Traditional Chinese Medicine(TCM)Domain Ontology:Current Status and Rethinking for the Future Development

The past twenty years have seen the increasingly important role of ontology in traditional Chinese medicine(TCM).However,the development of TCM ontology faces many challenges.Since the epistemologies dramatically differ between TCM and contemporary biomedicine,it is hard to apply the existing top-level ontology mechanically.“Data silos”are widely present in the currently available terminology standards,term sets,and ontologies.The formal representation of ontology needs to be further improved in TCM.Therefore,we propose a unified basic semantic framework of TCM based on in-depth theoretical research on the existing top・level ontology and a re-study of important concepts in TCM.Under such a framework,ontologies in TCM subdomains should be built collaboratively and be represented formally in a common format.Besides,extensive cooperation should be encouraged by establishing ontology research communities to promote ontology peer review and reuse.

The scientific nature of traditional Chinese medicine in the post-modern era

There is a growing need to understand traditional Chinese medicine(TCM)in modern scientific terms.TCM possesses the dual attributes of science and the humanities.At present,medical science and technology are progressing,while humanistic ethics are being neglected.TCM embodies the interaction between imagery and conceptual thinking,which can be explained from the following three aspects:imagery as an internal driving force for cultural rejuvenation,return to the true self and guarding of the root of life,and cosmology(harmony between man and nature).In the post-modern era,“people-oriented”medical values will lead to integrations between science and humanities,holism and reductionism,imagery-based thinking and conceptual thinking,systematic research and descriptive research,and evidence-based medicine and narrative medicine.

The development of traditional Chinese medicine

Similar to other medicines,traditional Chinese medicine(TCM)originated from the need for various practical solutions to treat diseases.It is a knowledge system summarized and condensed by the Chinese nation in the health care practice for thousands of years.TCM continues to serve the health care system.This study summarized the history,health concept,main treatment strategies and methods,current development,and future perspectives of TCM.It may provide a more comprehensive image of the overall TCM system.

Expression model for multiple relationships in the ontology of traditional Chinese medicine knowledge

Objective:To explore multiple relationships in traditional Chinese medicine(TCM)knowledge by comparing binary and multiple relationships during knowledge organization.Methods:Characteristics of binary and multiple semantic relationships as well as their associations are described.A method to classify multiple relationships based on the involvement of time is proposed and theoretically validated using examples from the ancient TCM classic Important Formulas Worth a Thousand Gold Pieces.The classification includes parallel multiple relationships,restricted multiple relationships,multiple relationships that involve time,and multiple relationships that involve time restriction.Next,construction of multiple semantic relationships for TCM concepts in each classification using Protege,an ontology editing tool is described.Results:Protege is superior to a binary relationship and less than ideal with multiple relationships during the constitution of concept relationships.Conclusion:When applied in TCM,the semantic relationships constructed by Protege are superior than those constructed by correlation and/or attribute relationships,but less ideal than those constructed by the human cognitive process.

The Eastern Cultural Signature of Traditional Chinese Medicine: Empirical Evidence and Theoretical Perspectives

Background: Holistic thinking, which is rooted in Eastern culture, is assumed to be the core of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM). Recently, such holistic thinking has been proposed to be applicable to Western medicine practices for alleviating serious side effects;however, the obscure and often ill-defined terms of TCM, such as qi, yin yang, and wuxing, pose considerable obstacles for further understanding TCM. In the present study, we explored whether and how TCM is actually related to the scientific construct of holistic thinking, to elucidate the particular cultural signature of TCM. Methods: A random sample of 101 college students majoring in TCM and 93 non-medical college students was recruited for the study. Two psychological scales—the Chinese Holistic Thinking Scale and the TCM Competence Scale were used respectively to measure the holistic thinking and participants’ ability to apply the TCM in practice. Results: We found that individuals who thought more holistically were better at applying TCM to modern medical problems. Interestingly, TCM was associated with holistic thinking in both TCM and non-medical students, suggesting that this association is intrinsic. Further exploration revealed that the association and variability facets of Eastern holistic thinking—which emphasize that the world is interconnected and ever-changing, respectively—significantly accounted for the individual differences in competence in utilizing TCM in practice. Conclusion: In short, our study provides the first empirical evidence linking TCM to the Eastern holistic thinking style, which not only deepens the understanding of TCM from a scientific perspective but also promotes dialogue between TCM and Western medicine for building safer and more effective health care systems.

Cultural interpretation on Xiang thinking of Traditional Chinese Medicine

Though the analysis on the characteristics of Xiang thinking and the cultural background of its formation, it is believed that Xiang thinking is not only an art of logic and thinking with the natural holistic view but also represents the most important cognitive patterns concerning knowledge system of Traditional Chinese Medicine, and even it is the soul of Traditional Chinese Medicine culture. Therefore, a new viewpoint has been proposed that it is necessary to adhere to Xiang thinking with the study of Xiang as a core procedure and to seek for breakthrough for academic innovation in the cognitive process of Xiang with efforts.

Ontological reconstruction of the clinical terminology of traditional Chinese medicine

This study proposes the ontological reconstruction of the current clinical terminology of traditional Chinese medicine （TCM）. It also provides an overview of preliminary work related to the said reconstruction, including the ontology-based analysis of TCM clinical terminology. We conclude that the ontological reconstruction of TCM clinical terminology provides a proper translation from the idealized organizational model to real-world implementation and to a formalized, shared, and knowledge-based framework.

Thinking on Treatment of Post-reperfusion Events in Patients with Coronary Heart Disease by Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine

In the 1970＇s, promoting blood circulation to remove blood stasis （PCRS） was the main method in integrative traditional Chinese and Western medicine （ICWM） in treating acute myocardial infarction （AMI）. It decreased the case fatality rate of AMI from 30% to 13%-16% as compared with that treated by simple Western internal medical conservative treatment. Later in the 1980＇s, such therapeutic approaches as infarction related arterial revascularization, thrombolysis and percutaneous coronary intervention （PCI） became the most effective means in treating AMI, which could re-canalize the obstructed coronary vessels, recover the blood perfusion of myocardium, and thus to save the ischemic myocardium, diminute the infarcted size, preserve the ventricular function and improve the patient＇s near and long-term prognosis, with the fatality rate reduced by 5%-7%. Hence, the some-time superiority of ICWM in treating AMI was overshadowed with no more luster left.

Strategy for market expansion:medical services of Traditional Chinese Medicine

OBJECTIVE:To explore a possible strategy of market expansion for Traditional Chinese Medicine(TCM) medical services.METHODS:Based on literature study and the data collected through a survey with a specifically-designed questionnaire,a strategy was suggested for TCM medical services entities.RESULTS:The outcome of the survey showed that 87.50% of respondents held that TCM belonged to complementary and alternative medicine or traditional medicine.CONCULSION:TCM medical services entities should be considered as market stopgap in healthcare market and a strategy of market expansion for TCM medical services should be built for them accordingly.

Molecular mechanisms of Biyu decoction as treatment for psoriasis:A network pharmacology and molecular docking study

BACKGROUND The therapeutic effects of a combination of Chinese medicines called Biyu decoction have been clinically verified,although its molecular targets in psoriasis remain unknown.AIM To explore the molecular mechanisms of Biyu decoction for psoriasis treatment.METHODS In this network pharmacology and molecular docking study,the Traditional Chinese Medicine Systems Pharmacology database was searched for Biyu decoction active ingredients.GeneCards,Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man,PharmGkb,Therapeutic Target Database,and DrugBank databases were searched for psoriasis-related genes.The genes targeted by the decoction’s active ingredient and disease genes were intersected to obtain predictive targets of the drug during psoriasis treatment.Cytoscape 3.8.0 was used to construct a drug component/target disease network.The The functional protein association networks database and Cytoscape were used to construct a protein-protein interaction network and streamline the core network.The Gene Ontology and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes were used for pathway enrichment analysis.Molecular docking technology was used to verify the drug component/target disease network.RESULTS We screened 117 major active ingredients,including quercetin,kaempferol,naringenin,and acetyl-shikonin,and identified 213 gene targets,such as MAPK3,JUN,FOS,MYC,MAPK8,STAT3,and NFKBIA.Using a molecular docking analysis,the main active ingredients demonstrated good binding to the core targets.The Gene Ontology analysis showed that these ingredients were significantly associated with biological activities,such as transcription factor DNA binding,RNA polymerase II-specific DNA binding of transcription factors,and cytokine receptor binding;responses to lipopolysaccharides,molecules of bacterial origin,and oxidative stress;and were mainly distributed in membrane rafts,microdomains,and regions.The Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes analysis showed that decoction ingredients act on Th17 cell differentiation,tumor necrosis factor and mitogen-activated protein signaling pathways,the interleukin-17 signaling pathway,and the PI3K-Akt signaling pathway.CONCLUSION Biyu decoction may be effective against psoriasis through multi-component,multi-target,and multi-channel synergy.

中医经典实践技能实训教学模式探索

中医经典著作是中医学思想精华的集中呈现和整体学术发展的基石。在教学实践中针对首都医科大学中医学专业本科生经典教学过程中存在的问题,开设了中医经典实践技能实训创新课程,通过构建虚拟仿真平台、运用PBL教学、模拟标准患者诊疗等,线上线下多种教学方法并举开展教学,旨在培养学生中医思维,提高学生临床辨证综合能力、拓展临床思路。

中医思维培养在针灸对外教育中的重要性

文章讨论了针灸对外教育中面临的主要问题,涉及教材的选定、课程的设置、对外教育师资的建设、临床实习的安排等方面,强调了中医思维培养与这些问题之间的相关性,并且指出了中医思维培养是较高层次的要求,也是保障针灸对外教育质量的根本。要想解决上述问题,就要真正从根本上重视培养海外学生的中医思维能力这一教学目标,而也只有以此为长远目标,才能提高其针灸临床诊疗水平,推动针灸对外教育的发展,提高国内院校和相关机构的教学口碑。

中医临床思维决策虚拟仿真实训平台的构建及应用

目的构建并应用中医临床思维决策虚拟仿真实训平台,探讨临床真实典型案例式虚拟仿真在线训练对学生中医临床思辨能力的影响,为中医数字化教育提供新途径。方法运用自主构建的中医临床思维决策虚拟仿真实训平台,引导学生自主训练,并进行过程性评价和终结性评价。结果经过不同临床案例和反复多次有效的模拟训练,能够在一定程度上规范学生的问诊思路,学生平均练习成绩为(57.79±5.19)分、平均考试成绩为(69.70±7.40)分,各模块考试成绩较平时练习成绩均有提升。结论基于中医临床思维决策虚拟仿真实训平台的模拟训练可以明显提高学生对常见病、多发病的中医辨证思辨能力、培养其中医临床决策能力,有助于中医人才的岗位胜任力的提升。

基于培养学生中医思维目标的经典课程教学方法探讨

中医思维体现和影响着中医人的素质和修养,是成就高水平中医师的一个不可或缺的重要因素。在“健康中国”国家战略方针的指导之下,随着“新医科”的建设与实施,中医思维成为新时代中医学人才必备的关键能力。因此,如何培养和构建中医学生的中医思维能力成为中医药高等教育质量内涵建设的重要课题之一。基于此,文章将从渗透传统文化、“点破”思维方法、重视思维训练三个方面略谈在经典课程教学中的一些粗浅体会,以供同道参考。

在综合医院中医规培中加强中医经典教学的探索

中医住院医师规范化培训(以下简称“规培”)是中国住院知师培训的重要组成部分,同时也是医教协同深化中医学人才培养改革的关键环节,更是加强中医临床人才队伍建设的有效途径和加快构建具有中国特色医学人才培养体系的重要举措。中医经典理论是中医学术的灵魂,是数千年来中医实践的经验结晶,是培养中医临床思维,提升中医临床技能的重要途径。此文分析综合医院中医规培教学中经典教学的不足,提出相应对策,探讨加强中医规培经典教学、培养学员中医临床思维的方法。

文化融合与多重思维并行下的中医教学探索

思维方式是教育学中的重要概念。中医教学中的思维引导是实现教学目标的重要载体。随着中医全球化的发展,教学多语种的增加,中医教学逐渐成为世界多种文化碰撞与融合的过程。不同的思维方式产生不同的教学效果。以主观意识为主导的主体内向性思维是中式思维的特征;以形式逻辑为主导的思维方式是西方思维的主要特征。在中医教学过程中,中西方思维模式分别具备各自的优势和不足。基于中医药全球化的多重文化背景的中医教学,其未来发展应站在面向全球的高度。多重思维在中医教学中的建立,是中医教学自我提升、逐渐完善的重要探索,也是中医教育迈向全球化的重要组成部分,并成为不同文化背景思维方式的交流媒介。中西方不同文化背景下的思维方式在中医学中的交汇融合,促进中医教学的提升与完善,为中医教育领航世界提供新的发展路径。

人工智能工具促进分子生物学与中药专业有效融合的探索

分子生物学已成为中医药研究的重要方法,它与中药研究的有机结合是推动中药事业创新发展的关键。如何帮助学生更好地掌握分子生物学知识和技能,并与中药学科进行更有效的融合,文章提出可借助人工智能工具,辅助中药专业学生深入学习分子生物学知识。

基于互联网+的护理实习生中医临床思维训练

目的探讨基于“互联网+”,在护理实习生中医临床思维训练中应用“护理助手”平台的效果。方法将2021年10月—2022年5月在福州某三级甲等中医院实习的130名本、专科护理实习生按在读学历分为专科组、本科组,各组再应用随机数字表法分为研究组、对照组。研究组基于互联网+,应用护理助手平台+传统案例教学进行中医护理临床思维培训。对照组仅采用传统案例教学法开展中医护理临床思维培训。结果培训6个月和8个月后,研究组临床思维能力评分高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。培训3个月、6个月、8个月后,研究组考核成绩均明显高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论基于互联网+,应用护理助手平台对护理实习生进行中医临床思维训练,可有效提高其中医临床思维能力及考核成绩。

基于中医思维体现中医特色的核医学教学方法探索

核医学是研究核技术在医学中应用的学科,即利用放射性核素发射的核射线对疾病进行诊断、治疗和研究的学科,应用范围涉及医学的各个学科和专业,是现代医学的重要组成部分。国内中医高等院校开展系统、完整的核医学教学的单位为数不多,如何利用分子功能影像、放射性同位素示踪等技术研究中医基础理论、中医药临床疗效评价、中医学术思想影像学循证等,实现传统医学与核医学为代表的现代医学的融合教育,让广大中医学子更好地学习核医学的技术和方法,是目前广大中医院校亟需解决的问题。此团队探索基于中医思维、体现中医特色的核医学教学方法改革,在教学实践过程中取得了良好的效果。

“双思双融”型内科学课程思政教学的探索与实践

内科学属甘肃中医药大学中医学专业核心课程模块中的西医课程群,因其综合的社会人文属性是承载德育目标的落地课程。目前教学中存在价值引领不足;课程育人难内化、难践行以及学生学习热情和参与意识不持久等影响和制约学生全面发展的真实问题。新医科背景下,为满足我国符合新时代发展的中西汇通、德术并举的中医药人才需求,文章提出基于“双思双融”理念,将中西并重、和而不同的两种“临床思维”相融合,专精于术与仁心仁术的两种“教育思想”相融合,紧紧围绕“核心知识点”深度挖掘蕴其中的思政元素,从而充分发挥专业课程“隐性和实践型教育”的优势。通过对甘肃中医药大学中医临床医学专业岐黄英才班2017—2019级学生开展“双思双融”型内科学课程思政教学模式的探索与实践,分析思政教学效果,以期获得改进方向。为中医学专业开展西医内科学课程思政建设提供可借鉴价值。