This paper presents a review of the different International Maritime Organization(IMO)initiatives to improve the ship energy efficiency of new and existing ships,which is considered one of the essential tasks to reduc...This paper presents a review of the different International Maritime Organization(IMO)initiatives to improve the ship energy efficiency of new and existing ships,which is considered one of the essential tasks to reduce Greenhouse Gas(GHG)in the maritime industry.First,the IMO effort and initiatives and the different indices suggested by the IMO are presented till the last version of the Marine Environment Protection Committee(MEPC),showing the effect of different technologies on reducing the level of indices and the suggested improvement of the terms of indices in the next years.Second,the short-and long-term strategies suggested by the IMO are presented,showing that the effect of indices will be noticed in the short term,while the new fuels will show a significant improvement in the long term.Finally,several examples of cooperation between the different organizations are presented,showing that transferring knowledge and experience will significantly impact the maritime industry and thus lead to the concept of green ships in the near future.This paper shows that the combination of different solutions,the cooperation between stakeholders and the sharing of the data and information are important to achieve the required goal.展开更多
Anderson医疗卫生服务利用行为模型(The Behavioral Model of Health Services Use,BMHSU)作为西方国家解释个体医疗行为的主流理论模型,近年来开始被国内医疗卫生领域学者作为理论分析框架指导实证分析。由于中西方文化、医疗卫生制度...Anderson医疗卫生服务利用行为模型(The Behavioral Model of Health Services Use,BMHSU)作为西方国家解释个体医疗行为的主流理论模型,近年来开始被国内医疗卫生领域学者作为理论分析框架指导实证分析。由于中西方文化、医疗卫生制度的差异性以及模型指标体系的抽象性,国内学者在应用BMHSU时,普遍存在着模型操作化应用不规范且应用版本滞后的问题。通过阐述2013年完善版BMHSU的指标体系结构以及指标间的关系,并深度解读模型指标体系中变量的定义及其操作化,将有助于国内学者掌握BMHSU的最新发展动态并进行测评量表设计,合理、规范地将其应用到我国医疗卫生领域的实证研究中。展开更多
基金financed by the Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology(Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia-FCT)(Grant No.UIDB/UIDP/00134/2020)which contributes to the Strategic Research Plan of the Centre for Marine Technology and Ocean Engineering(CENTEC).
文摘This paper presents a review of the different International Maritime Organization(IMO)initiatives to improve the ship energy efficiency of new and existing ships,which is considered one of the essential tasks to reduce Greenhouse Gas(GHG)in the maritime industry.First,the IMO effort and initiatives and the different indices suggested by the IMO are presented till the last version of the Marine Environment Protection Committee(MEPC),showing the effect of different technologies on reducing the level of indices and the suggested improvement of the terms of indices in the next years.Second,the short-and long-term strategies suggested by the IMO are presented,showing that the effect of indices will be noticed in the short term,while the new fuels will show a significant improvement in the long term.Finally,several examples of cooperation between the different organizations are presented,showing that transferring knowledge and experience will significantly impact the maritime industry and thus lead to the concept of green ships in the near future.This paper shows that the combination of different solutions,the cooperation between stakeholders and the sharing of the data and information are important to achieve the required goal.
文摘Anderson医疗卫生服务利用行为模型(The Behavioral Model of Health Services Use,BMHSU)作为西方国家解释个体医疗行为的主流理论模型,近年来开始被国内医疗卫生领域学者作为理论分析框架指导实证分析。由于中西方文化、医疗卫生制度的差异性以及模型指标体系的抽象性,国内学者在应用BMHSU时,普遍存在着模型操作化应用不规范且应用版本滞后的问题。通过阐述2013年完善版BMHSU的指标体系结构以及指标间的关系,并深度解读模型指标体系中变量的定义及其操作化,将有助于国内学者掌握BMHSU的最新发展动态并进行测评量表设计,合理、规范地将其应用到我国医疗卫生领域的实证研究中。
