Effects of microstructure on uniaxial strength asymmetry of open-cell foams

Based on the elongated Kelvin model, the effect of microstructure on the uniaxial strength asymmetry of open-cell foams is investigated. The results indicate that this asymmetry depends on the relative density, the solid material, the cell morphology, and the strut geometry of open-cell foams. Even though the solid material has the same tensile and compressive strength, the tensile and compressive strength of open-cell foams with asymmetrical sectional struts are still different. In addition, with the increasing degree of anisotropy, the uniaxial strength as well as the strength asymmetry increases in the rise direction but reduces in the transverse direction. Moreover, the plastic collapse ratio between two directions is verified to depend mainly on the cell morphology. The predicted results are compared with Gibson and Ashby＇s theoretical results as well as the experimental data reported in the literature, which validates that the elongated Kelvin model is accurate in explaining the strength asymmetry presented in realistic open-cell foams.

Analysis and simulation for tensile behavior of anisotropic open-cell elastic foams

Based on the elongated Kelvin obtained to investigate the tensile behavior Kelvin model＇s periodicity and symmetry in model, a simplified periodic structural cell is of anisotropic open-cell elastic foams due to the whole space. The half-strut element and elastic deflection theory are used to analyze the tensile response as done in the previous studies. This study produces theoretical expressions for the tensile stress-strain curve in the rise and transverse directions. In addition, the theoretical results are examined with finite element simulation using an existing formula. The results indicate that the theoretical analysis agrees with the finite element simulation when the strain is not too high, and the present model is better. At the same time, the anisotropy ratio has a significant effect on the mechanical properties of foams. As the anisotropy ratio increases, the tensile stress is improved in the rising direction but drops in the transverse direction under the same strain.

Preparation and properties of open-cell zinc foams as human bone substitute material

Foamed zinc was prepared by infiltration casting process.The mechanical properties and corrosion resistance of the samples were studied,and the feasibility of the foamed zinc as a bone implant material was discussed.All the compression stress-strain curves of open-cell zinc foams with various cell size(1-4 mm)and porosity(55%-67%)show three stages:elastic stage,plastic stage,and densification stage.The compression strength increases with decreasing density.The smooth stress-strain response indicates a progressively deformation of open-cell zinc foam.In addition,the cell wall or edge bending and fracture are the dominated mechanisms for failure of open cell zinc foam.The immersion test for determining the corrosion rate of open cell zinc foam was conducted in simulated body fluid.It was found that zinc foam with a small cell size and high porosity showed a higher corrosion rate.In addition,open-cell zinc foams can effectively induce Ca-P deposition in immersion tests,showing good bioactivity.Therefore,the open cell zinc foam prepared in this experiment has a good potential application as a human bone substitute material.

Compressive properties of open-cell ceramic foams

The compressive experiments of two kinds of ceramic foams were completed. The results show that the behavior of ceramic foams made by organic filling method is anisotropic. The stress-strain responses of ceramic foams made by sponge-replication show isotropy and strain rate dependence. The struts brittle breaking of net structure of this ceramic foam arises at the weakest defects of framework or at the part of framework, which causes the initiation and expanding of cracks. The compressive strength of ceramic foam is dependent on the strut size and relative density of foams.

Effects of foaming parameters on microstructure and compressive properties of aluminum foams produced by powder metallurgy method

Semi open-cell aluminum foams having channels between individual cells were produced using low cost CaCO3foamingagent and applying the powder compact melting process.To this end,the aluminum and CaCO3powder mixtures were coldcompacted into dense cylindrical precursors for foaming at specific temperatures under air atmosphere.The effects of severalparameters including precursor compaction pressure,foaming agent content as well as temperature and time of the foaming processon the cell microstructure,linear expansion,relative density and compressive properties were investigated.A uniform distribution ofcells with sizes less than100μm,which form semi open-cell structures with relative densities in the range of55.4%-84.4%,wasobtained.The elevation of compaction pressure between127-318MPa and blowing agent up to15%(mass fraction)led to anincrease in the linear expansion,compressive strength and densification strain.By varying the foaming temperature from800to1000°C,all of the investigated parameters increased except compressive strength and relative density.The results indicated theoptimal foaming temperature and time as900°C and10-25min,respectively.

Preparation of open-celled aluminum foams by counter-gravity infiltration casting

A novel counter-gravity infiltration casting device and corresponding fabricating process for producing open-celled aluminum foams were presented. The experimental results show that defects such as insufficient or excessive infiltrating can hardly be found in the foam samples prepared by counter-gravity infiltration casting. The foam materials exhibit excellent mechanical properties. The void content strongly affects the mechanical properties of aluminum foams. The yield stress and plateau stress significantly increase with the decrease of void content. Raising pre-heating temperature and increasing packing pressure are effective to lower the void content in aluminum foams.

Microstructure and mechanical properties of lost foam cast 356 alloys

Microstructure and mechanical properties of lost foam cast aluminum alloys have been investigated in both primary A356(0.13% Fe) and secondary 356(0.47%). As expected, secondary 356 shows much higher content of Fe-rich intermetallic phases, and in particular the porosity in comparison with primary A356. The average area percent and size(length) of Fe-rich intermetallics change from about 0.5% and 6 μm in A356 to 2% and 25 μm in 356 alloy. The average area percent and maximum size of porosity also increase from about 0.4% and 420 μm to 1.4% and 600 μm, respectively. As a result, tensile ductility decreases about 60% and ultimate tensile strength declines about 8%. Lower fatigue strength was also experienced in the secondary 356 alloy. Low cycle fatigue(LCF) strength decreased from 187 MPa in A356 to 159 MPa in 356 and high cycle fatigue(HCF) strength also declined slightly from 68 MPa to 64 MPa.

Analysis and simulation of high strain compression of anisotropic open-cell elastic foams

By elongating the regular Kelvin model in one direction and keeping unchanged in the other two directions,the anisotropic model was constructed.Then,the simplified periodic structural cell was obtained according to the periodicity and symmetry of the model in the whole space.Using the half-strut element and elastic deflection theory to analyze the mechanical behavior as were adopted in the previous studies,this paper obtained the theoretical expressions for the compressive stress and strain as well as the corresponding curves in the rise and transverse directions.In addition,the theoretical results were examined by the finite element simulation.Results indicated that the theoretical analysis was very close to the finite element simulation when the strain was not too high,which confirmed the validity of theoretical analysis.At the same time,the anisotropy was shown to have a significant effect on the mechanical properties of open-cell foams.As the anisotropy ratio increased,the compressive stress was improved in the rise direction but dropped in the transverse direction under the same strain.

Fabrication,properties,and applications of open-cell aluminum foams:A review

Open-cell metallic foams or porous metals have a distinctive combination of excellent structural performance and superior functional characteristics,such as their light weight,energy absorption,sound absorption,heat dissipation,and electromagnetic shielding.As a primary representative of metallic foams,aluminum foam has developed into a new engineering material with many unique applications in the fields of aerospace,automotive industry,petrochemical industry,building materials,and etc.This paper summarizes the fabrication methods,properties,and applications of open-cell aluminum foams.The current status and development trends are also introduced.

Mechanical behaviors and energy absorption properties of Y/Cr and Ce/Cr coated open-cell nickel-based alloy foams

In this study, Y-and Ce-modified Cr coatings applied by pack cementation method were prepared on the surface of open-cell nickel-based alloy foam. The morphologies and microstructures of Y- and Ce-modified Cr coatings with various Y and Ce contents were investigated in detail. Then, the effects of Y and Ce addition on the mechanical properties of open-cell nickel-based alloy foams were analyzed and compared. Simultaneously, the energy absorption capacity and energy absorption efficiency of the Y- and Ce-modified Cr coated alloy foams were discussed and compared at the room and high temperatures. The results show that Cr coatings containing minor amounts of rare earth element （Y and Ce） are well adhered to the nickel-based foam struts. Especially, the microstructure of the 2 wt% Ce-modified Cr coating is denser and uniform. In addition, the compressive strength and plateau stress of Y- and Ce-modified Cr coated alloy foams firstly increase and then decrease by increasing the Y and Ce contents at room and high temperatures. The energy absorption capacity of Y/Cr and Ce/Cr coated alloy foams increases linearly with the strains increasing. The Ce/Cr coated alloy foams can absorb more energy than Y/Cr coated alloy foams in the plateau and densification regions at room temperature. Compared to those at room temperature, the Y- and Ce-modified Cr coated alloy foams show higher energy absorption efficiency when deforma- tion within 10%-30% at high temperature.

Kelvin结构开孔泡沫材料的弹性性能研究

采用一修正的十四面体结构模型(Kelvin结构模型)对开孔泡沫金属的弹性性能进行研究,对低密度开孔泡沫材料表现出不可压的特性进行了分析。该模型考虑作用在泡沫筋条上的弯矩、剪力和轴向力,以及轴向力的平衡。修正模型的数值计算结果与实验结果及其他模型的结果进行了对比,结果表明修正模型计算的杨氏模量比原有模型的略有提高,筋条截面为星形的修正模型计算的结果与实验比较符合。在密度等同的条件下,筋条截面惯性矩越大的开孔泡沫材料,其弹性模量也越大,而泊松比则越小。Kelvin结构的开孔泡沫材料的泊松比随相对密度的减小而趋于0.5。

泡沫金属经典本构模型表征三轴拉伸和拉压组合条件下宏观力学性能的研究

泡沫金属在实际工程应用中往往承受多轴拉伸、拉压组合和压缩等复杂应力状态,且拉伸和压缩性能差异显著,而现有的本构关系理论模型基于多轴压缩实验构建,能否描述多轴拉伸和拉压组合条件下泡沫金属宏观弹塑性力学性能存疑。本文采用数值模拟的方法开展多轴加载数值仿真实验,基于数值模拟结果检验泡沫金属两个经典模型:D-F模型与汤立群等提出的理论模型(以下简称Tang模型),在三轴拉伸和拉压组合工况下的合理性。结果表明,D-F模型的椭圆度参数显著影响模型的预测精度,基于三轴拉伸、压缩和拉压组合屈服面拟合计算的椭圆度预测效果最优,结合单轴拉伸应力应变曲线,D-F模型能较好地表征泡沫金属三轴拉压组合条件下力学性能,但存在无法描述塑性耗散功大于单轴拉伸破坏时对应的塑性耗散功的力学行为的缺陷;该模型不能准确描述三轴拉伸力学性能。Tang模型分别描述三轴拉伸和拉压组合破坏前的力学行为,等效应力和应变曲线均具有良好的一致性,但确定等效应力和应变的四个参数均不同且不同于三轴压缩对应的参数;综合考虑三轴拉压组合和三轴压缩工况时,等效应力和应变曲线的一致性很差。

开孔泡沫铝弹性性能的各向异性研究

采用理想排列的十四面体结构模型,从理论上和试验上对开孔泡沫铝的弹性常数随偏转角的变化过程进行了探讨。结果表明,这些弹性常数与偏转角的关系很复杂,试验结果验证了由理论分析得到的杨氏模量随偏转角的变化规律。这些弹性常数在45°方位到达极值,杨氏模量在该方位最小,而泊松比最大,弹性常数随偏转角的变化幅值随泡沫铝相对密度的增加而增大。

开孔泡沫塑料率相关的拉伸力学性能及本构关系

以Ｌｅｄｅｒｍａｎ的工作为基础，通过假设基体材料服从Ｖｏｉｇｔ体描述的粘弹性本构关系，导出了开孔泡沫塑料受拉伸的率相关本构关系；在此基础上研究了泡沫塑料力学性质同应变、应变率和结构参数的关系．

基于十四面体模型的闭孔泡沫材料弹性性能的有限元分析

建立十四面体的单胞模型和多胞模型,采用有限元方法和周期性边界条件,研究胞体数目和相对密度对闭孔泡沫模型弹性性能的影响。同时,确定闭孔泡沫胞体在两种变形状态下的应力分布。文中还将数值结果与理论预测以及随机泡沫模型的计算结果进行比较。结果表明,十四面体模型可以较好地预测低密度闭孔泡沫的弹性性能。

多孔钛的粉末冶金法制备及其力学性能

采用粉末冶金法成功制备出力学性能与骨匹配的开孔型多孔钛,其孔隙率分布在8.6%～35.4%之间,平均孔径随孔隙率增加而增加;抗压强度随孔隙率的增加而降低,分布在252～848 MPa之间;通过应力-应变曲线计算得到其弹性模量在7.2～9.9 GPa之间,接近人骨弹性模量。此多孔钛有望成为理想的人工骨修复材料。

基于三类单胞模型的开、闭孔泡沫材料弹性性能的有限元分析

在对发泡过程进行假设的基础上,根据泡沫材料微结构的特点,建立开孔和闭孔泡沫材料的简单立方、面心立方和体心立方单胞模型,导出相对密度和胞体结构参数的定量关系。由这三类单胞模型描述的泡沫材料均具有周期性的特点,且单胞还具有结构对称性。文中利用有限元方法,在适当的边界条件下计算整个密度范围内泡沫材料的弹性模量和泊松比,数值拟合模量计算公式。通过与已有的实验资料和理论预测结果的比较,说明有限元数值计算的有效性。

高弹性发泡聚丙烯的制备及性能表征

采用低密度、大比表面积的纳米Si O2为成核剂,乙烯-醋酸乙烯共聚物/丁腈橡胶(EVA/NBR)为增韧体,通过模压交联发泡制备了高弹性的聚丙烯(PP)发泡材料。研究了EVA、NBR添加量对PP发泡工艺与性能的影响。通过力学性能测试及形貌分析,考察了制备高弹性发泡PP的最佳工艺条件。实验结果表明,当EVA、NBR含量均为12.5%时,发泡PP综合性能最佳,拉伸强度为25 MPa,断裂伸长率为6.8%,冲击强度达到10.9 k J/m2,维卡软化温度为146.8℃。

闭孔泡沫铝材料十四面体模型的改进

基于对闭孔泡沫铝发泡过程更为合理的假设,提出了描述胞体结构的改进的十四面体模型,使之可以反映密度增大时质量集中于支柱和顶点的情况。采用有限元方法及耦合边界条件,研究了闭孔泡沫铝的相对弹性模量、泊松比等弹性特征与胞体参数的关系,给出了拟合的弹性模量的计算公式,并对模型在弹性压缩变形下应力分布进行了分析。通过与已有模型的比较表明,改进模型可以较好地模拟闭孔泡沫铝材料的弹性性能。

改性PVC泡沫材料的研究进展

介绍了改性PVC泡沫材料的不同改性方法,以及改性PVC泡沫材料的制备工艺、性能,并展望今后的研究方向。