Spatial Disparity in Availability of Tuberculosis Diagnostic Services Based on Sector and Level of Care in Nigeria

Background: Delay in Tuberculosis (TB) diagnosis can contribute to late presentation, severe disease, and continued transmission. KNCV TB Foundation Nigeria through the United States Agency for International Development (USAID) funded the TB Local Organization Network (LON) 1 and 2 projects that explored the availability of Tuberculosis services based on sector and levels of care. Methods: TB Patient Pathway Analysis was carried out in 14 states comprising 92 facilities. It involved primary, secondary, and tertiary levels of health care in both the public and private sectors. This was a cross-sectional study under program implementation. Proforma was used to collect data on the available TB diagnostic services. Results: In public health facilities, GeneXpert was available at 100% in tertiary facilities in 8 (57%) states;up to 82% in 4 (33%) states, 50% available at secondary facilities in 2 states, and There is none at the primary facilities. Smear microscopy was available at 100% in tertiary facilities in 9 (64%) states and 3 (25%) states have 50% to 82%;secondary -10 (71%) states have > 70% at facilities;primary 1 (7%) state has it in 61% of facilities. Loop-mediated isothermal amplification (TB-LAMP) in tertiary 2 (17%) states have 20% and 100% respectively;secondary 4 (<30%) states have in 1 or 2 facilities;none for primary facilities. In private health facilities, 79% of states have Smear microscopy at both primary and secondary facilities, and only 2 states (14%) at tertiary facilities. Only 1 (7%) state has GeneXpert in all tertiary facilities, 2 (14%) states have secondary facilities, and 4 states in about 1% of facilities. TB LAMP was not available in any tertiary facility, one (7%) state at secondary with coverage of 1%, and 2 (14%) states at primary both with 4% overall facility coverage. Conclusions: There is an inequitable distribution of TB diagnostic services in both sectors and levels of care in Nigeria. TB care and control will improve with enhanced equitable distribution of TB diagnostic services across the health system.

China’s Service Sector towards 2035:Outlook,Strategic Position and Policy Advice

China is setting out on a new journey of building a modern socialist country in all respects after achieving moderate prosperity.Modern services are an important part of China’s economy,underpinning China’s development towards a great modern socialist country.Globalization,industrial development,urbanization,innovation and income growth will drive China’s service sector development.By 2035,the service sector will account for 60.98%and 59.12%of total value-added and employment,respectively,and labor productivity in the service sector will rise from 145,500 yuan/person in 2019 to 282,300 yuan/person.The Fifth Plenum of the 19th CPC Central Committee called for“basically achieving the vision of socialist modernization by 2035.”According to the CPC Central Committee’s overall arrangements for the 2035 vision,we must identify a clear strategic position and tasks for the development of modern services as a key element of the modern industrial system,enhance service sector competitiveness,and achieve service sector modernization.To achieve this strategic goal,we must promote digitalized,intelligent,platform-based,standardized,and quality-oriented service sector development.We must give play to the decisive role of the market and the macro-regulatory role of the government in spurring service innovation,industry integration and clustering,and service sector reform and openness.

Digital Technology Empowers China's Service Sector Growth:Mechanism and Implementation Path

Digital technology is an instrument and vehicle for digital empowerment and the development of the digital economy.Digital applications in the service sector have spawned new business modes over recent years such as industrial internet platforms,new retail and online education,which have contributed to China s service sector growth and transition.With the help of digital technology,the service sector has maintained rapid growth,improved in terms of structure,quality and efficiency,increased public welfare,and enhanced indigenous innovation.In light of inadequate and uneven progress of digitalization and insufficient factor support and government incentives,we suggest that the government further advance digitalization development across the board,bolster factor support,and enhance policymaking.

Model and Characteristics of China's Service Sector Reform during 1978-2016

This paper intends to provide an in-depth and comprehensive analysis of China＇s service sector reform during 1978-2016 and characterize the model of the service sector reform. Due to unique national conditions and development journey, China＇s service sector reform was carried out in the context of China＇s overall reform and opening-up program based on non-industrial motivations with a pragmatic approach to improve both people＇s livelihood and efficiency and address practical problems facing China in various stages of its development, putting aside theoretical controversies. How to further improve the model of China＇s service sector reform that came into shape in such a unique historical context and advance service sector reform is an important yet arduous task.

China’s Service Sector and the 14thFYP: Trends, Breakthroughs andPolicy Outlook

China’s service sector has developed a lot in the 13th Five-Year Plan period,and is positioned to upgrade on all fronts in the new era. In the 14th Five-Year Plan period,China’s service sector boasts huge potentials and is expected to maintain steady growth. By2025, the service sector is expected to account for 59.05% of total value added, 54.96% ofemployment, 60.51% of fixed asset investment, and 50.04% of consumption. Service laborproductivity will rise from 143,400 yuan/person in 2019 to 178,400 yuan/person by 2025.It can thus be concluded that in the 14th Five-Year Plan period, China’s service sectorwill play a dominant role in the economy and head toward higher quality development. Toachieve this goal, we must allow for the decisive role of the market and the fundamentalrole of the government, and open up new prospects in development of the service sector withrespect to digilitalization, platform-based operations, smart technology, integration, andstandardization.

Empirical Analysis of China's Service Sector Development and Strategic Transition

Since reform and opening-up in 1978, the service sector has become the largest industry in China's economy. Compared with developed countries, however, China's service sector, especially modern services, remains rather undeveloped in terms of its aggregate size and internal industrial structure. The underlying reason is that the international OEM model under an export-oriented strategy created both technology spillovers and crowdingout effects on domestic service firms. With the deepening global division of work, such a market crowding-out effect is outweighing the technology spillover effect. This paper suggests that China's service sector must shift towards a domestic consumption-based strategy, utilize domestic and foreign production factors, and promote service sector innovation and development in differentiated monopolistic competition.

Resource Reorganization and Service Sector Growth in Highly Interconnected Society

This paper demonstrates how modern technologies, especially the Internet, are transforming the nature of the service sector, leading to extensive resource reorganizations and integrations, and fundamentally challenging traditional theories on service-based economy, e.g., the assumption that the service sector is inefficient no longer holds true, it is difficult for the neoclassical price theory to explain service price formation and people's consumption rationality has changed. Meanwhile, economic issues associated with the Internet, such as Internet economics, platform economics and information product pricing, also need to be investigated. Theoretical research and innovations also need to be carried out to investigate questions like how to protect privacy without preventing the use of data, as well as the complexities of "cultural and psychological consumption."

Human Resources Management and Development in the Service Sector: The Case of Greece

As part of the reorganization of services provided by companies,undoubtedly a significant role is the efficient management of human capital.Ensuring adequate and qualified personnel together with the proper management of their knowledge are critical factors in competitiveness,productivity,and profitability.The main objective of the paper is to highlight the management and development of human capital of service sector and that this parameter is a key priority for improving the efficiency of financial services for the benefit of their clients.For this purpose,three bank branches of different banks will be investigated,where their strategic planning will be analyzed,the policies to be implemented will be highlighted,and their objectives to be achieved will be underlined.

IT Project Environment Factors Affecting Requirements Analysis in Service Provisioning for the Greek Banking Sector

The research undertaken within a Greek IT organisation specialising in service provisioning to the Greek banking sector discusses the various aspects of a number of identified environment factors within five distinct IT projects which affect the requirements analysis phase. Project Management (PMBOK? Guide 4th ed.), IT Service Management (ITIL? v3) and Business Analysis (BABOK? Guide 2.0) framework practices applied to the various IT projects are highlighted in regard to improved activity execution. Project issue management, stakeholder management, time management, resources management, communication management and risk management aspects are presented. These are then linked to the identified environment factors so as to indicate the adaptability of an IT support team to changing environment factors in IT project environments and how the fulfilment of these factors can significantly contribute to effective requirements analysis and enhance the requirements management cycle.

China Service Sector Growth on Track

Service sector growth nearly unchanged in April China Service Sector Tracker(CSST),based on high-frequency data,has been tracking China’s monthly tertiary industry growth since January2010.The headline tracker moderated at8.1%y/y in April from 8.2%y/y in March(Figure 1).We track value-added growth in five key sub-sectors of the tertiary industry,based on the structure of the official tertiary GDP.The

FDI in Hi-tech Service Sector and Hi-tech Manufacturing Increased

China’s foreign trade from January to July According to the Customs statistics,China’s total import and export in January-July reached RMB 13.21trillion,down 3%year on year.Among these,the export was RMB 7.6 trillion,down 1.6%;the import RMB 5.61trillion,down 4.8%.The surplus was RMB 1.99 trillion,up 8.7%.(In

Managerial Behaviors of Executive Women in India’s Service Sector

Numerous studies are emphasizing the importance of managerial behavior amongst executives in the management.Research,particularly on managerial behavior of women in executive management,is relatively underexplored.These managerial behaviors are classified into three functional domains:a task,relationship,and strategy-oriented in organizations.Little attention is paid to these managerial behaviors and skills observed amongst executive women in India’s women’s banking and finance sectors.The present study addresses this under-examined inquiry area concerning three managerial behaviors among India’s women executives.Twenty-five executive women in the banking and finance service sectors were interviewed.Moreover,fifty team members reporting to these executive women were surveyed.Findings indicate that executive women were adopting task and relationship-oriented behaviors.The third domain of strategy-oriented managerial behavior is least reported amongst executive women in the service sector organizations.These strategic change behaviors are exhibited at a minimal.In conclusion,the theoretical and practice implications of effective managerial practices in the service organization are discussed.

Community Endowment Service Supply of the Third Sector to Participate in Research in China

Under the background of population aging, unilateral by the government mode of community endowment service more and more cannot satisfy the require of the elderly, and community as working platform, the third sector participation, in situ solve the problem of the community elderly, multivariate supply of the community elderly service mode gradually. The purpose of this paper is to research and practice experience at home and abroad, based on the literature method, interdisciplinary study, induction, etc on the current situation of the third sector to participate in community service, in order to understand and grasp the third sector in the form of participation in community endowment service as well as the advantages and disadvantages. Finally gives the countermeasures and Suggestions, to promote third sector to actively participate in community endowment services, promote social endowment service system construction in China.

The Scope of China's Service Sectors Permitting Foreign Participation

Finance It is permitted to establish Sino-foreign joint-venture financial companies, wholly foreign-owned financial companies, and Sino-foreign joint-venture banks, provided that both sides in the joint venture are financial institutions, and the foreign side has a representative office in China.

Comparison of BRICs' service sectors' competitiveness

This paper presents an empirical comparison of the service sectors in China, Brazil, Russia and India from theperspectives of overall level, internal structure and international competitiveness.The results show that comparedwith India, Brazil and Russia, China’s service sector constitutes a smaller proportion of the national economy andthere is a relatively low proportion of modern services in its service sector.The latter is more likely to affect China’sindustrial upgrade.In addition, it’s an undisputed fact that China’s service exports have weaker overall internationalcompetitiveness than India’s and are mainly low technology-intensive products.China’s industrial policy shouldfocus on optimizing its service structure, accelerating the development pace of modern services and enhancing theinternational competitiveness of its service sector.

Re-Evaluation of China＇s Service Trade Competitiveness： A Global Value Chain Perspective

Based on the Worm Input-Output Database （WIOD）, this paper conducts a forward-linkage decomposition of value-added in trade to estimate China＇s service value-added exports and its service sector＇s international competitiveness during 2000- 2014. Result indicates that during the sample period, China＇s service exports measured by forward-linkage decomposition method accounted for around 35% in its total export. While the value of services exported directly through the service sector accounted for a falling share, the value of services exported through other sectors represented an increasing share. China ranks second in the world in terms of market share of service exports. However, the revealed comparative advantage （RCA） of China＇s service exports and export sophistication remains limited.

China＇s Service Economy in the Coming Five Years （2011-2015）

This paper suggests that a new approach should be taken for the development of China＇s service sector. Priorities for this include： appropriate objectives for service sector development, enhanced functionality, integrated development between manufacturing and services, improved regional layout of the service sector, and the emergence of reputable brands and leading enterprises. Well-designed and effective industrial policies, as well as calls for major breakthroughs in institutional mechanisms, must support the development of the service sector. Additionally, excessive burdens and difficult financing channels need to be addressed. More attention should be paid to the construction of the credit system, service standardization, and service statistical accounting as element tasks.

Expanding the US-China cooperation on service programs： New opportunities for both countries

For years, the US and China have cooperated closely on manufacturing programs, which helps China become the world manufacturing center. While they both have gained much from the cooperation, there are also increasing frictions, disputes, complains and dissatisfaction with each other because of the huge trade unbalance problem and other significant issues. The US is eager to expand export to China, but China seems hesitating to decide what to import from the US. This paper presents an analysis about the benefits of the US-China cooperation with a primary focus on the service sector, which remains a large and untapped opportunity for China. The goal of the paper is to explore a new route to relieve the trade balance issues as they separately impact both nations. While focusing on analyzing several immediate opportunities, the paper also investigates several new ideas that rest on technology as well as entrepreneurial development.

人工智能能否赋能服务业效率提高——基于省级面板数据的实证分析

人工智能技术的应用对于解决服务业低效率问题具有一定的实践价值。文章选取2007—2019年间我国30个省、自治区、直辖市的省级面板数据,实证分析人工智能对服务业效率的影响以及作用机制。研究表明,人工智能对提高服务业效率产生了积极影响,可以通过间接促进人力资本水平提升推动服务业效率提高。进一步的异质性分析表明,人工智能对服务业效率提高的促进作用在东北地区和服务业高效率地区表现更明显,同时对传统服务业效率提高的促进作用比现代服务业更加显著。

服务业扩大开放政策对产业结构升级的影响——基于北京市服务业扩大开放综合试点的准自然实验

以北京市服务业扩大开放综合试点为研究对象,运用合成控制法实证考察了服务业扩大开放政策对北京市产业结构升级的影响效应及作用机制,结果显示:在产业整体层面,服务业扩大开放政策能够显著提升北京市的产业结构高级化水平,且随着政策的迭代调整,该政策对产业结构升级的促进作用逐年增大;同时,该政策能够有效促进本地劳动力要素向科技、金融等高端产业集聚,进而以人才驱动支撑服务业高端化发展。机制检验表明,该政策主要通过营商环境改善效应、资本积累效应及知识溢出效应等途径促进产业结构升级。对此,未来应进一步深化服务业扩大开放政策,注重引导高端产业的均衡发展与全面开放,强化制度创新及政策联动。