Mesenchymal stem cell therapy in retinal and optic nerve diseases: An update of clinical trials

Retinal and optic nerve diseases are degenerative ocular pathologies which lead to irreversible visual loss. Since the advanced therapies availability, cell-based therapies offer a new all-encompassing approach. Advances in the knowledge of neuroprotection, immunomodulation and regenerative properties of mesenchymal stem cells(MSCs) have been obtained by several preclinical studies of various neurodegenerative diseases. It has provided the opportunity to perform the translation of this knowledge to prospective treatment approaches for clinical practice. Since 2008, several first steps projecting new treatment approaches, have been taken regarding the use of cell therapy in patients with neurodegenerative pathologies of optic nerve and retina. Most of the clinical trials using MSCs are in Ⅰ/Ⅱ phase, recruiting patients or ongoing, and they have as main objective the safety assessment of MSCs using various routes of administration. However, it is important to recognize that, there is still a long way to go to reach clinical trials phase Ⅲ-Ⅳ. Hence, it is necessary to continue preclinical and clinical studies to improve this new therapeutic tool. This paper reviews the latest progress of MSCs in human clinical trials for retinal and optic nerve diseases.

Quantitative study of peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer thickness and peripapillary vessel density in patients with different stages of Parkinson's disease

AIM: To observe the changes in the thickness of peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer(p RNFL) and peripapillary vessel density(pVD) in patients with different stages of Parkinson's disease(PD).METHODS: Totally 47 patients(47 eyes) with primary PD were divided into the mild group and the moderateto-severe group according to Hoehn & Yahr(H&Y) stage. Among them, there were 27 cases(27 eyes) in mild group and 20 cases(20 eyes) in moderate-to-severe group. And 20 cases(20 eyes) who were included in the control group were healthy people who came to our hospital for health screening at the same time. All participants underwent optical coherence tomography angiography(OCTA) examinations. The pRNFL thickness, total vessel density(tVD) and capillary vessel density(cVD) of the optic disc in average, superior half, inferior half, superior nasal(SN), nasal superior(NS), nasal inferior(NI), inferior nasal(IN), inferior temporal(IT), temporal inferior(TI), temporal superior(TS), and superior temporal(ST) were measured. One-way ANOVA was used to compare the differences of optic disc parameters among the three groups, and Pearson and Spearman correlations were used to analyze the correlation between pRNFL, pVD and the disease duration, H&Y stage and UPDRS-Ⅲ score in patients with PD, respectively.RESULTS: There were significant differences in p RNFL thickness in average, superior half, inferior half, SN, NS, IN, IT and ST quadrants among the three groups(P<0.05). In PD group, the pRNFL thickness in average, superior half, inferior half, NS and IT quadrants were negatively correlated with H&Y stage and UPDRS-Ⅲ score, respectively(P<0.05). There were statistically significant differences in the cVD of whole image, inferior half, NI and TS quadrants, the tVD of the whole image, inferior half, and peripapillary among the three groups(P<0.05). In PD group, the tVD of whole image and the c VD of NI and TS quadrants were negatively correlated with the H&Y stage, respectively(P<0.05);the cVD of TS quadrant was negatively correlated with UPDRS-Ⅲ score(P<0.05).CONCLUSION: The thickness of pRNFL in PD patients is significantly decreased, and it is negatively correlated with H&Y stage and UPDRS-Ⅲ score. With the increase of the severity of the disease, the pVD parameters in PD patients increase at first in the mild group, and then decrease in the moderate-to-severe group, and negatively correlate with H&Y stage and UPDRS-Ⅲ score.

Optical coherence tomography assessed retinal nerve fiber layer thickness in patients with Alzheimer's disease:a meta-analysis

AIM:To investigate the difference of retinal nerve fiber layer(RNFL) thickness between Alzheimer's disease patients and normal people,so as to provide clue for the early diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease.· METHODS:The articles on the association of RNFL thickness and Alzheimer's disease were retrieved by searching international and national databases.The qualified articles were assessed by meta analysis with Stata11.0 software.The results were pooled using weighted mean difference(WMD) with a corresponding 95% confidence interval(CI).· RESULTS:Totally 7 studies enrolled 324 eyes were included in the meta-analysis.The results of meta analysis showed that in AD patients,there was a significant average RNFL thickness reduction compared with the control group [WMD=-17.561,95%CI:(-23.971,-11.151)].There were significant differences in superior,inferior,nasal and temporal RNFL thickness between the two groups.WMD with a 95%CI were [-18.829,95%CI:(-25.915,-11.743);P<0.05],[-25.775,95%CI:(-34.304,-17.247);P <0.05],[-16.877,95%CI:(-29.141,-4.613);P<0.001] and [-14.565,95%CI:(-28.002,-1.128);P<0.001] respectively.Begg's test and Egger's test did not show significant difference,funnel plot was basically symmetrical,indicating that there was no publication bias existed.· CONCLUSION:There are significant differences in the RNFL thickness in all quadrants between the two groups.RNFL thickness is reduced in AD patients compared with the control group.·

Use of curcumin in diagnosis,prevention,and treatment of Alzheimer＇s disease

This review summarizes and describes the use of curcumin in diagnosis,prevention,and treatment of Alzheimer＇s disease.For diagnosis of Alzheimer＇s disease,amyloid-β and highly phosphorylated tau protein are the major biomarkers.Curcumin was developed as an early diagnostic probe based on its natural fluorescence and high binding affinity to amyloid-β.Because of its multi-target effects,curcumin has protective and preventive effects on many chronic diseases such as cerebrovascular disease,hypertension,and hyperlipidemia.For prevention and treatment of Alzheimer＇s disease,curcumin has been shown to effectively maintain the normal structure and function of cerebral vessels,mitochondria,and synapses,reduce risk factors for a variety of chronic diseases,and decrease the risk of Alzheimer＇s disease.The effect of curcumin on Alzheimer＇s disease involves multiple signaling pathways：anti-amyloid and metal iron chelating properties,antioxidation and anti-inflammatory activities.Indeed,there is a scientific basis for the rational application of curcumin in prevention and treatment of Alzheimer＇s disease.

Retinal thickness and vascular parameters using optical coherence tomography in Alzheimer's disease:a meta-analysis

Examining the retinal tissue has the potential to provide a unique method and technique to quantify Alzheimer’s disease-related changes in participants at various stages of the disease.In this metaanalysis,we aimed to investigate the association of various optical coherence tomography parameters with Alzheimer’s disease and whether retinal measurements can be used to diffe rentiate between Alzheimer’s disease and control subjects.Scientific databases including Google Schola r,Web of Science,and PubMed were systematically searched for published articles that evaluated retinal nerve fiber layer thickness and retinal microvascular network in Alzheimer’s disease and control subjects.Seventy-three studies(5850 participants,including 2249 Alzheimer’s disease patients and 3601controls) were included in this meta-analysis.Relative to controls,Alzheimer’s disease patients had a significantly lower global retinal nerve fiber layer thickness(standardized mean difference [SMD]=-0.79,95% confidence intervals [CI]:-1.03 to-0.54,P <0.00001) as well as each quadrant being thinner in Alzheimer’s disease versus controls.Regarding macular paramete rs,values measured by optical coherence tomography were significantly lower in Alzheimer’s disease than controls for macular thickness(pooled SMD:-0.44,95% CI:-0.67 to-0.20,P=0.0003),foveal thickness(pooled SMD=-0.39,95% CI:-0.58 to-0.19,P <0.0001),ganglion cell inner plexiform layer(SMD=-1.26,95% CI:-2.24 to-0.27,P=0.01) and macular volume(pooled SMD=-0.41,95% CI-0.76 to-0.07,P=0.02).Analysis using optical coherence tomography angiography parameters revealed mixed results between Alzheimer’s disease and controls.Superficial vessel density(pooled SMD=-0.42,95% CI:-0.68 to-0.17,P=0.0001) and deep vessel density(pooled SMD=-0.46,95% CI:-0.75 to-0.18,P=0.001) were found to be thinner in Alzheimer’s disease patients whereas the foveal avascular zone(SMD=0.84,95% CI:0.17-1.51,P=0.01) was larger in controls.Vascular density and thickness of various retinal laye rs were decreased in Alzheimer’s disease patients compared to controls.Our results provide evidence for optical coherence tomography technology having the potential to detect retinal and microvascular changes in patients diagnosed with Alzheimer’s disease and aid in monito ring and early diagnosis methods.

Establishing a cat model of chronic optic nerve compression injury

BACKGROUND： An animal model of chronic optic nerve injury is necessary to further understand the pathological mechanisms involved. OBJECTIVE： To establish a stabilized, chronic, optic nerve crush model, which is similar to the clinical situation to explore histopathological and optic electrophysiological changes involved in this injury. DESIGN, TIME AND SETTING： A randomized and controlled animal trial was performed at Shanghai Institute of Neurosurgery from May to October 2004, MATERIALS： A BAL3XRAY undetachable balloon and Magic-BD catheter were provided by BLAT, France; JX-2000 biological signal processing system by Second Military Medical University of Chinese PLA, China; inverted phase contrast microscopy by Olympus, Japan. METHODS： A total of twenty normal adult cats were randomly assigned to control （n = 5） and model （n = 15） groups, according to different doses of contrast agent injected through balloons as follows： 0.2 mL injection, 0.25 mL injection, and 0.35 mL injection, with each group containing 5 animals. Imitating the clinical pterion approach, the optic nerves were exposed using micro-surgical methods. An engorged undetachable balloon was implanted beneath the nerve and connected to a catheter. Balloon size was controlled with a contrast agent injection （0.1 mL/10 min） to form an occupying lesion model similar to sellar tumors. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES： The visually evoked potential examination was used to study optical electrophysiology changes in pre-post chronic optical nerve injury. Ultrastructural pathological changes to the optic nerve were analyzed by electron microscopy. RESULTS： During the early period （day 11 after modeling）, visually evoked potential demonstrated no significant changes. In the late period （day 51 after modeling）, recorded VEP demonstrated that P1 wave latency was prolonged and P1 wave amplitude was obviously reduced. Following injury, the endoneurium, myelin sheath, lamella, axolemma, and axon appeared disordered. CONCLUSION： Results demonstrated that the chronic, intracranial, optical nerve crush model was stable and could simulate optic nerve lesions induced by sellar tumors. Under the condition of chronic optical nerve crush, visually evoked potentials were aggravated.

The Retinal Nerve Fiber Layer Defects in Patients with Anterior Ischemic Optic Neuropathy

Purpose:To demonstrate the effects of optic nerve ischemia on retinal nerve fiber layer(RNFL)and the associated visual dysfunction.Methods:23patients(25eyes)wits anterior ischemic optic neuropathy(AION)un derwent fundus fluorescein angiography(FFA),and then red-foree light pic-tures were taken via SE-40exceiter filter.All pictures were printed for RNAFL analysis,Humphrey central field analysis was conducted.All dataobtained fromFFA and visual field defects were analysed statistically.Results:The RNFL defects and the corresponding visual field edfects were pre-sented in 23of 25eyes(92%),The optic disc filling defects,RNAL edfects and visual field defects were found to be highly correspondent to each other.The RNFL defects were mainly the local losses of RNFL which were correspondent to the ischemic regions.Conclusion:The poor optic disc filling or ischemia can result in the RNFL defects which cause the associated visual dysfunction.Because RNFLdefects are irrever-siable changes,the potential values in predicting the prognosis of visual field de-fects caused by RNFL damages were suggested.Eye Science1995;11:165-167.

甲状腺相关视神经病变的研究进展

甲状腺相关视神经病变是甲状腺相关眼病的继发性病变,临床表现包括视力下降、色觉受损、相对性传入性瞳孔障碍、视盘水肿或萎缩等。眼科辅助检查表现为视野异常和视觉诱发电位异常等,影像学检查显示眶尖拥挤可辅助诊断。目前此病的发病机制未明,既往研究提出其与视神经压迫、牵拉和缺血有关。治疗方法包括大剂量糖皮质激素静脉冲击治疗、眼眶减压手术、眼眶放射治疗和生物制剂等。本文主要回顾流行病学特征、发病机制及临床诊治等方面的进展,以期为临床实践和研究提供参考。

冠心病患者血清Lp-PLA2、VEGF、S100-β水平与冠状动脉病变程度的关系研究

目的 探讨冠心病(CHD)患者血清脂蛋白相关磷脂酶(Lp-PLA2)、血管内皮生长因子(VEGF)、中枢神经特异性蛋白(S100-β)水平与冠状动脉病变程度的关系。方法 选取2022年3月至2023年2月该院收治的126例CHD患者作为CHD组,另选取同期该院102例体检健康者作为对照组。比较CHD组和对照组及CHD组冠状动脉病变不同程度患者Lp-PLA2、VEGF、S100-β水平差异。采用受试者工作特征(ROC)曲线分析Lp-PLA2、VEGF、S100-β水平对CHD的诊断效能。结果 CHD组血清Lp-PLA2、VEGF、S100-β水平高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),CHD组冠状动脉病变不同程度患者血清Lp-PLA2、VEGF、S100-β水平随着冠状动脉病变程度增加,水平升高(P<0.05)。ROC曲线分析结果显示,Lp-PLA2单项检测诊断CHD的灵敏度和特异度分别为78.8%、93.3%,曲线下面积(AUC)为0.913(95%CI:0.522~0.974),优于S100-β单项检测(Z=2.289,P<0.05),3项指标联合检测的灵敏度和特异度分别为74.1%、93.5%,AUC为0.921(95%CI:0.812~0.979),优于VEGF、S100-β单项检测,差异有统计学意义(Z=1.936、2.361,P<0.05)。结论 CHD患者血清Lp-pLA2、VEGF、S100-β水平高于健康人群,3项指标单项及联合检测在诊断CHD方面有一定的辅助参考价值。

人工智能在OCTA图像分析和眼部疾病诊断中的应用指南(2024)

光学相干断层扫描血管成像(OCTA)是一种无创成像技术,可提供三维、信息丰富的血管图像。大量研究表明,OCTA技术在影像生物标志物量化、诊断和监测方面具有独特的优势,因此在实验及临床研究中得到了迅速的应用。图像分析工具可快速、准确地量化OCTA的血管和病理特征,从而大大提高了OCTA成像的价值。近年来,人工智能(AI)已成为最强大的图像分析方法,特别是基于深度学习的图像分析可提供各种情况下的精确测量,包括不同的疾病和眼部区域。在此,中国医药教育协会眼科影像与智能医疗分会和国际转化医学会眼科专业委员会组织专家总结了国内外AI在OCTA图像分析和疾病诊断中的应用,其中包括脉络膜新生血管等病变的准确检测、视网膜灌注的精确量化以及可靠的疾病诊断,并分析目前面临的挑战和发展方向,经过多轮讨论和修改,形成了AI在OCTA图像分析和眼部疾病诊断中的应用指南,该指南旨在为临床提供新的见解和参考。

促红细胞生成素在常见视神经和视网膜疾病保护及修复中的研究进展

促红细胞生成素(EPO)和EPO受体不仅存在于造血组织中,在造血外组织中也广泛存在。组织缺血、缺氧以及炎症因子水平升高均可促进EPO表达,并通过抗凋亡、抗炎、抗氧化、抗神经毒性、促进神经再生等一系列复杂机制在中枢神经系统中发挥保护作用,促进神经修复。视神经和视网膜是中枢神经系统的延伸,许多视神经和视网膜疾病本质也由缺血、缺氧所致,因此EPO在视神经和视网膜疾病中也发挥重要作用。深入研究EPO在视神经和视网膜疾病中的保护作用,可以为相关疾病的治疗提供新思路。

基于视网膜结构改变的机器学习对早期帕金森病诊断的预测价值研究

背景帕金森病(PD)的诊断主要以临床症状为主,缺乏正确诊断的客观方法。目前已有关于视网膜结构改变作为PD早期诊断的生物标志的研究,但基于视网膜结构改变的机器学习对预测早期PD的研究尚少。目的基于视网膜结构改变的特征构建机器学习模型,探索其在早期PD诊断中的预测价值,及探讨不同机器学习算法对PD早期诊断的准确性。方法选取2021年10月—2022年9月在河南省人民医院神经内科门诊就诊和住院治疗的年龄40~70岁的PD患者49例(PD组),并选取来医院体检的年龄及性别相匹配的39名健康者(健康对照组)为研究对象。所有研究对象行扫频源光学相关断层扫描和扫频源光学相干断层扫描血流成像检查,并定量分析黄斑区视网膜的厚度和血管密度。将88例受试者按7∶3的比例随机分为训练集62例和验证集26例,选择PD组与健康对照组差异有统计学意义的变量作为纳入机器学习模型的特征变量,并在训练集中分别构建Logistic回归(LR)、K-近邻算法(KNN)、决策树(DT)、随机森林(RF)和极端梯度提升(XGboost)模型。采用受试者工作特征(ROC)曲线下面积(AUC)、准确度、灵敏度和特异度评价基于视网膜改变的机器学习模型对早期PD诊断的预测价值。结果与健康对照组相比,PD组患者浅层毛细血管的上方外圈(A6)、颞侧外圈(A7)、下方外圈(A8)以及鼻侧外圈(A9)密度减少,视网膜层的上方内圈(A2)、颞侧内圈(A3)、下方内圈(A4)、鼻侧内圈(A5)、A6~A9厚度,节细胞复合体层的A9厚度,神经纤维层的A7厚度,视网膜外层的A2和A4~A9厚度变薄(P<0.05)。视网膜层A2厚度(OR=0.781,95%CI=0.659~0.926)、视网膜层A3厚度(OR=1.190,95%CI=1.019~1.390)、视网膜外层A2厚度(OR=0.748,95%CI=0.603~0.929)、视网膜外层A6厚度(OR=2.264,95%CI=1.469~3.490)、视网膜外层A8厚度(OR=0.723,95%CI=0.576~0.906)以及神经纤维层A7厚度变薄(OR=0.592,95%CI=0.454~0.773)及浅层毛细血管A7密度减少(OR=1.966,95%CI=1.399~2.765)为早期PD发生的独立危险因素(P<0.05)。将上述变量纳入并构建机器学习模型,结果显示,构建的5个模型中,LR模型整体性能最高,其AUC为0.841,而DT模型的准确度最高,其准确度为0.846。结论基于视网膜特征的机器学习模型可准确的预测早期PD,其中,DT模型对早期PD诊断具有较高的准确度。

视网膜激光光凝术治疗眼底病的临床效果

目的:分析视网膜激光光凝术治疗眼底病的临床效果。方法:选取2022年2月—2023年2月平原县第一人民医院眼科收治的60例眼底病患者作为研究对象,以双盲法分为对照组与试验组,各30例。对照组采用常规药物治疗,试验组实施视网膜激光光凝术治疗。比较两组生活质量、视神经功能、视力改善情况、治疗效果。结果:治疗前,两组物质、躯体、社会、心理、精神评分比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);治疗后,两组物质、躯体、社会、心理、精神评分高于治疗前,且观察组高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。治疗前,两组视野平均光敏度、视网膜神经纤维厚度、视野平均缺损比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);治疗后,两组视野平均光敏度、视网膜神经纤维厚度大于治疗前,且观察组大于对照组,两组视野平均缺损小于治疗前,且观察组小于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。试验组视力改善情况优于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。试验组治疗总有效率高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P=0.044)。结论:视网膜激光光凝术治疗眼底病的临床效果显著,可改善患者视神经功能,提高视力与生活质量。

Stem Cell Ophthalmology Treatment Study (SCOTS)： bone marrow-derived stem cells in the treatment of Leber＇s hereditary optic neuropathy

The Stem Cell Ophthalmology Treatment Study （SCOTS） is currently the largest-scale stem cell ophthal- mology trial registered at ClinicalTrials.gov （identifier： NCT01920867）. SCOTS utilizes autologous bone marrow-derived stem cells （BMSCs） to treat optic nerve and retinal diseases. Treatment approaches include a combination of retrobulbar, subtenon, intravitreal, intra-optic nerve, subretinal, and intravenous injection of autologous BMSCs according to the nature of the disease, the degree of visual loss, and any risk factors related to the treatments. Patients with Leber＇s hereditary optic neuropathy had visual acuity gains on the Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study （ETDRS） of up to 35 letters and Snellen acuity improvements from hand motion to 20/200 and from counting fingers to 20/100. Visual field improvements were noted. Macular and optic nerve head nerve fiber layer typically thickened. No serious complications were seen. The increases in visual acuity obtained in our study were encouraging and suggest that the use of autolo- gous BMSCs as provided in SCOTS for ophthalmologic mitochondrial diseases including Leber＇s hereditary optic neuropathy may be a viable treatment option.

Potential role of retina as a biomarker for progression of Parkinson's disease

Optical coherence tomography (OCT) noninvasively quantifies the thickness of the retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL). OCT has been studied in several neuro-ophthalmic conditions, including Parkinson’s disease (PD). Recent studies suggest that the quantitative analysis of RNFL can be precisely and noninvasively done by OCT scans and the results suggest that the thickness of RNFL is significantly decreased in patients with PD compared with age-matched controls and the foveal retinal thickness correlates with disease severity in PD. In this article, the application of OCT imaging of the retina in PD was reviewed. Literature survey of PubMed was carried out using the search terms of "Optical Coherence Tomography" combined with "Parkinson’s Disease" and "retinal nerve fiber layer" (without restriction to the year of publication). Some related articles were also included. The search was completed in Jul. 2011 and revised and updated as necessary. The aim of this article is to review the current literatures on the use of optical coherence tomography in patients affected by PD and to enhance its use in clinical practice in neuro-ophthalmology.

Reversible lesions in the brain parenchyma in Wilson's disease confirmed by magnetic resonance imaging:earlier administration of chelating therapy can reduce the damage to the brain

The aim of this study was to evaluate the resolution of brain lesions in patients with Wilson’s disease during the long-term chelating therapy using magnetic resonance imaging and a possible signiifcance of the time latency between the initial symptoms of the disease and the introduction of this therapy. Initial magnetic resonance examination was performed in 37 patients with proven neurological form of Wilson’s disease with cerebellar, parkinsonian and dystonic presentation. Magnetic resonance reexamination was done 5.7 ± 1.3 years later in 14 patients. Patients were divided into： group A, where chelating therapy was initiated 〈 24 months from the ifrst symp-toms and group B, where the therapy started≥ 24 months after the initial symptoms. Symmetry of the lesions was seen in 100% of patients. There was a signiifcant difference between groups A and B regarding complete resolution of brain stem and putaminal lesions （P= 0.005 andP=0.024, respectively）. If the correct diagnosis and adequate treatment are not established less than 24 months after onset of the symptoms, irreversible lesions in the brain parenchyma could be ex-pected. Signal abnormalities on magnetic resonance imaging might therefore, at least in the early stages, represent reversible myelinolisis or cytotoxic edema associated with copper toxicity.

Examination of Huntington's disease in a Chinese family

We report brain imaging and genetic diagnosis in a family from Wuhan, China, with a history of Huntington＇s disease. Among 17 family members across three generations, four patients （Ⅱ2, Ⅱ6, Ⅲ5, and Ⅲ9） show typical Huntington＇s disease, involuntary dance-like movements. Magnetic resonance imaging found lateral ventricular atrophy in three members （Ⅱ2, Ⅱ6, and Ⅲ5）. Moreover, genetic analysis identified abnormally amplified CAG sequence repeats （〉 40） in two members （Ⅲ5 and Ⅲ9）. Among borderline cases, with clinical symptoms and brain imaging features of Huntington＇s disease, two cases were identified （Ⅱ2 and Ⅱ6）, but shown by mutation analysis for CAG expansions in the important transcript 15 gene, to be non-Huntington＇s disease. Our findings suggest that clinical diagnosis of Huntington＇s disease requires a combination of clinical symptoms, radiological changes, and genetic diagnosis.

Optic Neuritis: Hidden Manifestations and Mimickers

Optic neuritis is the most common cause of unilateral visual loss associated with orbital pain on ocular movements and impaired colour vision. It can present with anterior optic neuritis, papillitis, a swollen optic disc, retrobulbar neuritis with a normal optic disc, neuritis with oedema of the optic disc and the macular star or anterior ischemic neuropathy. It may be the only manifestation of a disease such as demyelination or associated with systemic diseases such as systemic lupus, giant cell arteritis, Sjogren’s syndrome, herpes simplex, herpes zoster, Lyme disease, CMV, EBV, HIV, toxoplasmosis, West Nile virus, Chikungunya, dengue fever, Rift Valley fever, mumps, rubella, measles, cat scratch disease, tuberculosis, syphilis, rickettsia illnesses, Q fever, Whipple disease, brucellosis, leptospirosis, leprosy, toxocariasis, malaria, Cryptococcus, candidiasis, histoplasmosis, Aspergillosis, mucormycosis, Bacillus Chalmette-Guerin (BCG) vaccination, ethanol and methanol toxicity, sarcoidosis, neuromyelitis optica and Liber’s hereditary optic neuropathy. A systemic approach to the diagnosis is of paramount importance in confirming, diagnosing and treating optic neuritis and underlying systemic diseases to provide definitive cures. Failure to diagnose optic neuritis and treat the cause may result in optic atrophy and permanent blindness. In this paper, we reviewed the diagnosis and differential diagnoses of optic neuritis, including arteritis, ischemic, neuroretina, and vasculitic causes.

神经重症患者术后视神经鞘直径与有创颅内压相关性研究

目的:依靠超声测量视神经鞘直径(optic nerve sheath diameter,ONSD)在神经重症患者术后建立有效预测颅内压(intracranial pressure,ICP)的方法。方法:连续监测52例神经重症患者术后有创ICP,使用经眼眶超声测量视神经鞘在垂直和水平方向上直径的平均值,采用受试者工作特征(receiver operating characteristic,ROC)曲线分析ONSD诊断颅内高压的效能,并评估该方法的灵敏度和特异度。结果:所有患者的双眼平均ONSD[(5.27±0.47)mm]和有创ICP[(11.77±6.18)mmHg]相关性良好(r=0.79,P<0.01)。ROC曲线得到ONSD诊断颅内高压(ICP≥20 mmHg)的最佳临界值为5.625 mm,诊断的灵敏度为74.3%,特异度为90.4%。同时获得ICP为5、10、15、25 mmHg对应的ONSD临界值为5.175、5.325、5.375、5.825 mm。结论:床旁超声经眼眶测量ONSD可以判断ICP变化,尤其在神经重症患者有创ICP或影像学检查受限的情况下,可以动态、快捷、无创地评估ICP,具有显著的临床应用价值,值得推广。

多模态超声成像技术评估2型糖尿病患者球后血管及视神经的应用

目的探讨多模态超声成像技术在评估2型糖尿病患者球后血管及视神经中的应用。方法选取符合入组条件的50例2型糖尿病患者(糖尿病组)及性别年龄无差异的60例健康对照者(对照组),应用高频二维成像技术及剪切波弹性成像技术测量视神经直径及平均弹性模量值,应用彩色及脉冲多普勒技术测量眼动脉、视网膜中央动脉及睫状后动脉的PSV、EDV、RI。结果糖尿病组的视神经直径及平均弹性模量值均大于对照组;糖尿病组PSV、EDV小于对照组,RI大于对照组。结论应用高频超声及剪切波成像两种方式测量糖尿病患者的视神经直径及平均弹性模量值,并结合彩色及脉冲多普勒评估糖尿病患者球后血管的血流动力学,二者结合有望为临床诊断提供新思路。