Capital Account Openness,Exchange Rate Volatility and Economic Growth:International Experiences and Implications

Based on the Barro classical growth model, this paper introduces capital account openness and exchange rate volatility to conduct an empirical analysis using the panel data of 182 countries(regions) during 1970-2013 to examine the combined effects of capital account openness and exchange rate risks on economic growth. Our findings are as follows:(1) Without considering exchange rate volatility, capital account openness is subject to a threshold effect, i.e. capital account openness significantly promotes the economic growth of middle-and high-income countries but exerts the opposite effect on low-income countries; and(2) after exchange rate volatility is taken into account, the growth effect of capital account openness is reduced and the greater the exchange rate volatility is, the smaller the marginal effect of capital account openness will be; sample-specific results also proved the existence of the threshold effect. This paper offers the following implications:(1) The effect of capital account openness can be better examined based on risk factors;(2) moderately controlling exchange rate volatility is conducive to acquiring greater benefits from capital account openness; and(3) the threshold effect of capital account openness cannot be overlooked.

Threshold Effects in the Capital Account Liberalization and Foreign Direct Investment Relationship

This paper examines how capital account liberalization （CAL） affects foreign direct investment （FDI） inflows. Authors use a dynamic panel model encompassing 14 Middle East countries over the period from 1985 to 2009. The findings suggest that countries that are able to reap the benefits of the capital openness policy satisfy certain threshold conditions regarding the level of financial development and institutional quality. Thus to promote FDI, governments in this region should develop a set of policies that not only focus on financial openness, but also on the improvement of the financial system and legal institutions.

How to Prepare the Accounting Entry on the Basis of Capital Movement

It is well known that economic transactions must be prepared the accounting entries before they are registered in account books. Therefore, it＇s the most important procedure in the whole accounting work to prepare the accounting entries correctly. This paper puts forward how to prepare the accounting entry on the basis of capital movement because the traditional method is so complex, abstract and incomprehensible to be mastered by beginners. The research shows that the new method proposed in the paper is very direct, pictorial, and concrete. It is very easy to be mastered by a beginner of accounting.

Triptych Knowledge—Skills—Payroll and Business Performance: Application of an Operational Model for an Accounting Rating of the Human Capital in the Area of Distribution

The human capital’s accounting could allow companies to better manage the acquired knowledge and the skills developed by the employees when they join the firm.An operational model,suitable for a business enterprise’s HR manager and validated by its headboard,needs to include the employees’expertise and skills relative to their“cost”for the employer—the wage bill—and an assessment of the commercial performance.The human capital’s valuation includes methodological issues.Besides,the notion of human capital seems hardly understandable as a whole:The human capital gathers nevertheless components,such as knowledge—skills for which a first valuation can be proposed to test an accounting evaluation model for the operational human capital.In a perspective of a responsible management and a good HR policy,the method used must be able to better manage the knowledge and the competences employees acquired by accompanying them with the appropriate human resource management practices.This paper aims to show that the accounting valuation of human capital can become a tool in order to manage the knowledge and skills acquired and able to support a company’s human resources policy while being useful to its commercial performance—here in the distribution sector.In a research-intervention frame led in a responsible group,we use a model based on a triptych—wage bill,knowledge,and skills—to evaluate the human capital’s accounting,with an analytical highlight on the components measurement of the used“knowledge”and“skills”indexes in particular.A reflection on the operational model’s enrichment is proposed.

Rethinking Intellectual Capital Accounting Through Professional Sport Organizations

The purpose of this paper is to systematize sport accounting literature with intellectual capital(IC)lenses.Professional sport organizations are knowledge-based institutions,in which the IC plays a central role.IC is a significant driver for value creation for professional sport organizations and it is the expression of their market value.The relevance of IC in professional sport organizations allows us to delve into IC accounting research.Growing but highly fragmented literature focuses on accounting and reporting practices inside professional sport organizations,and analyzes single aspects of IC.As a starting point,we analyze the sport organizations’literature with the aim of investigating the IC value creation process.We then investigate IC accounting and reporting practices and the role of IC disclosure in relation to information transparency.The present work contributes to the extant literature by providing the“state of the art”of sport studies in accounting for IC.It also contributes to the extant literature by offering future avenues for advances in IC accounting research and theories.

Investments in Human Capital： Elements of Investments, Their Valuation, and the Related Financial Performance Ratios

Investments in human capital （employees） include investments in the direct assurance of working abilities, investments in health and well-being, and investments in loyalty to the company. These investments are crucial for the long-term existence and development of a company, but their value is not disclosed on the assets side of the classical balance sheet. The most important argument of the mentioned approach＇s promoters is that the economic benefits stemming from such investments are uncertain. However, investments in human capital are those with the highest long-term benefits for the company. Therefore, human capital is the only element of the business process that can add value. Other elements （equipment, materials, and services） just transfer their value to products and services. In this paper, the elements of investments in human capital and the methods used to evaluate these investments are addressed. In addition, uniquely shaped financial performance ratios related to investments in human capital are presented along with the system of integrated ratios.

Case Study of the Ways Private Equity Funds Apply to Dodge Capital-flow Control

In this article,several cases are cited to demonstrate how foreign private equity firms circumvent Chinese government restrictions on capital flows and investing in strategic and sensitive sectors. Speci cally,private equities investing in Chinese companies to be listed abroad can use the Red-chip,Sheng Da or overseas option models. Private equities investing in domestically-listed Chinese companies can resort to foreign-funded banks,underground banking,stock-holder borrowing,stocks held by the third party,equity bonds or local investment company purchases.

How to Evaluate Human Capital？

A company is usually founded by individuals striving to achieve their own or broader goals. Goal achievement related to a company＇s operations is called business or the business process. Human capital （man＇s work, employees） is an important element of the business process, however its value is not disclosed on the assets side of the classical balance sheet. In order to shown assets, human capital has to be evaluated. Evaluation can be made in monetary or non-monetary terms. Non-monetary models for evaluating human capital include organisational and behavioural variables. These variables are not expressed in monetary terms, however, based on changes in their quality, one can assume the increased or decreased value of human capital within the company. The value of non-monetary models should not be underestimated, however monetary models are of greater importance. In this article, the most significant non-monetary and monetary models of human capital evaluation are discussed. Among non-monetary models the Michigan, Flamholz, and Ogan models are discussed. Among monetary models the replacement costs model, the opportunity costs model, the discounted wages and salaries model, and originally created dynamic model are discussed. A descriptive approach is used to identify the basic characteristics of existing models for evaluating human capital. According to these findings a different approach is taken in developing an original model. Dynamic model can efficiently overcome most of the practical problems and can be used as an appropriate estimator of human capital value expressed in monetary terms. The research limitations are that the dynamic model has not been sufficiently verified in practice. The model could prove to be directly applicable in those enterprises that would like to define the value of their human capital.

Concerning the Capitalization Restriction of Training Cost According to IAS 38

In today＇s knowledge-based economy, the role played by human capital in the determination of the market value of a firm is recognized. To be able to persist in the open competition, entities are forced to invest increasingly in the professional training of their employees. Inconsistent with this rising importance is the prohibition to capitalize professional training cost according to international accounting standards （IAS） 38.69 （b）. Highly qualified employees ensure competitive advantages and thus lead to an increase in shareholder value. Regarding the financial statement as a primary source of information, it does not seem reasonable to leave such a valuable resource completely unnoticed in the balance sheet. Consequently, a truthful representation of a firm＇s asset should take training costs into account. This article pleads for a limitation of this general legal prohibition and analyzes under which premises those expenditures for training can comply with the common criteria of capitalization according to IAS 38.

Does Intellectual Capital Affect Business Performance？

The aim of this paper is to assess the impact of intellectual capital （IC） on firms＇ financial performance with reference to a sample of companies operating in the European Union （EU） area during the period from 2006 to 2013. The analyses are further differentiated by country of domicile, industry sector, and historical period （pre-crisis and crisis）. We investigate whether the value of the components of IC is a relevant factor that influences firms＇ performance, proposing and testing a modified version of the value added intellectual capital （VAICTM） model which also considers country-specific differences in terms of default risk. The empirical results evidence the relevance of the information on IC disclosed by companies. Differences arise depending on the reference country, industry, and historical period examined. The main limitations of the research are the unbalanced structure of the sample among countries and industries and the specificity of the examined sample （listed firms applying IAS/IFRS system）. The main implication of the study is that, since we demonstrate the value relevance of IC, our findings could be of interest for standard setters for defining a standard （qualitative and quantitative） level of information on human resources to be disclosed by companies in their financial statements. Our contribution to the literature is the proposal of some relevant modifications to the original VAICTM model and providing new evidence on the influence that IC had in recent years on business performance in the EU.

How Demographic Structure Determines International Capital Flows

This paper investigated the relationship between demographic structure and international capital flows with panel data of 190 countries over the past 60 years＇ and projection data for the 21st century. As found, from a global perspective, the current account balance （CAB） is negatively related to the dependency ratio, and orresponding to continuous change, international eapital flows tend to move from ＂adult countries＂ to ＂aged or young countries.＂ Since the middle of the 20th century, the U.S., Europe, Japan, China, Southeast Asia, Central Asia, South Asia, West Asia and Africa took turns in exporting capital to other countries. In the 2lst century, Europe, the U.S., Australia and Singapore will keep importing capital, while China in the 2030s, and Southeast Asia in the 2050s will in turn become the main capital importers. Given the demographic structure of China and the world, the future pattern of the international capital flows requires more serious concern and responses.

Assessment on Ecological Capital of Small Towns:A Case Study of Baita Town,Weifang

In this paper,remote sensing accounting model was used to assess the ecological capital of Baita Town,Weifang.Based on the present situation of the town,NPP statistical model was constructed on the GIS platform based on the relationships between NPP,LAI and NDVI.After loading the ground statistics,the ecological capital in the town was accounted.In 2015,the ecological capital of Baita Town was 175245600 yuan,and the gross domestic product(GDP)of the town was 308380000 yuan,that is,the ecological capital was 0.57 times the amount of GDP.

扩大金融领域制度型开放的运行机理、现实风险和实施路径

扩大金融领域制度型开放是开放型经济发展的必然要求,是实现国民经济高质量发展和中国式现代化的重要保证。以习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想为指导,结合数字科技产业发展与中国积极加入CPTPP、DEPA的趋势要求,以国际高标准规则和中国金融开放的问题为导向,厘清金融领域制度型开放的瓶颈和基于RTA规则的差距,从金融服务业务、金融市场和资本账户等领域分析扩大金融领域制度型开放的运行机理和现实风险,并在此基础上提出金融领域制度型开放有序扩大的长中短期目标、实施路径、战略规划和方案设计。文章的研究为中国克服金融开放瓶颈,推进“金融深化”,建设金融强国,建立和完善中国特色的自主性开放型金融理论知识体系提供有益贡献。

资本账户开放对企业投资效率的影响研究

依据2001—2017年95个国家的上市企业数据,考量资本账户开放对企业投资效率的作用。结果显示:资本账户开放能提高企业投资效率,缓解投资不足,抑制过度投资;机制检验表明,资本账户开放通过提高市场竞争、缓解融资约束以及提高风险承担水平三个渠道提高企业投资效率。异质性检验显示,流入方向的资本账户开放对企业投资效率的提升更大,资本账户开放主要提高了金融市场发展程度高的国家、外部融资依赖度高的行业以及高杠杆率企业的投资效率。鉴于此,建议有序开放资本账户,加快金融市场建设,积极融入全球资本市场发展。

国有资本授权经营体制改革能提高国企会计信息质量吗?

以管资本为主改革国有资本授权经营体制是深化国资国企改革的重要突破口。本文利用手工搜集的国有资本投资运营公司试点数据,以2009—2022年沪深A股国有上市公司为研究对象,采用多期双重差分模型考察了国有资本授权经营体制改革对国有企业会计信息质量的影响。结果显示,国有资本授权经营体制改革能够显著提高国有企业会计信息质量。进一步研究发现,国有资本授权经营体制改革对会计信息质量的提升作用受到行政层级、功能界定与分类、非国有股东治理的影响。本文丰富了国有资本授权经营体制改革经济后果以及会计信息质量影响因素的相关研究,对深化国资国企改革、促进资本市场平稳健康发展具有启示意义。

考虑无形资产框架下全要素生产率对经济增长质量的贡献

在知识经济时代,无形资本被视为促进经济增长的重要决定因素。本文在对无形资产进行分类的基础上,估算了我国宏观层面的无形资产投资规模及无形资本存量,并将其引入增长核算模型,测算各类要素以及全要素生产率(TFP)对经济增长的贡献。研究得到以下结论:2003—2021年,我国无形资产投资规模增长快速,高于同时期的固定资产投资增速以及国内生产总值增速。从结构看,无形资产投资中创新资产占比最高,但其中的研究与试验发展支出还需要加强;计算机信息化资产和经济竞争力资产占比相对较低,尤其是经济竞争力资产中的员工人力资本和企业组织资本投资支出还有较大提升空间。从贡献率看,无形资本深化对经济增长质量的贡献率显著上升,近10年来贡献率上升近10个百分点;TFP对经济增长质量起到重要作用,在考虑无形资产要素后,TFP的贡献率有所下降,这表明以往TFP的测算可能被高估。

资本市场开放与会计稳健性——基于“沪港通”的准自然实验

近年来,我国大力推动了资本市场对外开放的进程。本文基于“沪港通”这一外生政策变化,探讨了资本市场对外开放对企业会计稳健性的影响后果与作用机理。本文研究发现:①“沪港通”的实施显著降低了标的企业的会计稳健性;②作用机制的分析显示,“沪港通”的实施引入境外投资者可以缓解企业的融资约束,降低其提供会计稳健性的动机;③结合企业治理水平分析,“沪港通”对会计稳健性降低的影响在治理水平低的企业中更显著;④结合企业地位及产权性质分析,“沪港通”对会计稳健性降低的影响在地位高组以及国有企业中更显著。综合上述结果表明,“沪港通”实施会通过境外投资者引入等影响企业的决策函数,作用于企业的披露策略。

资本管制的理论依据与实践选择

全球金融危机造成国际资本剧烈波动并严重影响各国经济,对新兴市场国家的影响尤为明显,引发对资本管制政策必要性的重新思考。而重大突发公共卫生事件暴发导致的新一轮资本流出给新兴市场国家带来的巨大冲击,以及中国不断推进的金融市场双向开放引起的对全球金融状况的敏感性逐步增加,都凸显出合理使用资本管制政策的重要意义。通过梳理近年来关于资本管制政策实施的理论基础、国际货币基金组织对待资本管制政策的态度、新兴市场国家资本账户管理的经验,以及中国资本账户开放实践等方面的文献,发现现有文献在资本管制政策的有效性上尚未达成共识,未来应从资本管制政策与其他宏观经济政策的配合使用、资本管制政策的溢出效应与国际经济政策协调等方面进一步开展研究。

澳大利亚环境经济核算发展路径及启示

环境经济核算是绿色发展理念下统筹考虑环境保护与经济发展的必然选择,能够为环境与经济综合决策提供有力支撑。文章重点从澳大利亚环境经济核算体系建设、国家战略及工作概况、应用领域等方面阐述和分析澳大利亚环境经济核算的进展和成效,并结合我国发展现状,提出要在试点基础上统筹部门合作,充分考虑国际公认的环境经济核算体系标准和可持续发展目标,促进国际合作,持续改进并逐步建立核算框架和运行机制等。