LSTM-based lane change prediction using Waymo open motion dataset: The role of vehicle operating space

Lane change prediction is critical for crash avoidance but challenging as it requires the understanding of the instantaneous driving environment.With cutting-edge artificial intelligence and sensing technologies,autonomous vehicles(AVs)are expected to have exceptional perception systems to capture instantaneously their driving environments for predicting lane changes.By exploring the Waymo open motion dataset,this study proposes a framework to explore autonomous driving data and investigate lane change behaviors.In the framework,this study develops a Long Short-Term Memory(LSTM)model to predict lane changing behaviors.The concept of Vehicle Operating Space(VOS)is introduced to quantify a vehicle's instantaneous driving environment as an important indicator used to predict vehicle lane changes.To examine the robustness of the model,a series of sensitivity analysis are conducted by varying the feature selection,prediction horizon,and training data balancing ratios.The test results show that including VOS into modeling can speed up the loss decay in the training process and lead to higher accuracy and recall for predicting lane-change behaviors.This study offers an example along with a methodological framework for transportation researchers to use emerging autonomous driving data to investigate driving behaviors and traffic environments.

Review of the studies on emission evaluation approaches for operating vehicles

With the increasing international consensus concerning the negative effects of climate change,reducing greenhouse gases has become a higher priority in government policies and research committees.The transportation sector generates approximately 29%of the total greenhouse gas emissions and 25%of the global energy related carbon dioxide(CO2)emissions.Thus,it is essential to understand the influencing factors of vehicle emissions and establish a corresponding evaluation model for the emission estimation of operating vehicles.This paper reviews different methods of measuring vehicle emissions,including laboratory measurements,on-road measurements,and tunnel measurements.Then,we summarize the factors affecting the emission evaluation of operating vehicles based on the vehicle operating features and road environment.Finally,the applications of vehicle emission evaluation models are analyzed,including the emission assessment of the vehicles operating at road segments and intersections.Based on this review,one can conclude that selecting different measurements will significantly impact the assessment of the vehicle emission results and the applicable scope of the measurements.Considering the different influencing factors of the operating vehicle emissions will have an impact on the model application of the vehicle emission evaluation.Moreover,several analysis methods for new technology vehicles can compensate for the potential lack in connectedness with the rapid development of new energy vehicle technology and the improvement of intelligent transportation systems(ITS).

Vehicle Operating, Accident and User Time Costs in Pavement Management Systems： Approach for Portuguese Conditions

This paper presents a description and analysis of the most important models to predict each of the Road User Costs components （Vehicle Operating Costs, Accident Costs and Value of Time） and proposes a model for estimating RUC components suitable for the Portuguese road network. These results are part of a research which aimed to obtain a Road User Cost Model to be used as a tool in road management systems. This model is different from other models by the fact that it includes a simple formulation that allows calibration and calculation of cost parameters, for any year, in a simple and fast way, providing trustworthy results. The required data is already available in Portuguese institutions, allowing periodic revision of cost parameters to insure accuracy.

Revision of the National Standard on Safety Specification for Power Driven Vehicles Operating on Roads

The national standard--Safety Specifications for Power Driven VehiclesOperating on Roads--is the most basic technical regulation for safety and technical management ofmotor vehicles in China. It is the safety and technical basis for the Public Security TrafficControl Dept. to register new vehicles, periodic inspection of vehicles under operation andinspection of vehicles involved in traffic accidents. It is also one of the important technicalbases of our country for compulsory inspection of new vehicles on fi-nalization of its model,ex-works inspection of new vehicles and the inspection of imported motor vehicles. Since the formalcountrywide implementation of GB7258-1997 Safety Specifications for Power Driven Vehicles Operatingon Roads on Jan. 1, 1998, the standard has played a very active role in strengthening the operatingsafety management of motor vehicles, improving the operating safety level of motor vehicles, and insafeguarding road traffic safety, etc. However, along with the rapid and sustainable growth of ournational economy, the number of motor vehicles has increased rapidly, especially privately-ownedautomobiles, so that the incidence of road traffic accidents rises yearly and the road trafficsafety situation is becoming increasingly serious. Therefore, the General Administration of QualitySupervision, Inspection and Quarantine of the People's Republic of China (AQSIQ) and theStandardization Administration of China (SAC) have issued the revised standard GB725 8-2004 SafetySpecifications for Power Driven Vehicles Operating on Roads, which will be put into effect onOctober 1, 2004. The timely revision of this standard is very necessary for upgrading the safety andtechnical requirements for motor vehicles in China.

深水ROV工具篮子结构设计载荷与屈服强度分析

水下机器人ROV(remote operated vehicle)工具篮子用于在陆地和深海中储存ROV安装工具,除方便ROV进行操作外,同时给ROV工具提供保护,能够很好地适应深远海环境,是水下生产系统的重要组成部件。其深海安装作业风险高、要求严,研究其安装全过程工况的强度性能对确保整个水下生产系统平稳运行具有重要作用。针对南海陵水气田使用的ROV工具篮子深海多种典型工况,计算得到设计载荷,然后对其进行有限元建模分析,计算不同载荷工况下的应力响应,对结构的屈服强度进行校核,以确保整体结构强度满足安全规范要求。计算结果表明:ROV工具篮子在多种提升工况、冲击工况以及运输工况下结构屈服强度均满足规范要求,在此基础上,指导现场使用的ROV工具篮子设计,整个海上安装及水下运行安全可靠。研究成果可为ROV工具篮子以及类似水下结构物的结构设计和深海安装提供理论基础和技术参考。

Research on Hydrodynamics Model Test for Deepsea Open-Framed Remotely Operated Vehicle

This paper presents the features of newly designed hydrodynamics test for the scaled model of 4500 m deepsea open-framed remotely operated vehicle （ROV）, which is being researched and developed by Shanghai Jiao Tong University. Accurate hydrodynamics coefficients measurement and spatial modeling of ROV are significant for the maneuverability and control algorithm. The scaled model of ROV was constructed by 1：1.6. Hydrodynamics coefficients were measured through VPMM and LAHPMM towing test. And dynamics model was derived as a set of equations, describing nonlinear and coupled 5-DOF spatial motions. Rotation control motion was simulated to verify spatial model proposed. Research and application of hydrodynamics coefficients are expected to enable ROV to overcome uncertainty and disturbances of deepsea environment, and accomplish some more challengeable and practical missions.

Design of motion control of dam safety inspection underwater vehicle

Plenty of dams in China are in danger while there are few effective methods for underwater dam inspections of hidden problems such as conduits,cracks and inanitions.The dam safety inspection remotely operated vehicle(DSIROV) is designed to solve these problems which can be equipped with many advanced sensors such as acoustical,optical and electrical sensors for underwater dam inspection.A least-square parameter estimation method is utilized to estimate the hydrodynamic coefficients of DSIROV,and a four degree-of-freedom(DOF) simulation system is constructed.The architecture of DSIROV's motion control system is introduced,which includes hardware and software structures.The hardware based on PC104 BUS,uses AMD ELAN520 as the controller's embedded CPU and all control modules work in VxWorks real-time operating system.Information flow of the motion system of DSIROV,automatic control of dam scanning and dead-reckoning algorithm for navigation are also discussed.The reliability of DSIROV's control system can be verified and the control system can fulfill the motion control mission because embankment checking can be demonstrated by the lake trials.

Using Unmanned Underwater Vehicles as Research Platforms in Coastal Ocean Studies

The advantages of using unmanned underwater vehicles in coastal ocean studies are emphasized. Two types of representative vehicles, remotely operated vehicle (ROV) and autonomous underwater vehicle (AUV) from University of South Florida, are discussed. Two individual modular sensor packages designed and tested for these platforms and field measurement results are also presented. The bottom classification and albedo package, BCAP, provides fast and accurate estimates of bottom albedos, along with other parameters such as in-water remote sensing reflectance. The real-time ocean bottom optical topographer, ROBOT, reveals high-resolution 3-dimentional bottom topography for target identification. Field data and results from recent Coastal Benthic Optical Properties field campaign, 1999 and 2000, are presented. Advantages and limitations of these vehicles and applications of modular sensor packages are compared and discussed.

Research on Ant Colony Algorithm in Vehicle Operation Adjustment Based on IOT

Automatic solution of vehicle operation adjustment is the important content in realizing vehicle traffic command automation on Internet of Things platform. Based on both the organization realization of Internet of Things platform and the merging vehicle operation adjustment into the Flow-Shop scheduling problem in manufacturing systems,this paper has constructed the optimization model with a two-lane vehicle operation adjustment. With respect to the large model solution space and complex constraints,a better solution algorithm is proposed based on ant colony algorithm for optimal quick solution. The simulation results show that the algorithm is feasible and the approximate optimal solution can be quickly obtained.

Multi-role Remotely Operated Marine Surface Vehicle

Development of man-packable,versatile marine surface vehicle with ability to rescue a drowning victim and also capable of carrying mission specific sensor is explored.Design thinking methodology is implemented by using existing equipment/platform with the addition of external attachment to make it a functional product.Iterative prototyping process with extensive testing to achieve user-centric solution.Individual prototypes and their possible sub-configurations with their integration and characteristics are studied and compared with numerical model,inferences obtained are utilised to improve for the next iteration.A novel hinge-clamp assembly enables this marine surface vehicle to operate in the event of an overturn,this phenomenon is further studied with the aid of a mathematical model(Pendulum in a fluid).This research project aims to demonstrate a multi-role unmanned surface vehicle.

Heuristics for Improving Operational Performance of Permutation Circulati on-type Vehicle Routing System

This paper discusses an optimization of operating a p ermutation circulation-type vehicle routing system (PCVRS, for short), in w hich several stages are located along by a single loop, and a fleet of vehicles travels on the loop unidirectionally and repeatedly. Traveling on the loop, each vehicle receives an object from the loading stage and then carries it to a cert ain processing stage, or receives an object from a certain processing stage and then carries it to the unloading stage per a turnaround. No passing is allowed f or the vehicles on the loop (from which the system is called permutation, and th is restriction may cause interferences between vehicles). Material handling systems such as PCVRS are actually encountered in flexible man ufacturing systems and in automated storage/retrieval systems. In this paper, we propose a heuristic algorithm for operating the PCVRS, which i ncorporates a new scheduling method for the vehicles with the SPT (shortest proc essing time) numbering of jobs and a round-robin manner of allocating jobs to t he stages, aiming to reduce interferences between the vehicles. We also give num erical results with respect to system performances attained by the heuristic. Description of the system The PCVRS consists of a set of n v vehicles V={V 1,V 2,...,V n v}, a set of n s, processing stages S p={S 1,S 2,...,S n s}, a loading stage S 0 and an unloading stage S n s +1. We denote by S=S p∪{S 0,S n s+l} the set of all the stages. The vehicles travel on a single loop unidirectionany and repeated ly. The system layout is depicted in Fig.1. There is a set of n jobs J={J 1,J 2,...,J n} to be processed b y the vehicles. Each job consists of two tasks: That is, each vehicle receives a n object from S 0 and then carries it to S l with a certain l∈{1,2, ...,n s} (a throw-in job), or receives an object from S l with a certain l∈{1,2,...,n s} and then carries it to S n s+1 (a throw-out job ) per a turnaround. The loop consists of buffer zones BZ(l) and travel zones TZ(l) (see Fig. 1). Each buffer zone BZ(l) is placed in front of stage S l, l=0,1,..., n s, n s+1, in order to avoid a collision between vehicles (i.e., the syste m adopts the so-called zone control strategy). A heuristic algorithm We develop a heuristic algorithm to obtain a good performance for the PCVRS. An operation π={A/B/C} for the PCVRS consists of three decision factors: (A) Numbering jobs Jobs are loaded into S 0 according to an assending order of job numbers. In this paper, we use the following rules to number jobs: SPT: Order jobs in the shortest processing time rule, i.e., P 1≤P 2≤...≤P n for the set of jobs J={J 1,J 2,...,J n}, rather than the FCFS numbering (i.e., number jobs in first-come-first-served order). The SPT rule intends to reduce interferences between two adjacent vehicles at stages. (B) Allocating jobs to stages For the purpose of balancing loads of processing stages, we adopt the following to allocate jobs to the stages: ORDER: Allocate n jobs to n s, processing stages by an in-order manner , i.e., let l(i) be the index of processing stage allocated job J i by ORDER, it holds that l(i)=n s+1-(i-[(i-1)/n s]n s).(1) The ORDER rule intends to process jobs parallel at stages as many as possible. (C) Scheduling vehicles The following method for scheduling vehicles under ORDER rule is already known: Fig.1 The vehicle ro uting system, PCVRS Fig.2 Mean turnaroun d times by heuristics Unchange: Assign n jobs to n v vehicles such that let k(i) be the i ndex of vehicle processing job J i, then k(i)= i-[(i-1)/n v]n v.(2) In csse of n v≥n s, mod (n v,n s)=0 or n v<n s, mod (n s,n v)=0 (mod(x,y) is the remainder of x/y), the number of interferences between vehicles is minimized at stage S 1 under Unchange sche dules, while in the other cases it is not [Lu et al. (2001a)]. Therefore, in t his paper, we develop a new scheduling method of the vehicles, denoted by Ex change, to modify Unchange schedules. Note

Virtual Reality Simulation of Fuzzy-logic Control during Underwater Dynamic Positioning

In this paper, graphical-user-interface （GUI） software for simulation and fuzzy-logic control of a remotely operated vehicle （ROV） using MATLABTM GUI Designing Environment is proposed. The proposed ROV＇s GUI platform allows the controller such as fuzzy-logic control systems design to be compared with other controllers such as proportional-integral-derivative （PID） and sliding-mode controller （SMC） systematically and interactively. External disturbance such as sea current can he added to improve the modelling in actual underwater environment. The simulated results showed the position responses of the fuzzy-logic control exhibit reasonable performance under the sea current disturbance.

A Hull-Inspect ROV Control System Architecture

The control architectures of ＂SY-2＂ Remote Operated Vehicle （ROV） are introduced. Both hardware architecture and software architecture are discussed. PC/104 embedded computer is used to control equipment for collecting sensor data and sending control commands. PC/104 embedded computer is integrated with A/D, D/A, 8 serial ports card and power supply unit. The surface computer is a X86PC. They transfer data through a fiber line. For software, real-time OS VxWorks is embedded in PC/104. A/D, D/A and serial ports operation are based on VxWorks OS, which increase the real-time quality of control system. Surface computer is the center of motion control and data processing. It is communicated with underwater PC/104 by socket. The whole system has been tested both on land and in tank.

ROV Based Underwater Blurred Image Restoration

In this paper, we present a method of ROV based image processing to restore underwater blurry images from the theory of light and image transmission in the sea. Computer is used to simulate the maximum detection range of the ROV under different water body conditions. The receiving irradiance of the video camera at different detection ranges is also calculated. The ROV’s detection performance under different water body conditions is given by simulation. We restore the underwater blurry images using the Wiener filter based on the simulation. The Wiener filter is shown to be a simple useful method for underwater image restoration in the ROV underwater experiments. We also present examples of restored images of an underwater standard target taken by the video camera in these experiments.

Dynamics analysis of planar armored cable motion in deep-sea ROV system

The armored cable used in a deep-sea remotely operated vehicle(ROV) may undergo large displacement motion when subjected to dynamic actions of ship heave motion and ocean current. A novel geometrically exact finite element model for two-dimensional dynamic analysis of armored cable is presented. This model accounts for the geometric nonlinearities of large displacement of the armored cable, and effects of axial load and bending stiffness. The governing equations are derived by consistent linearization and finite element discretization of the total weak form of the armored cable system, and solved by the Newmark time integration method. To make the solution procedure avoid falling into the local extreme points, a simple adaptive stepping strategy is proposed. The presented model is validated via actual measured data. Results for dynamic configurations, motion and tension of both ends of the armored cable, and resonance-zone are presented for two numerical cases, including the dynamic analysis under the case of only ship heave motion and the case of joint action of ship heave motion and ocean current. The dynamics analysis can provide important reference for the design or product selection of the armored cable in a deep-sea ROV system so as to improve the safety of its marine operation under the sea state of 4 or above.

Development of a Robot for In-service Radiography Inspection of Subsea Flexible Risers

The extreme operational environmental conditions and aging conditions of subsea structures pose a risk to their structural integrity and is critical to their safety.Nondestructive testing is essential to identify defects developing within the structure,allowing repair in a timely manner to mitigate against failures that cause damage to the environment and pose a hazard to human operators.However,to be cost effective,inspections must be carried out without taking the risers out of service.This poses significant safety risks if undertaken manually.This paper presents the development of an automated inspection system for flexible risers that are used to connect wellheads on the seafloor to the offshore production and storage facility.Due to the complex structure of risers,radiography is considered as the best technique to inspect multiple layers of the risers.However,radiography inspection,in turn,requires a robotic system for in-situ inspection with higher payload capacity,precise movement of source and detector which is able to withstand an extreme operational environment.The deployment of a radiography inspection system hasbeen achieved bydeveloping acustomized subsearobotic system called RiserSure that can provide precise scanning motion of a gamma ray source and digital detector moving in alignment.The prototype has been tested on a flexible riser during shallow water sea trials with the system placed around a riser by a remotely operated vehicle.The results from the trials show that the internal inner and outer tensile armor layer and defects in the riser can be successfully imaged in real operational conditions.

OBLIQUE TOWING TEST AND MANEUVER SIMULATION AT LOW SPEED AND LARGE DRIFT ANGLE FOR DEEP SEA OPEN-FRAMED REMOTELY OPERATED VEHICLE

This article presents the newly designed oblique towing test in the horizontal plane for the scaled model of 4 500 m deep sea open-framed Remotely Operated Vehicle （ROV）,which is being researched and developed by Shanghai Jiao Tong University.Accurate hydrodynamics coefficients measurement is significant for the maneuverability and control system design.The scaled model of ROV was constructed by 1：1.6.Hydrodynamics tests of large drift angle were conducted through Large Amplitude Horizontal Planar Motion Mechanism （LAHPMM） under low speed.Multiple regression method is adopted to process the test data and obtain the related hydrodynamic coefficients.Simulations were designed for the horizontal plane motion of large drift angle to verify the coefficients calculated.And the results show that the data can satisfy with the design requirements of the ROV developed.

Automatic analysis of deep-water remotely operated vehicle footage for estimation of Norway lobster abundance

Underwater imaging is being used increasingly by marine biologists as a means to assess the abundance of marine resources and their biodiversity. Previously, we developed the first automatic approach for estimating the abundance of Norway lobsters and counting their burrows in video sequences captured using a monochrome camera mounted on trawling gear. In this paper, an alternative framework is proposed and tested using deep-water video sequences acquired via a remotely operated vehicle. The proposed framework consists of four modules:(1) preprocessing,(2) object detection and classification,(3) object-tracking, and(4) quantification. Encouraging results were obtained from available test videos for the automatic video-based abundance estimation in comparison with manual counts by human experts(ground truth). For the available test set, the proposed system achieved 100%precision and recall for lobster counting, and around 83% precision and recall for burrow detection.

Estimating impacts of emission specific characteristics on vehicle operation for quantifying air pollutant emissions and energy use

This paper proposes and illustrates a methodology to predict the fraction of time motor vehicles spend in different operating conditions from readily observable variables called emission specific characteristics （ESC）. ESC describe salient characteristics of vehicles, roadway geometry, the roadside environment, traffic, and driving style （aggressive, normal, and calm）. The information generated by our methodology can then be entered in vehicular emission models that rely on vehicle specific power, i.e., comprehensive modal emissions model （CMEM）, international vehicle emissions （IVE）, or motor vehicle emission simulator （MOVES） to compute energy consumption and vehicular emissions for various air pollutants. After generating second-by-second vehicle trajectories from a calibrated micro-simulation model, the authors estimated structural equation models to examine the influence of link ESC on vehicle operation. Authors＇ results show that 67% of the link speed variance is explained by ESC. Overall, the roadway geometry exerts a greater influence on link speed than traffic characteristics, the roadside environment, and driving style. Moreover, the speed limit has the strongest influence on vehicle operation, followed by facility type and driving style. Better understanding the impact on vehicle operation of ESC could help metropolitan planning organizations （MPOs） and regional transportation au- thorities predict vehicle operations and reduce the environmental footprint of motor vehicles.

Detecting large-scale underwater cracks based on remote operated vehicle and graph convolutional neural network

It is of great significance to quickly detect underwater cracks as they can seriously threaten the safety of underwater structures.Research to date has mainly focused on the detection of above-water-level cracks and hasn’t considered the large scale cracks.In this paper,a large-scale underwater crack examination method is proposed based on image stitching and segmentation.In addition,a purpose of this paper is to design a new convolution method to segment underwater images.An improved As-Projective-As-Possible(APAP)algorithm was designed to extract and stitch keyframes from videos.The graph convolutional neural network(GCN)was used to segment the stitched image.The GCN’s m-IOU is 24.02%higher than Fully convolutional networks(FCN),proving that GCN has great potential of application in image segmentation and underwater image processing.The result shows that the improved APAP algorithm and GCN can adapt to complex underwater environments and perform well in different study areas.