Morphogenesis and Molecular Phylogeny of a Marine Urostylid Ciliate Apokeronopsis wrighti(Protista, Ciliophora, Hypotrichia)

Hypotrichs are one of the highly differentiated ciliated lineages which play important roles in ecological, environmental,evolutionary and basic biological studies. In the present study, we investigated the living characteristics, infraciliature, nuclear apparatus, ontogenesis and phylogenetic position of a marine hypotrichous ciliate, Apokeronopsis wrighti Long et al., 2008, which was isolated from coastal waters in Shenzhen, China. The new isolate resembles the type population in terms of morphological characteristics, morphometrics, and SSU rRNA gene sequence that is with a 99.7% similarity. Ontogenesis of A. wrighti is characterized by oral primordium for the proter as well as marginal and dorsal kineties anlagen in both filial products formed de novo, and the cirral row arranged along the paroral and endoral arises from several anterior frontoventral-transverse cirral streaks. Phylogenetic analyses based on SSU and concatenated gene data suggest that five species of Apokeronopsis form a monophyletic clade, and the genus Apokeronopsis is closely related to Thigmokeronopsis and Metaurostylopsis.

Initial Stages of Ontogenesis of <i>Capparis spinosa</i>L. in the Conditions of the Tashkent Botanical Garden (Uzbekistan)

The initial stages of the ontogenesis of Capparis spinosa L. (Capparidaceae) were studied for the first time in the conditions of the Tashkent Botanical Garden of the Republic of Uzbekistan. In plants, the seed peel is very dense and hard. Therefore, in laboratory and field conditions, the germination of seeds is low. In natural conditions, the seeds of mature fruits do not germinate for a long time (4 - 5 years). The seeds after undergoing cold stratification gave positive results (70% - 80%). Also, information is given about the nature of the use of its useful properties in the national economy as both forage, medicinal, and honey-bearing use. Plants are quite resistant to xerothermic factors, parasites and diseases. Capparis spinosa is a very promising plant adapted to various environmental conditions and can be used for degraded pastures of desert and foothill regions of the Republic of Uzbekistan.

Ontogenesis of the Form <i>Biota orientalis compacta</i>(Cupressaceae) in the Conditions of Introduction of the Tashkent Botanical Garden (Uzbekistan)

The ontogenesis of the form Biota orientalis compacta (Cupressaceae) was first studied in the conditions of introduction of the Tashkent Botanical Garden. The passage of periods and stages of ontogenesis, full ripening of the cones, a high rate of growth and development, as well as high seed productivity are the main indicators of the success and prospects of the introduction of the form Biota orientalis compacta. The data obtained will serve as a theoretical basis for the agrotechnical development in landscaping.

Ontogenesis of Elytrigia trichophora (Link) Nevski in the Conditions of Uzbekistan (Biometric Indicators)

The article is devoted to the study of the biomorphological features of Elytrigia trichophora under conditions of introduction in the mountain semi-desert zone and the determination of their economic prospects for introduction into rainfed crops. The research results showed that, in the Tashkent area, the number of generative shoots is almost the same, but they are 30 - 31 cm long and the number of partial bushes is 4 - 5 more than in Chartak. The root system lengthens by 18 - 25 cm per year, and the number of roots of the first order in the third year of vegetation increases to 93.6 ± 2.31 pieces, they branch up to the III-IV order. The duration of medium-aged generative plants in the Chartak area is 5 - 6 years, and in the Tashkent area, it is 1 - 2 years longer.

The Developmental Peculiarities of Tubular Bones of Autopodies of Sheep at Postnatal Ontogenesis in Dependence on Habitat Conditions

The morphometrical peculiarities of tubular bones of autopodies of sheep in Karakul and Gissar breeds at postnatal ontogenesis were studied by using morphometrical methods.Proximal and distal joint cartilages of bones were thicker at new-born animals and till 60 months age it gradually became thinner.The terms of ossification of metaepifizar cartilage of tubular bones of autopodies at postnatal ontogenesis depended on their placement in the skeleton of extremities,habitat conditions and breed of animals were determined.

个体发育对黄海南部金乌贼角质颚形态的影响

为了探究个体发育和食性对金乌贼角质颚形态的影响。实验采用几何形态测量学地标点法对2018年11月—2019年3月在黄海南部采集的金乌贼角质颚进行形态分析,共对138对金乌贼的上、下颚分别定义了27个地标点进行分析。结果显示,(1)不同发育阶段的金乌贼上、下颚的大小、形态及异速生长模式均存在显著差异,并且不同性别的上颚形态存在显著差异。(2)未成熟期的金乌贼角质颚的喙部较弯曲和尖锐,亚成熟期的角质颚头盖和翼部变宽,喙部也较尖锐,而成熟期的角质颚喙部短钝,侧壁较尖长,下颚翼部宽大。研究表明,不同发育阶段角质颚的发育机制可能是为更好地适应摄食对象变更,满足摄食需求做出的响应。这些与个体生长发育和摄食习性相关的表型可塑性反映了金乌贼角质颚的生长规律和金乌贼对食物资源的适应性利用。本研究通过分析金乌贼角质颚形态的生长变化,完善了金乌贼的基础生物学信息,为金乌贼资源的合理利用提供一定的科学依据。

Ontogenes and Their Role in Cellular Construction

The genes referred to as ontogenes are responsible for conditional mutations. Based on the results of the research of conditional mutations in D. melanogaster, we attempt to figure out the biological role of ontogenes. We conclude that ontogenes in the process of individual development control the construction of the living organisms of cells (cellular construction), which comprises the induction of cell division, determination of division plane, and the location of daughter cells after the division is completed. The process of morphogenesis consists of cellular construction and protein synthesis. Protein synthesis is controlled by protein-coding (Mendelian) genes. Mendelian genes are switched on by ontogenes. In terms of the two-component genome composed of Mendelian genes and ontogenes, we consider 1) the concept of biological character;2) interspecific incompatibility;3) ontogenesis;4) phylogenesis;and 5) mutagenesis. Ontogenes, which control cellular construction, possess the specific features unusual for Mendelian genes, namely, 1) the activity in germ line tissue;2) remote interaction;and 3) activity in a compacted state (heterochromatization). These specific features of ontogenes suggest that unlike the Mendelian genes with their chemical activity, ontogenes possess another type of activity (biophysical) involving induction of an electromagnetic field.

Mutation in Ontogene and Emergence of Secondary Chromosome Damages in Drosophila Germline Cells

The conditional mutations in drosophila were obtained by γ-irradiation and selected using the test for dominant lethality. The conditional mutations survive under permissive genetic conditions and, additionally, commence to display novel properties. One of such properties is a recessive lethality. Ten conditional mutations that displayed recessive lethality were mapped with the help of a standard set of deletions. Half mutations contained two and more lethal defects. The fact that a large number of the lethal defects are associated with one mutation suggests that γ-irradiation is the most unlikely cause of the defects. One of the conditional mutations carried four lethal regions and had a Small barrel (Smba) visual phenotype. The Smba phenotype in the Smba/ In(2LR) Cy strain is inherited according to a parental type and disappears in the Smba/In(2LR) Pm strain. Lethality in two of the four lethal regions also disappears in this strain. A separate experiment was conducted to clarify how these regions lost a lethal manifestation after the In(2LR) Cy chromosome in the Smba/In(2LR) Cy strain was replaced with the In(2LR) Pm chromosome. The process of disappearance of the Smba phenotype was also observed in three Smba/In(2LR) Cy substocks. These data suggest that the regions of multiple recessive lethality emerge in a secondary manner under the effect of the earlier formed radiation-induced mutation in ontogene. It is assumed that the recessive lethal regions are the ontogenes with an altered DNA conformation. The conformation in ontogenes is changed in the germline cells during a regular “editing” of the individual development program.

匙吻鲟仔稚鱼消化酶发育的研究

对出膜后0—53d匙吻鲟的酸性蛋白酶、碱性蛋白酶、α-淀粉酶、脂肪酶以及磷酸酶的活性变化进行了测定。匙吻鲟出膜后饲养于室内水泥培育池中,从第3天开始投喂枝角类,之后于第40天将试验鱼转移至池塘。试验材料为受精卵及出膜后第3、第6、第12、第20、第30、第40、第44、第47、第53天仔稚鱼样品。研究发现主要消化酶在出膜时或卵黄期即可检测出活力。碱性蛋白酶和酸性蛋白酶分别在出膜后3d(3DAH)和刚出膜时(0DAH)检测出活力。碱性蛋白酶活力在44DAH达到最大值[(1.96±0.09)U/fish],47DAH出现下降,但在53DAH开始上升,比活力在53DAH达到最大值[(8.84±0.59)U/mg protein]。酸性蛋白酶在44DAH达到最大值[(0.52±0.05)U/fish],比活力在6DAH出现第一个峰值[(2.08±0.09)U/mg protein],并在30DAH出现最小值[(0.83±0.06)U/mg protein]。试验期间碱性蛋白酶活力高于酸性蛋白酶。在12DAH—40DAH期间α-淀粉酶活力相对稳定,并在47DAH达到最大值[(0.42±0.03)U/fish],比活力在12DAH出现一个峰值[(1.18±0.12)U/mg protein],并于47DAH出现最大值[(1.94±0.16)U/mg protein]。发育早期脂肪酶活力较高,活力和比活力分别在30DAH[(0.20±0.02)U/fish]和6DAH[(2.28±0.22)U/mg protein]出现最大值。碱性磷酸酶活力变化趋势与比活力变化趋势相似,但是最大值分别出现在44DAH[(0.08±0.00)U/fish]和30DAH[(1.96±0.15)U/mg protein]。酸性磷酸酶活力在3DAH出现一个峰值[(0.01±0.00)U/fish],之后显著升高,并在44DAH达到最大值[(0.05±0.00)U/fish],其比活分别在30DAH[(1.19±0.10)U/mg protein]和44DAH[(1.10±0.08)U/mg protein]出现两个峰值。结果表明,蛋白酶、α-淀粉酶和磷酸酶随个体发育活力增加,碱性蛋白酶在个体发育早期对蛋白质的消化具有重要作用。养殖环境发生改变时,酸性蛋白酶、α-淀粉酶、碱性磷酸酶和酸性磷酸酶活力在生长减慢时增加,生长加快时降低,而脂肪酶活力则维持稳定。

单环刺螠消化道的发生和分化

用组织学、组织化学和电镜技术对单环刺(Urechis unicinctus)消化道的发生及分化进行研究。结果表明,单环刺消化道起源于原肠胚期内陷而成的原肠腔;至早期担轮幼虫时期,消化道连通,开始摄食,此时据管腔直径不同消化道可分为口、食道、胃、中肠及后肠。附着变态后,其消化道在结构及功能上都有了明显的发育与分化。至蠕虫状幼虫时期。食道、胃及后肠已出现黏膜下层及肌层。嗉囊与砂囊可明显区分。中肠已产生肌纤维的分化,呼吸肠由中肠分化而来,其胞体细长,且核质比较小,可与中肠明显区分。至幼时期,食道前端产生了咽部的分化,至此消化道各部位在结构及功能上都与成体有了很大的相似性,即由口、咽、食道、嗉囊、砂囊、胃、中肠、呼吸肠、后肠和肛门组成。组织化学研究结果表明,随着发育,消化道各部位分别呈现不同的碱性磷酸酶、酸性磷酸酶、脂酶、ATP酶、非特异性酯酶及多糖类物质活性。

赤水河四川华吸鳅的早期发育

四川华吸鳅Sinogastromyzon szechuanensis为长江上游特有鱼类。为了积累其生物学资料,为相关的保护措施提供参考,于2009年通过人工授精获得四川华吸鳅受精卵,对其胚胎和仔鱼的发育过程进行了观察和描述。四川华吸鳅的受精卵呈浅黄色,卵膜径较小（1.85 mm±0.23 mm）,具粘性。在水温26.3~27.8℃下,胚体经历22 h34 min发育成仔鱼出膜;初孵仔鱼全长4.39 mm±0.21 mm,肌节37对;日龄4 d时,卵黄囊吸收完毕,进入外营养期;日龄65 d时,鳞片长齐,进入幼鱼期。整个早期发育过程历时65 d 22 h 34 min。

单环刺螠生殖腺的发生及雌体的生殖周期

采用组织学方法观察单环刺螠(Urechis unicinctus)生殖腺的发生、卵巢的结构及其年周期变化。结果显示:3.5cm幼螠中,原始生殖细胞迁至后肠管壁外的结缔组织膜处,并数个集群与该处的体细胞共同构成性腺原基;至4cm幼螠,性腺初具雏形;随着个体的生长和成熟,构成卵巢的细胞不断增殖,于虫体尾部后肠腹侧形成长条形膜状的卵巢,外周为卵原细胞,中央为结缔组织,其两端分别与后肠管壁外侧和体壁内侧相连。根据卵巢的组织学和体腔液中雌性生殖细胞的细胞学特征,单环刺螠的卵巢发育可划分为增殖期、生长期、成熟期、排放期和休止期5个时期。单环刺螠生殖腺为低等的定型类型,其卵巢成熟期较生殖期早半个月。

前裂长管茧蜂个体发育研究

前裂长管茧蜂Diachasmimorpha longicaudata（Ashmead）是许多双翅目实蝇类害虫的重要寄生性天敌。在实验室条件下，以桔小实蝇Bactrocera dorsalis（Hendel）为繁育寄主，系统观测了前裂长管茧蜂个体发育过程中各虫态的特征及其相应的发育历期。观察结果表明，前裂长管茧蜂整个生活史由卵、幼虫、蛹及成虫四个阶段组成。其幼虫可划分为四个龄期，一龄幼虫具几质丁的坚硬头壳和镰刀状的颚，形态特征与行为习性与二、三、四龄幼虫完全不同。前裂长管茧蜂约需20天完成世代发育。卵、一龄幼虫、二龄幼虫、三龄幼虫及四龄幼虫的历期依次为1．91、2．02、1．75、2．04和2．31d；蛹的历期介于8～10d，雌性个体发育时间长于雄性。前裂长管茧蜂通常比未被寄生的寄主迟3～5d羽化，雌、雄蜂在羽化后即能交配、产卵，被寄生的桔小实蝇幼虫体表上会留下明显的深褐色产卵孔，寄主化蛹后产卵孔仍保留在其蛹壳上。

粘菌的培养和个体发育研究评介

粘菌是真核生物中一个特殊和重要的类群，在系统演化、形态建成、发育分化等许多生物学研究方面具有重要的理论意义。但是，对于粘菌与其它生物间的系统关系以及粘菌内部的系统发育，一直存在着较大的争议，这正是许多生物学者从事粘菌培养、研究个体发育的原因，他们希望以此来获得可靠的系统发育证据。本文对粘菌的培养和个体发育研究进行了综述。

半干旱区模拟降雨下沟垄集雨种植对夏玉米生产影响

在人工模拟降雨条件下研究了不同降雨量沟垄集雨种植对夏玉米(ZeaMaysL.)个体发育、生物量积累及产量的影响。结果表明,沟垄集雨种植处理后,夏玉米生育期提前,株高和叶面积显著增加(p<0.05),在230、340和440mm降雨量下玉米总生物量比平作分别提高44.71%、28.51%和7.58%;230mm和340mm降雨量下,单株籽粒产量比平作分别提高了75.40%和36.70%,穗长分别增加了25.30%和16.00%,穗粒数分别增加了59.30%和29.20%,230mm降雨量下,玉米穗粗和千粒重比平作分别增加了11.40%和10.30%;440mm降雨量下籽粒产量与平作相比差异不明显。

金鱼不同组织器官及胚胎发育不同时期蛋白水解酶的种类和活性变化

采用复性电泳方法研究了金鱼组织器官蛋白水解酶及个体发生过程中蛋白水解酶的种类和活性变化，主要结果表明：（1）金鱼各组织器官蛋白水解酶种类差异不大，大多数组织器官都具有113、69、20、16kD四条带，但不同组织器官常具有其特异性蛋白水解酶；肠道蛋白水解酶种类最多、活性最强。（2）蛋白水解酶的活性受pH值影响和制约，大多数组织器官蛋白水解酶活性最适pH值为8．5。（3）在金鱼胚胎发有早期（从卵裂到心跳期）多数种类蛋白水解酶不表达，从孵化期开始表达；幼鱼蛋白水解酶种类相似于成鱼组织器官蛋白水解酶。（4）金鱼组织器官蛋白水解酶发生于胚胎发育后期（孵化期），多数蛋白水解酶在胚后发育阶段（仔鱼、幼鱼）逐渐出现。

银杏垂乳个体发生及系统学意义

垂乳银杏是银杏家族中的一特异种质,银杏垂乳分根生、干生和枝生垂乳。中国现有垂乳银杏348株,分布在19个省(市),日本有43株。垂乳银杏与性别无关,但以300年以上古树居多。银杏垂乳呈圆锥状,外皮粗糙,并且垂直向下生长。这些垂乳生长到地面时可以产生根系和叶片。垂乳在树体上可以单一出现,也可以几个聚生。垂乳的顶部没有顶端分生组织,只出现形成层、次生木质部和韧皮部。从距垂乳顶端1cm处纵断面显示它的管胞具有许多取向,从距其顶端7cm处取的断面显示,管胞接近正常的形成层取向。银杏垂乳发生机制通常有生长素说、愈伤或不定芽说、环境诱变说、病变或衰老说、子叶芽说。银杏垂乳也许对该物种的生长、发育及营养繁殖、野生性及长寿命具有重要的生态学和系统学意义。

龙眼假种皮的发生和果实的个体发育

本文从解剖学和生理学的角度,对龙眼假种皮的发生和果实的个体发育进行了进一步的研究。观察结果认为,龙眼果实的个体发育可分为两个阶段,第1期是果皮和种皮生长期,约50天左右;第2期是假种皮,子叶生长及果实成熟期,约60天左右。果皮和种皮的明显生长在前,且几乎是同步的;假种皮明显生长在后。

组织蛋白酶B在棉铃虫个体发育过程中的表达及活性研究

运用原位水解电泳、免疫印迹和免疫组织化学等方法系统研究了组织蛋白酶B(HCB)在棉铃虫个体发育过程中的表达及活性变化规律.研究显示,HCB的表达和活性随着胚胎发育的进行逐渐下降;整个幼虫阶段都没有HCB的表达和活性;整个蛹和成虫阶段虽然都有HCB的表达,但HCB的活性只能在发育晚期的蛹和成虫组织中检测到.这些现象表明,HCB的表达和活化属于翻译后控制,同时与棉铃虫的个体发育和组织分化有着密切的关系.

苹果实生树个体发育不同阶段叶片H_2O_2含量及相关酶活性的变化

【目的】了解多年生木本植物个体发育的不同阶段氧化还原平衡态的变化。【方法】以中国农业大学八口试验基地种植的苹果属‘紫塞明珠’ב富士’,‘金冠’ב紫塞明珠’杂种实生树和‘富士’/‘SH1’/八棱海棠嫁接树为试材,对不同节位叶片H2O2含量及过氧化氢酶(CAT)、过氧化物酶(POD)、抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)及谷胱甘肽还原酶(GR)的酶活性进行测定。【结果】苹果实生树不同杂交组合间、实生树与嫁接树间以及单株间叶片H2O2含量均存在显著差异。‘紫塞明珠’ב富士’实生树生殖生长期(R)叶片H2O2含量均显著高于童期(J)和成年营养生长期(V)。‘富士’/‘SH1’/八棱海棠嫁接树所有节位叶片H2O2含量均与杂种实生树R期相近。实生树R期叶片CAT,APX,GR酶活性均显著高于J期和V期。【结论】实生树个体发育不同阶段活性氧代谢存在显著差异。