Vertical rotation effect on turbulence characteristics in an open channel flow

This paper solves the three-dimensional Navier-Stokes equation by a fractional-step method with the Reynolds number Reτ=194 and the rotation number Nτ=0-0.12. When Nτ is less than 0.06, the turbulence statistics relevant to the spanwise velocity fluctuation are enhanced, but other statistics are suppressed. When Nτ is larger than 0.06, all the turbulence statistics decrease significantly. Reynolds stress budgets elucidate that turbulence kinetic energy in the vertical direction is transferred into the streamwise and spanwise directions. The flow structures exhibit that the bursting processes near the bottom wall are ejected toward the free surface. Evident change of near-surface streak structures of the velocity fluctuations are revealed.

Impact of depth ratio on flow structure and turbulence characteristics of compound open channel flows

Compound open channel flows appear in most natural rivers are of great importance in river management and flood control.In this study,large eddy simulations were carried out to simulate the compound open channel flows with four different depth ratios(hr=0.10,0.25,0.50,and 0.75).The main flow velocity,secondary flow,Reynolds stress,and bed shear stress were obtained from numerical simulations.The depth-averaged stream wise momentum equation was used to quantify the lateral momentum exchange between the main channel and floodplain.The instantaneous coherent structures were presented by the Q criterion method.The impact of hr on flow structure and turbulence charac-teristics was analyzed.The results showed that with the increase of hr,the high velocity area in the main channel shifted to the floodplain,and the dip phenomenon became more obvious;the Reynolds stress largely contributed to the lateral momentum exchange within the flows near the side walls of floodplain;and the vortex structures were found to significantly increase in the floodplain region.

THE TURBULENCE CHARACTERISITICS OF OPEN CHANNEL FLOW

The turbulence characteristics of open channel flow has been measured by means of the two-dimensional laser doppler anemometer and the turbulence mechanism has been discussed. According to the measured data, the expressions of various statistical parameters are obtained, which provide the reliable and verifiable data for the investigation of the turbulence structure and the suspension mechanism.

Experiments on two-phase flow in hydraulic jump on pebbled rough bed:Part 1–Turbulence properties and particle chord time and length

This study reported and discussed turbulence characteristics,such as turbulence intensity,correlation time scales,and advective length scales.The characteristic air–water time scale,including the particle chord time and length and their probability density functions(PDFs),was investigated.The results demonstrated that turbulence intensity was relatively greater on a rough bed in the roller length,whereas further downstream,the decay rate was higher.In addition,the relationship between turbulence intensity and dimensionless bubble count rate reflected an increase in turbulence intensity associated with the number of entrained particles.Triple decomposition analysis(TDA)was performed to determine the contributions of slow and fast turbulent components.The TDA results indicated that,regardless of bed type and inflow conditions,the sum of the band-pass(T'_(u))and high-pass(T″_(u))filtered turbulence intensities was equal to the turbulence intensity of the raw signal data(T_(u)).T″_(u) highlighted a higher turbulence intensity and larger vorticities on the rough bed for an identical inflow Froude number.Additional TDA results were presented in terms of the interfacial velocity,auto-and cross-correlation time scales,and longitudinal advection length scale,with the effects of low-and high-frequency signal components on each highlighted parameter.The analysis of the air chord time indicated an increase in the proportion of small bubbles moving downstream.The second part of this research focused on the basic properties of particle grouping and clustering.

HYDRAULIC CHARACTERISTICS OF OPEN CHANNEL FLOWS OVER ROUGH BEDS

Due to the very fine space resolution and high noise-reduction capability of the improved laboratory-made laser Doppler anemometer, the temporal mean velocity and velocity fluctuation in uniform, rough bed open channel turbulent flows were measured in full detail nd a large amount of information about the wall region was obtained. The influence of boundary roughness on flow characteristics was examined by changing the relative smoothness scale, H/k_s, of the flow. It is proposed that there are three sorts of bed roughness, namely, the large scale roughness, the medium one and the small one. The small scale roughness is of more universal significance to engineering practice, and much attention is devoted to the characteristics of the flow over boundaries of such a sort of roughness.

TURBULENT OPEN CHANNEL FLOW SUBJECTED TO THE CONTROL OF A SPANWISE TRAVELING WAVE

Turbulent open channel flows subjected to the control of a spanwise traveling wave have been investigated by means of Direct Numerical Simulation （DNS）. The objective of this study is to reveal the response of the near-wall and surface-influenced turbulence to the spanwise traveling wave control. Three typical frequencies of the spanwise traveling wave, i.e., high-, middle- and low-frequency, corresponding to the exciting periods at 25, 50 and 100, are considered to study the turbulence dynamics in the wall and surface regions. To elucidate the behaviors of turbulence statistics, some typical quantities, including the mean velocity, velocity fluctuations and the structures of turbulence fluctuations, are exhibited and analyzed.

LARGE EDDY SIMULATION OF PULSATING TURBULENT OPEN CHANNEL FLOW

Pulsating turbulent open channel flow has been investigated by the use ofLarge Eddy Simulation (LES) tech-nique coupled with dynamic Sub-Grid-Scale (SGS) model for turbulentSGS stress to closure the governing equations. Three-dimensional filtered Navier-Stokes equationsare numerically solved by a fractional — step method. The objective of this study is to deal withthe behavior of the pulsating turbulent open channel flow and to examine the reliability of the LESapproach for predicting the pulsating turbulent flow. In this study, the Reynolds number (Re_τ) ischosen as 180 based on the friction velocity and the channel depth. The frequency of the drivingpressure gradient for the pulsating turbulent flow ranges low, medium and high value. Statisticalturbulence quantities as well as the flow structures are analyzed.

A numerical model for air concentration distribution in self-aerated open channel flows

The self-aeration in open channel flows, called white waters, is a phenomenon seen in spillways and steep chutes. The air distribution in the flow is always an important and fundamental issue. The present study develops a numerical model to predict the air concentration distribution in self-aerated open channel flows, by taking the air-water flow as consisting of a low flow region and an upper flow region. On the interface between the two regions, the air concentration is 0.5. In the low flow region where air concentration is lower than 0.5, air bubbles diffuse in the water flow by turbulent transport fluctuations, and in the upper region where air concentration is higher than 0.5, water droplets and free surface roughness diffuse in the air. The air concentration distributions obtained from the diffusion model are in good agreement with measured data both in the uniform equilibrium region and in the self-aerated developing region. It is demonstrated that the numerical model provides a reasonable description of the self-aeration region in open channel flows.

Analysis of the spanwise vortex of open channel flows based on the Omega-Liutex vortex identification method

In this paper, a particle imaging velocimetry (PIV) system of high-temporal-spatial resolution is used to investigate the spanwise vortex distribution of fully developed turbulent flows in an open channel and its relationship with the turbulence. The distributions of the time-averaged velocity, the turbulence intensity and the Reynolds stress are obtained in the longitudinal profile. The third-generation vortex identification method (based on the Omega-Liutex vector) is applied to accurately identify and analyze the vortex in the spanwise direction. The results suggest that the vortex density increases with the Reynolds number at a given aspect ratio (B / H) of the flow. The distribution trend of the spanwise vortex density in the vertical direction remains unchanged for different discharges. Specifically, the vortex density increases along the vertical direction and reaches the peak at y / H = 0.15, then decreases and reaches the bottoms at the flow surface.

The properties of dilute debris flow and hyper-concentrated flow in different flow regimes in open channels

Particle Image Velocimetry(PIV) technique was used to test the analogues of hyperconcentrated flow and dilute debris flow in an open flume. Flow fields, velocity profiles and turbulent parameters were obtained under different conditions. Results show that the flow regime depends on coarse grain concentration. Slurry with high fine grain concentration but lacking of coarse grains behaves as a laminar flow. Dilute debris flows containing coarse grains are generally turbulent flows. Streamlines are parallel and velocity values are large in laminar flows. However, in turbulent flows the velocity diminishes in line with the intense mixing of liquid and eddies occurring. The velocity profiles of laminar flow accord with the parabolic distribution law. When the flow is in a transitional regime, velocity profiles deviate slightly from the parabolic law. Turbulent flow has an approximately uniform distribution of velocity and turbulent kinetic energy. The ratio of turbulent kinetic energy to the kinetic energy of time-averaged flow is the internal cause determining the flow regime: laminar flow(k/K<0.1); transitional flow(0.1< k/K<1); and turbulent flow(k/K>1). Turbulent kinetic energy firstly increases with increasing coarse grain concentration and then decreases owing to the suppression of turbulence by the high concentration of coarse grains. This variation is also influenced by coarse grain size and channel slope. The results contribute to the modeling of debris flow and hyperconcentrated flow.

3-D hybrid LES-RANS model for simulation of open-channel T-diversion flows

The study of flow diversions in open channels plays an important practical role in the design and management of open-channel networks for irrigation or drainage. To accurately predict the mean flow and turbulence characteristics of open-channel dividing flows, a hybrid LES-RANS model, which combines the large eddy simulation （LES） model with the Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes （RANS） model, is proposed in the present study. The unsteady RANS model was used to simulate the upstream and downstream regions of a main channel, as well as the downstream region of a branch channel. The LES model was used to simulate the channel diversion region, where turbulent flow characteristics are complicated. Isotropic velocity fluctuations were added at the inflow interface of the LES region to trigger the generation of resolved turbulence. A method based on the virtual body force is proposed to impose Reynolds-averaged velocity fields near the outlet of the LES region in order to take downstream flow effects computed by the RANS model into account and dissipate the excessive turbulent fluctuations. This hybrid approach saves computational effort and makes it easier to properly specify inlet and outlet boundary conditions. Comparison between computational results and experimental data indicates that this relatively new modeling approach can accurately predict open-channel T-diversion flows.

THE LARGE EDDY SIMULATION OF STRONGLY CURVED OPEN CHANNEL FLOW

The 3-D large eddy simulation(LES) model is used to simulate the strongly curved open channel turbulent flow. A kinematic equation is established to determine the position of free-surface. The numerical equations are solved with two-step explicit MacCromack scheme. The results are compared with laboractory measurement and other numerical solution. It is shown that the results by LES open channel model agree with the measurement better than that of the k-ε model. Further more,the coherent turbulent structure of the open channel flow is different from the close-conduit at the upper layer of the channel.

Flow resistance and its prediction methods in compound channels

A series of experiments was carried out in a large symmetric compound channel composed of a rough main channel and rough floodplains to investigate the resistance characteristics of inbank and overbank flows. The effective Manning, Darcy-Weisbach, Chezy coefficients and the relative Nikuradse roughness height were analyzed. Many different representative methods for predicting the composite roughness were systematically summarized. Besides the measured data, a vast number of laboratory data and field data for compound channels were collected and used to check the validity of these methods for different subsection divisions including the vertical, horizontal, diagonal and bisectional divisions. The computation showed that these methods resulted in big errors in assessing the composite roughness in compound channels, and the reasons were analyzed in detail. The error magnitude is related to the subsection divisions.

Drag reduction of turbulent channel flows over an anisotropic porous wall with reduced spanwise permeability

The direct numerical simulation (DNS) is carried out for the incompressible viscous turbulent flows over an anisotropic porous wall. Effects of the anisotropic porous wall on turbulence modifications as well as on the turbulent drag reduction are investigated. The simulation is carried out at a friction Reynolds number of 180, which is based on the averaged friction velocity at the interface between the porous medium and the clear fluid domain. The depth of the porous layer ranges from 0.9 to 54 viscous units. The permeability in the spanwise direction is set to be lower than the other directions in the present simulation. The maximum drag reduction obtained is about 15.3% which occurs for a depth of 9 viscous units. The increasing of drag is addressed when the depth of the porous layer is more than 25 wall units. The thinner porous layer restricts the spanwise extension of the streamwise vortices which suppresses the bursting events near the wall. However, for the thicker porous layer, the wall-normal fluctuations are enhanced due to the weakening of the wall-blocking effect which can trigger strong turbulent structures near the wall.

Numerical Studies of Turbulent Flows in Channels with Abrupt Cross-sectional Changes

The turbulent flows through the channels with abrupt cross-sectional changes are common and importantphysical process in nature.For a better prediction of the mean flow and turbulent characteristics for this problem,atwo-dimensional depth-averaged numerical model is developed.The model is robust and accurate in reproducing therecirculation flow behind a groyne and turbulent flows in channels with abrupt cross-sectional changes,when com-pared to the available experimental data of mean velocities and turbulence kinetic energy.Our results reveal that theabrupt cross-sectional change of a channel can affect the flow pattern significantly and introduces the complex turbu-lence characteristics.In particular,when the channel has an abrupt expansion,the mean flow pattern is mainly in lon-gitudinal direction with rather small transverse component.Meanwhile,a recirculating region forms behind the expan-sion position and the turbulence has very strong intensity within this region.For the flow in the channel with an ab-rupt contraction,the longitudinal component of the flow is decreased by the obstruction on one side and accelerated onthe other side,whereas the transverse velocity is small.The turbulence is extraordinarily strong in the regions adja-cent to the contraction wall in the narrow channel.In both cases of abrupt cross-sectional changes,the TKE is genera-ted dominantly by the shear of the longitudinal velocities.

簇状分布的刚性双层植被明渠紊流特性分析

采用RNG k-ε紊流模型,对簇状分布的刚性双层植被明渠水流进行了模拟和分析;根据时间及空间的双平均方法对植被明渠水流的流速及紊动参数进行了统计。结果表明:簇状分布的植被明渠水流可以分为植物区、间隙区及主流区,不同区域时均流速的大小和分布各异;双层植被明渠水流中,时均流速垂线分布在近床面、低植物顶部附近及高植物顶部附近均出现拐点,脉动强度和紊动能的最大值出现在高植物顶部附近。

面向视频测流的亚网格变分优化光流估计算法

本文在变分光流模型的基础上提出基于亚网格尺度的优化算法,用于描述图像序列中的复杂流体流动并估计其二维速度场。为解决基于网格尺度下变分光流估计中亚网格小尺度结构信息缺失的问题,结合不可压缩流体物理运动规律,引入大涡模拟的思想,在变分模型数据项中将瞬时运动分解为一个大尺度运动项和一个小尺度湍流项,并采用Smagorinsky模型求解小尺度湍流项。相比于传统的Farneback稠密光流算法,改进后的亚网格尺度变分光流算法(Subgrid scale Horn-Schunck optical flow,SGS-HS)在湍流图像序列的速度场估计中结果更优。为使SGS-HS算法同样能胜任于明渠流速测量任务,在模型的正则项方面选择使用速度梯度约束,以提高在明渠流场流向相对一致的情况下SGS-HS算法在测速实验中的精度。实验结果表明,相比于传统算法,SGS-HS算法在明渠测速方面具有较好表现。

非均匀散粒粗糙床面明渠水流流速结构PIV试验研究

鉴于床面非均匀散粒粗糙直接影响明渠水流的流速结构问题,基于PIV水槽试验,研究了非均匀散粒粗糙床面明渠水流的流速结构,探讨了水流时均流速沿流向和沿垂线的分布规律,分析了脉动流速的象限分布特征。结果表明,梅花形排列的大尺度非均匀散粒粗糙显著影响了颗粒顶部以下的水流结构,大、小颗粒周围时均流速结构相似,颗粒大小明显影响了流动分离区形状尺度和内外层流体分界点位置;象限分析显示外层流体中,大颗粒使其上方区域Q2、Q4事件的概率减小;内层流体中Q1、Q3事件占主导,颗粒上游及大颗粒附近相比下游及小颗粒附近更易产生强紊流事件。

明渠湍流结构对粒子运动跟随性影响综述

近年来大量学者通过室内试验、现场观测以及数值模拟等方法对明渠湍流中粒子的运动规律进行了深入细致的研究,逐步揭示了明渠湍流中粒子运动复杂性的本质和规律,并将成果应用于河流泥沙输移、河流地貌演变以及生态环境保护等多个领域。鉴于明渠湍流具有明显的分区效应,其湍流流速分布、分区结构组成以及相干结构分布特性等对水中粒子的运动过程均会产生显著影响,对水中粒子在明渠湍流结构中的整体运动规律、湍流结构内区以及外区的运动过程进行了总结;重点阐述了近壁区粒子运动规律的反常现象和原因,以及湍流结构中粒径、密度和Stokes数这3个影响粒子运动过程的主要因素。研究成果可为泥沙运动以及生态保护等研究及应用提供参考。

非均匀散粒粗糙床面明渠紊流特性研究

为揭示非均匀散粒粗糙床面明渠紊流特性,采用d_1=1.0 cm、d_2=1.5 cm的正方体散粒制成粗糙床面开展PIV水槽明渠紊流试验,探讨了紊动强度、速度高阶矩、雷诺应力和紊动能的分布规律。结果表明:(1)粒间区中部,邻近剖面颗粒的绕流作用使紊动强度发生明显变化。(2)速度高阶矩纵向偏度系数S_(u')与垂向偏度系数S_(v')的分布特性揭示在近床处主要发生扫掠事件,而颗粒顶部以上区域喷射事件占主导。(3)平均雷诺应力R_(mean)在粒间区沿程先增大再减小,在颗粒区先减小后增大。(4)紊动能呈条带状分布,在河床底部和水面受到的抑制使得整体紊动能从床面开始增大,在颗粒顶部附近达到最大之后开始减小。