PRESENT SITUATION，FEATURE AND DEVELOPMENTAL IDEAS OF BORDER OPENING IN XINJIANG

Xinjiang, the largest province region in China,is located in the northwest of China.There are eight countries,such as Kazakhstan etc.that surround around Xinjiang. There are long land border lines and many developable passes. Under the direction of total national development strategy of coastal and border opening, considering the advanced condition of location,the new spatial frontier trade pattern of 'multilevel and all-round position' has initially been formed.That is,to develop westwards market in Middle Asia,to enlarge southwards market in Pakistan and to open up northwards market in Mongolia.The great progress of border opening has been made in Xinjiang.At present, Xinjiang is catching the opportunity to adjust the industrial structure and regional allocation,enhance horizontal economic combination and cooperation,and strengthen the infrastructures construction.Therefore more solid material foundation ofborder opening will be formed for further enlarging.

OPENING UP NEW PROSPECTS FOR CHINA'S SERVICE TRADE LED BY TOURISM

Since the launch of the reform, China’s service trade has been growing at a much faster speed compared to that of the rest of the country’s economy and world trade. In developing commodity trade, we are also engaged in technology trade, service trade and international investment, making efforts to achieve fusion and mutual promotion. Now, we are speeding up the opening

Upholding the Opening for the Chalenge of the World Service Trade

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Has China-ASEAN Trade opening increased China’ s carbon emissions?

This study uses carbon emission data at the provincial level in China between 1998-2018 and the proportion of the total import and export trade between provinces and the Association of Southeast Asian Nations(ASEAN)in GDP to measure the level of China-ASEAN trade openness.It examines the impact of China ASEAN trade openness on carbon emissions and its transmission mechanism,and selects the RMB/USD exchange rate as an instrumental variable to address the endogeneity of China-ASEAN trade openness variables.The impact of China-ASEAN trade openness on China’s environment is estimated within a two-stage least squares framework.The results show that trade openness between China and ASEAN positively impacts China’s environment and can facilitate carbon emission reduction.The scale,structural,and technology effects brought by China-ASEAN trade liberalization jointly promote China’s carbon dioxide emission reduction.An inverted“U”relationship is found between economic growth and environmental quality in China,and some provinces and municipalities have now crossed the inflection point of the curve,in which carbon emi ssions decrease with an increase in per capita wealth.

The Study on Trade Policy and Openness of Mongolia： Influences on Trade Flows Between China-Mongolia-Russia （Past and Future）

This paper aimed to highlight the effects of conflict in Mongolia on trade policy and openness, by estimating the trade flows with neighbor countries （China and Russia）. Fourteen years＇ （2000-2013） data of Mongolian imports and exports were collected and gone through principal component analysis （PCA） and empirical analysis for grouping various trades with China and Russia. The empirical analysis identified the determining factors of Mongolian trade flow and openness with China and Russia. Empirical analysis evidenced that Mongolian trade and openness policy raised bilateral trade between China and Russia, leaving a great influence on economic size. Two main questions represented as empirically tested by each sample country. How did Mongolian trade policy and openness influence trade flows between China and Russia and economic growth of Mongolia？ Did Mongolian trade policy and the bilateral trade with China and Russia increase on trade openness？ Finally, the study focused on the forecasts from 2016 to 2018 to examine Mongolian trade flows with China and Russia using ordinary least squares method and autoregressive-moving-average （ARMA） model. China-Mongolia-Russia trade flows will continue to dominate during the forecasted period. As shown by the structure of export and import, goods with China and Russia influenced the mutual trade amount. Moreover, China and Russia traded to continue with Mongolia for goods in long run. Trade policy and openness, the major contributor in Mongolian economy, are significantly playing roles in trade and economy.

Revisiting the nexus between fiscal decentralization and CO_(2)emissions in South Africa:fresh policy insights

The argument over fiscal decentralization and carbon dioxide emission(CO_(2))reduction has received much attention.However,evidence to back this claim is limited.Economic theory predicts that fiscal decentralization affects environmental quality,but the specifics of this relationship are still up for debate.Some scholars noted that fiscal decentralization might lead to a race to the top,whereas others contended that it would result in a race to the bottom.In light of the current debates in environmental and development economics,this study aims to provide insight into how this relationship may function in South Africa from 1960 to 2020.In contrast to the existing research,the present study uses a novel dynamic autoregressive distributed lag simulation approach to assess the positive and negative changes in fiscal decentralization,scale effect,technique effect,technological innovation,foreign direct investment,energy consumption,industrial growth,and trade openness on CO_(2)emissions.The following are the main findings:(i)Fiscal decentralization had a CO_(2)emission reduction impact in the short and long run,highlighting the presence of the race to the top approach.(ii)Economic growth(as represented by the scale effect)eroded ecological integrity.However,its square(as expressed by technique effect)aided in strengthening ecological protection,validating the environmental Kuznets curve hypothesis.(iii)CO_(2)emissions were driven by energy utilization,trade openness,industrial value-added,and foreign direct investment,whereas technological innovation boosted ecological integrity.Findings suggest that further fiscal decentralization should be undertaken through further devolution of power to local entities,particularly regarding environmental policy issues,to maintain South Africa’s ecological sustainability.South Africa should also establish policies to improve environmental sustainability by strengthening a lower layer of government and clarifying responsibilities at the national and local levels to fulfill the energy-saving functions of fiscal expenditures.

Evaluation of the Degree of Opening to the Outside World in Guizhou Province

The goal of economic opening to the outside world is an important basis for formulating and implementing the policy of opening. Different economic development strategies have different requirements for the degree of economic opening to the outside world. Guizhou should implement the open economy and adopt the export-oriented development strategy, which objectively requires Guizhou to gradually improve the degree of opening to the outside world.

The development of an open economy in China——A retrospective analysis of 30 years of opening to the outside world

China’s three decades of opening to the outside world are a historical process of establishing and developing an open economy. This process can be divided into four stages:1) reducing regulation,rejuvenating the trade regulatory regime and delegating management rights to foreign-trade operators;2) developing foreign trade firms into de facto market entities; 3)pursuing trade liberalization and establishing an open economic system in conformity with international rules;4) furthering improvement and innovation in infrastructure. At the initial stage of establishing an open economy,China restructured its foreign trade system and learned valuable lessons about liberalization through system transition.China experimented with bold breakthrough initiatives in special economic zones and open coastal cities,and correctly selected an export-oriented development strategy. Two core policies underlying China’s open economy are the strengthening of bilateral and multilateral trade relationships,and realigning the institutional environment to comport with international rules.China’s open economy occupies an important position in the national economy. Moreover,it has become an important part of state’s macro-economic regulation and is exerting growing influence on the world economy.

Hainan Island to Construct Free Trade Pilot Zones

In April of 1988,the establishment of Hainan Province was officially approved at the first session of the 7th National People’s Congress and Hainan Island was designated as a special economic zone.Since then,the beautiful Hainan Island has embraced unprecedented development opportunities and entered into a new historical stage of deepening reform and opening up economically.By virtue of continuous efforts throughout the past 30 years,Hainan has turned into an important portal for China’s reform and opening up as a frontier island.

Toward a sustainable future:Examining the interconnectedness among Foreign Direct Investment(FDI),urbanization,trade openness,economic growth,and energy usage in Australia

The energy demand in Australia is increasing with the industrialization and rapid economic growth.This study analyzed the relationships among the economic growth,Foreign Direct Investment(FDI),trade openness,urbanization,and energy usage in Australia based on the data from World Development Indicators(WDI)from 1972 to 2021.The results indicates that there is a cointegration among economic growth,FDI,trade openness,urbanization,and energy usage,which was traced through the autoregressivedistributed lag(ARDL).The Zivot-Andrews unit root test reveals that energy usage,economic growth,FDI,urbanization,and trade openness show significant structural breaks in 1993,1996,1982,2008,and 1994,respectively.The ARDL model shows that economic growth has a positive and significant effect on energy usage in the long-run(0.814)and short-run(0.809).Moreover,the results also show that FDI(0.028)and trade openness(0.043)have positive impacts on energy usage in the long-run.However,urbanization shows a negative and significant influence on energy usage in the long-run(–0.965).Then,the research demonstrates a unidirectional causation between energy usage and trade openness,with energy usage significantly causing trade openness.The current study endorses energy consumption policies and investment strategies for a paradigm shifting from a reliance on fossil fuels as the primary energy source to renewable energy sources.These findings have profound implications for sustainable energy usage.

Carbon Trading Market Opens to Great Success

On July 16,the national carbon trading market was opened in the Shanghai Environment and Energy Exchange.The first trading day closed with a trading volume of 4.1 million mt and a trading value of RMB 210 million.Guosen Securities estimates that the total trading value of the national carbon trading market will reach RMB 10 billion within the first year.As the market keeps improving and the scale of coverage enlarges,the trading will become more vigorous.The total carbon trading value will reach more than RMB 100 billion in 2030.With the opening of the national carbon trading market,China has become the world’s largest carbon trading market.Mei Dewen,general manager of China Green Trading Institute and secretary-general of the Beijing Green Finance Association,said that the launch of the carbon trading market will develop China’s carbon market into an efficient,liquid and stable market.This market is also inclusive,flexible and will achieve carbon neutralization targets with low costs and high efficiency.

Economic Growth, CH₄and N₂O Emissions in Sudan: Where Should the Policy Focus Be?

This study aimed to investigate the effect of economic growth, agricultural growth and energy use on methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions in Sudan. Within the context of the EKC, the study applies the OLS, cointegration, vector error correction modelling (VECM) and Granger causality methods. The study has established a long run equilibrium relationship for both CH4 and N2O in their relation to economic growth, agricultural growth and energy use in presence of trade openness (TOP) and inflows of foreign direct investments (FDI). The estimated VECM shows that emissions of CH4 are significantly affected by economic growth, TOP, and FDI with no effect of agricultural growth in the short run while CH4 is found to be significantly affected by economic growth, agricultural growth, TOP and FDI in the long run. The estimated VECM for N2O shows that N2O emissions are more significantly affected by energy use, agricultural growth and FDI with no effect of economic growth in the short run, while N2O is found to be significantly affected by economic growth, agricultural growth, TOP and FDI in the long run. Consistently, findings from the estimated OLS and VECMs show that the EKC does not hold for either CH4, or N2O emissions, and that N2O emissions are more significantly affected by economic growth, agricultural growth and energy use than emissions of CH4. Findings from impulse response and variance decomposition analysis confirm that emissions of N2O are more responsive to economic growth, agricultural growth and energy use than emissions of CH4. Granger causality analysis shows existence of bidirectional relationship between CH4 and agricultural growth, but a unidirectional relationship from CH4 to FDI. For N2O, the study finds a unidirectional relationship running from agricultural growth to N2O, while N2O emissions are found to cause GDP per capita, the squared GDP per capita, OIL consumption and FDI. In terms of causality, these results suggest that emissions of CH4 and N2O have been generated more by agricultural activities than by overall economic activity, and that activities generating N2O emissions in particular have been contributing significantly to economic growth. Within the context of the country’s intended nationally determined contributions, the findings of this study suggest that policies should be directed cautiously but more effectively to control N2O than CH4 emissions. Economic growth could be pursued without significant environmental harm from both CH4 and N2O emissions. However, Sudan should expand adoption of energy efficiency measures, expansion of renewable energy use, place restrictions on production and use of fuel woods and charcoal for low carbon economy and green growth.

Nexus between selected macroeconomic variables and carbon emission in Kenya

Agriculture is not only influenced by climate change,but it is also one of the significant contributors of CO_(2) emission.Understanding CO_(2) emission and macroeconomic variables is critical to solving the challenges and threats faced by Kenya’s agriculture and environment.This study used the Environmental Kuznets Curve(EKC)hypothesis and the autoregressive distribution lag model(ADLM)to analyze the relationships of CO_(2) emission with agricultural output,government direct investment,trade openness,and inflation rate in Kenya from 1983 to 2019.The study found that there exists a positive(direct)relationship between CO_(2) emission and foreign direct investment in the long run in Kenya.Additionally,CO_(2) emission and trade openness have a negative(indirect)and statistically significant relationship after the error correction term adjustment in the long run.Moreover,the relationship between CO_(2) emission and agricultural output is positive(direct)and statistically significant in the long run.There is a positive(direct)and statistically insignificant relationship between CO_(2) emission and inflation rate in the short run.Notably,the EKC hypothesis indicated that the Kenya’s economy is still on the environmental degradation trade-off through the gradual increase of both CO_(2) emission and agricultural output.Our results are important to Kenya’s economy because the derived insights will assist in relevant departments to formulate sustainable strategies to minimize environmental degradation.

Financial Development, Trade Openness, and Economic Growth in Zambia

This study investigates the causal relationship among financial development, trade openness, and economic growth in Zambia from 1965 to 2011. Two measures of financial development were used： broad money and domestic credit to the private sector, each as a ratio of gross domestic product （GDP）. In this regard, two models were developed for each indicator. The Augmented Dickey-Fuller （ADF） and Phillips-Perron （PP） tests were used to determine stationarity of all the variables. Furthermore, Johansen test was employed to ascertain possible cointegration among variables. The vector error correction model （VECM） was employed to examine the short-run and long-run dynamics among the variables in each model. The results indicate that the relationship among financial development, trade openness, and economic growth is sensitive to the financial development indicator chosen.

Long-standing Bamin Culture

ACCORDING to archaeolo-gists,as early as 5,000 yearsago the local culture ofpresent-day Fujian Provincee was calledthe Tanshishan culture.When Empe-ror Wudi of the Han Dynasty con-quered the Minyue nation,large num-bers of people immigrated from theCentral Plains into Fujian.After theSong and Yuan dynasties,the Mari-time Silk Road brought prosperity toQuanzhou,a major sea port in Fujian.In more recent history Fuzhou andXiamen were opened as trading portsthrough which foreign culture andWestern civilization poured in.East-

Opening Trade Doors

Zambian initiative creates opportunities for local businesses to increase trade with China China’s socio-economic emancipation, viewed through the lens of global history, is an integral part of the path of human progress.As the world’s second-largest economy, China has opened its arms to offer developing countries more opportunities in areas of market, investment and growth.

Keqiao Trade Fair Stands Out on Three Features——2009 CHINA KEQIAO INTERNATIONAL TEXTILE EXPO ceremoniously opens

On the morning of October 25th,2009,China Keqiao International Textile Expo (autumn) opened ceremoniously in China Textile City International Convention & Exhibition Center. "Large-Scale,internationalization

China(Shanghai) Pilot Free Trade Zone Embarks on A New Journey of High-Standard Institutional Opening-Up

On December 7,2023,the State Council officially released the General Plan for Advancing High-Standard Institutional Opening-Up of China(Shanghai)Pilot Free Trade Zone in Alignment with High-Standard International Economic and Trade Rules(herein after referred to as the General Plan).

China Releases Policies to Expand Opening-up

China's State Council on December 7 released a plan on highlevel institutional opening-up in the Shanghai Free Trade Zone,proposing to build Shanghai into a demonstration area for national institutional opening-up and deepened reforms.

Green trading and ecological sustainability under macroeconomic policy framework

When confronted with ecological challenges,trading ecologically friendly products involving renewable technologies,green management practices,and effluent treatment methods could alleviate ecological degradation on a global scale while considering the macroeconomic policy framework.Therefore,this study determines the effectiveness of fiscal and monetary policy instruments in moderating the relationship between green trade openness(i.e.,trade in environmentally related products)and ecological sustainability.Applying panel quantile regression on data from 20 OECD members from 2003 to 2016,we found that green trade openness supports ecological sustainability through a gains-from-trade approach.Concerning moderation effects,expenditure-driven fiscal expansion reinforces the favorable influence of green trade openness on ecological sustainability across ecologically less/moderately efficient economies,while it does the reverse for ecologically more efficient members.Taxation-driven fiscal contraction promotes ecological sustainability amelioration impact of green trade openness for economies with belowaverage ecological quality and remains neutral for those with average/above-average ecological quality.Besides,interest rate-driven monetary contraction proliferates the ecological sustainability enhancement effect of green openness.We suggest that the fiscal and monetary policies demand unambiguous coordination with the OECD’s trade policy structure for optimal environmental outcomes of trading in environmental products.These insights would help OECD’s green trade policies gain momentum to facilitate the attainment of the Climate Action agenda of the United Nations’Sustainable Development Goals.