lipid hydroperoxides in the liver and blood serum was increased, the activity of a number of antioxidant enzymes was reduced, and the activity of aconitase was two times less compared to values in the control group. These changes correlated with a decrease in the amount and activity of phagocytic cells in the blood of experimental animals. Inhibition of the general metabolism was accompanied by a decrease in body temperature, loss of body weight and performance ability. The relationship between a specific metabolic pattern in animals with Cu-induced fibrosis was age-dependent. The formed specific adaptive metabolic pattern is unstable, and in the future it can be realized in one of three possible adaptive strategies, the choice of which is influenced by age.

Age-related peculiarities of change in content of free radical oxidation products in muscle during stress

The age-dependent peculiarities of stimulation of free radical processes in subcellular fractions of skeletal muscle of rats subjected to long-term immobilization stress were studied in order to improve knowledge about changes of muscular tissue during ontogenesis. It is found that adult animals do not show accumulation of proteins carbonyls, TBA-reactive substances, and Schiff bases in subcellular fractions of the thigh muscle when immobUized. Long-term immobilization causes apparent manifestation of oxidative stress only in mitochondrial fraction in pubertal rats. Mitochondrial oxidative stress defense systems are sufficiently effective, however, direction of pathways of free radical oxidation carbonyl products catabolism alters in the cytoplasm of myocytes in old rats under long-term immobilization conditions.

Reconsideration of the taxonomy of the marine ciliate Neobakuella aenigmatica Moon et al.,2019(Protozoa,Ciliophora,Hypotrichia)

The morphology and divisional morphogenesis in a Chinese population of Neobakuella aenigmatica Moon et al.,2019 are reinvestigated.The body size,number and arrangement of parabuccal cirri and development of nuclear nodules in this population are discussed in comparison with closely related genera.The 18S rRNA gene sequence of the Chinese population is identical to that of a Korean population,supporting a distant relationship between N.aenigmatica and the cluster of N.flava and Apobakuella fuse a.We deduce that this may be caused by the differences in the pattern of the parabuccal cirri and the number of parabuccal rows which are important for the phylogeny of Bakuella-like,species.

Hypotrichidium tisiae(Gelei,1929)Gelei,1954:a unique hypotrichid ciliate having a highly specialized developmental pattern during binary division

In sharp contrast to their pelagic relatives,the oligotrichs,the overwhelming majority of hypotrich ciliates inhabit the benthos.Only a few species,including those of the genus Hypotrichidium Ilowaisky,1921,have adapted to a planktonic lifestyle.The ontogenetic mode of the highly differentiated ciliate,Hypotrichidium tisiae(Gelei,1929)Gelei,1954,is unknown.In this study,the interphase morphology and the ontogenetic process of this species are investigated.Accordingly,the previously unidentified ciliary pattern of Hypotrichidium is redefined.The main morphogenetic features are as follows:(1)The parental adoral zone of membranelles is inherited completely by the proter and the oral primordium of the opisthe arises in a deep pouch.(2)Five frontoventral cirral anlagen(FVA)are formed:FVA I contributes to the single frontal cirrus,FVA II–IV generate three frontoventral cirral rows,FVA V migrates and forms postoral ventral cirri.(3)All marginal cirral row anlagen develop de novo:each of the two left anlagen forms a single cirral row,while the single right anlage fragments into anterior and posterior parts.(4)Two dorsal kinety anlagen occur de novo,with the right one fragmenting to form kineties 2 and 3.(5)Two long caudal cirral rows are formed at the ends of dorsal kineties 1 and 3.On the basis of the morphogenetic features and phylogenetic analyses,the assignment of Hypotrichidium to the family Spirofilidae Gelei,1929 within Postoralida is supported.The establishment of separate families for the slender“tubicolous”spirofilids and the highly helical spirofilids is also validated.