Analysis of the Direct Operating Cost(DOC) of aircraft is an important step towards achieving financially sustainable aviation operations. However, the value of the DOC for different aircraft types and flight scenario...Analysis of the Direct Operating Cost(DOC) of aircraft is an important step towards achieving financially sustainable aviation operations. However, the value of the DOC for different aircraft types and flight scenarios is not widely available. In this study, we perform a systematic analysis of the DOC of every wide-body passenger aircraft currently in production, using the method of the Association of European Airlines(AEA). The elements of the DOC, e.g. financial costs, maintenance costs, and flight costs, are evaluated individually. Several realistic flight scenarios are considered, each with differences in route distance, fuel price, passenger number, and seating arrangement. For each flight scenario, the most cost-efficient aircraft type is identified and evaluated in the context of operations from Hong Kong International Airport. The information provided in this study could be useful to airline operators and policy makers.展开更多
In this paper, we propose a nearly analytic exponential time difference （NETD） method for solving the 2D acoustic and elastic wave equations. In this method, we use the nearly analytic discrete operator to approxima...In this paper, we propose a nearly analytic exponential time difference （NETD） method for solving the 2D acoustic and elastic wave equations. In this method, we use the nearly analytic discrete operator to approximate the high-order spatial differential operators and transform the seismic wave equations into semi-discrete ordinary differential equations （ODEs）. Then, the converted ODE system is solved by the exponential time difference （ETD） method. We investigate the properties of NETD in detail, including the stability condition for 1-D and 2-D cases, the theoretical and relative errors, the numerical dispersion relation for the 2-D acoustic case, and the computational efficiency. In order to further validate the method, we apply it to simulating acoustic/elastic wave propagation in mul- tilayer models which have strong contrasts and complex heterogeneous media, e.g., the SEG model and the Mar- mousi model. From our theoretical analyses and numerical results, the NETD can suppress numerical dispersion effectively by using the displacement and gradient to approximate the high-order spatial derivatives. In addition, because NETD is based on the structure of the Lie group method which preserves the quantitative properties of differential equations, it can achieve more accurate results than the classical methods.展开更多
The cost of Energy Storage System(ESS)for frequency regulation is difficult to calculate due to battery’s degradation when an ESS is in grid-connected operation.To solve this problem,the influence mechanism of actual...The cost of Energy Storage System(ESS)for frequency regulation is difficult to calculate due to battery’s degradation when an ESS is in grid-connected operation.To solve this problem,the influence mechanism of actual operating conditions on the life degradation of Li-ion battery energy storage is analyzed.A control strategy of Li-ion ESS participating in grid frequency regulation is constructed and a cost accounting model for frequency regulation considering the effect of battery life degradation is established.The estimated operating life and annual average cost of the Li-ion ESS under different dead bands and SOC set-points are calculated.The case studies show that the estimated operating life of the Li-ion ESS under the actual operating condition differs significantly from the nominal life provided by the manufacturer under the standard condition and the full discharge mode.This paper provides an accurate costing method for the ESS participating in grid frequency regulation to help the promotion of the ESS to participate in the ancillary service market.展开更多
构建了永磁偏置型故障限流器PMFCL的经济性分析模型,包括材料成本和运行成本两部分。材料成本取决于PMFCL的关键结构参数,基于等效磁路法导出了PMFCL 4个关键结构参数与电感和、电感比以及饱和深度比这3个独立电磁变量间的函数关系;运...构建了永磁偏置型故障限流器PMFCL的经济性分析模型,包括材料成本和运行成本两部分。材料成本取决于PMFCL的关键结构参数,基于等效磁路法导出了PMFCL 4个关键结构参数与电感和、电感比以及饱和深度比这3个独立电磁变量间的函数关系;运行成本由铁芯损耗和绕组铜耗组成,并给出了各自的计算方法。针对500 k V PMFCL经济性分析实例,分析了电磁变量对PMFCL经济性的影响,并建立其经济性优化模型,求得了PMFCL的最优成本和对应的结构参数。结果表明,在高压大容量应用场合,PMFCL具有较好的经济性优势。Ansoft Maxwell二维有限元仿真验证了经济性优化模型的合理性。展开更多
文摘Analysis of the Direct Operating Cost(DOC) of aircraft is an important step towards achieving financially sustainable aviation operations. However, the value of the DOC for different aircraft types and flight scenarios is not widely available. In this study, we perform a systematic analysis of the DOC of every wide-body passenger aircraft currently in production, using the method of the Association of European Airlines(AEA). The elements of the DOC, e.g. financial costs, maintenance costs, and flight costs, are evaluated individually. Several realistic flight scenarios are considered, each with differences in route distance, fuel price, passenger number, and seating arrangement. For each flight scenario, the most cost-efficient aircraft type is identified and evaluated in the context of operations from Hong Kong International Airport. The information provided in this study could be useful to airline operators and policy makers.
文摘In this paper, we propose a nearly analytic exponential time difference （NETD） method for solving the 2D acoustic and elastic wave equations. In this method, we use the nearly analytic discrete operator to approximate the high-order spatial differential operators and transform the seismic wave equations into semi-discrete ordinary differential equations （ODEs）. Then, the converted ODE system is solved by the exponential time difference （ETD） method. We investigate the properties of NETD in detail, including the stability condition for 1-D and 2-D cases, the theoretical and relative errors, the numerical dispersion relation for the 2-D acoustic case, and the computational efficiency. In order to further validate the method, we apply it to simulating acoustic/elastic wave propagation in mul- tilayer models which have strong contrasts and complex heterogeneous media, e.g., the SEG model and the Mar- mousi model. From our theoretical analyses and numerical results, the NETD can suppress numerical dispersion effectively by using the displacement and gradient to approximate the high-order spatial derivatives. In addition, because NETD is based on the structure of the Lie group method which preserves the quantitative properties of differential equations, it can achieve more accurate results than the classical methods.
基金This work is supported in part by Industrial Innovation of Jilin Province Development and Reform Commission(2017C017-2)Science&Technology Project of SGCC(Key technology and application of super large capac-ity battery energy storage system),and Jilin Provincial“13th Five-Year Plan”Science and Technology Project([2016]88).
文摘The cost of Energy Storage System(ESS)for frequency regulation is difficult to calculate due to battery’s degradation when an ESS is in grid-connected operation.To solve this problem,the influence mechanism of actual operating conditions on the life degradation of Li-ion battery energy storage is analyzed.A control strategy of Li-ion ESS participating in grid frequency regulation is constructed and a cost accounting model for frequency regulation considering the effect of battery life degradation is established.The estimated operating life and annual average cost of the Li-ion ESS under different dead bands and SOC set-points are calculated.The case studies show that the estimated operating life of the Li-ion ESS under the actual operating condition differs significantly from the nominal life provided by the manufacturer under the standard condition and the full discharge mode.This paper provides an accurate costing method for the ESS participating in grid frequency regulation to help the promotion of the ESS to participate in the ancillary service market.
文摘构建了永磁偏置型故障限流器PMFCL的经济性分析模型,包括材料成本和运行成本两部分。材料成本取决于PMFCL的关键结构参数,基于等效磁路法导出了PMFCL 4个关键结构参数与电感和、电感比以及饱和深度比这3个独立电磁变量间的函数关系;运行成本由铁芯损耗和绕组铜耗组成,并给出了各自的计算方法。针对500 k V PMFCL经济性分析实例,分析了电磁变量对PMFCL经济性的影响,并建立其经济性优化模型,求得了PMFCL的最优成本和对应的结构参数。结果表明,在高压大容量应用场合,PMFCL具有较好的经济性优势。Ansoft Maxwell二维有限元仿真验证了经济性优化模型的合理性。
