Study of relationship between motion of mechanisms in gas operated weapon and its shock absorber

The article deals with the motion of the breech block carrier and the weapon casing of an automatic weapon mounted on a flexible carriage and the base of the weapon.Earlier works,which did not consider the dynamic properties of the base of the weapon,did not allow to reconcile the calculated and experimental results of the weapon casing displacement when shooting from firing rests.For the analysis of the motion of individual parts,the methods of mathematical modelling and firing experiments using a high-speed camera were chosen.Calculations show the best accord with experiment when modelling the system with 4 degrees of freedom.The oscillation of the system regarding the movement of the breech block carrier and the weapon casing was investigated under changed conditions of rate of fire,the use of a muzzle brake and different types of shock absorbers.The velocities and displacements of the weapon casing and the breech block carrier at different values of the impulse of the gases to the breech block carrier were determined.

A bi-population immune algorithm for weapon transportation support scheduling problem with pickup and delivery on aircraft carrier deck

The weapon transportation support scheduling problem on aircraft carrier deck is the key to restricting the sortie rate and combat capability of carrier-based aircraft.This paper studies the problem and presents a novel solution architecture.Taking the interference of the carrier-based aircraft deck layout on the weapon transportation route and precedence constraint into consideration,a mixed integer formulation is established to minimize the total objective,which is constituted of makespan,load variance and accumulative transfer time of support unit.Solution approach is developed for the model.Firstly,based on modeling the carrier aircraft parked on deck as convex obstacles,the path library of weapon transportation is constructed through visibility graph and Warshall-Floyd methods.We then propose a bi-population immune algorithm in which a population-based forward/backward scheduling technique,local search schemes and a chaotic catastrophe operator are embedded.Besides,the randomkey solution representation and serial scheduling generation scheme are adopted to conveniently obtain a better solution.The Taguchi method is additionally employed to determine key parameters of the algorithm.Finally,on a set of generated realistic instances,we demonstrate that the proposed algorithm outperforms all compared algorithms designed for similar optimization problems and can significantly improve the efficiency,and that the established model and the bi-population immune algorithm can effectively respond to the weapon support requirements of carrier-based aircraft under different sortie missions.

An Air Defense Weapon Target Assignment Method Based on Multi-Objective Artificial Bee Colony Algorithm

With the advancement of combat equipment technology and combat concepts,new requirements have been put forward for air defense operations during a group target attack.To achieve high-efficiency and lowloss defensive operations,a reasonable air defense weapon assignment strategy is a key step.In this paper,a multi-objective and multi-constraints weapon target assignment(WTA)model is established that aims to minimize the defensive resource loss,minimize total weapon consumption,and minimize the target residual effectiveness.An optimization framework of air defense weapon mission scheduling based on the multiobjective artificial bee colony(MOABC)algorithm is proposed.The solution for point-to-point saturated attack targets at different operational scales is achieved by encoding the nectar with real numbers.Simulations are performed for an imagined air defense scenario,where air defense weapons are saturated.The non-dominated solution sets are obtained by the MOABC algorithm to meet the operational demand.In the case where there are more weapons than targets,more diverse assignment schemes can be selected.According to the inverse generation distance(IGD)index,the convergence and diversity for the solutions of the non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm III(NSGA-III)algorithm and the MOABC algorithm are compared and analyzed.The results prove that the MOABC algorithm has better convergence and the solutions are more evenly distributed among the solution space.

Mission reliability modeling and evaluation for reconfigurable unmanned weapon system-of-systems based on effective operation loop

The concept of unmanned weapon system-of-systems(UWSoS)involves a collection of various unmanned systems to achieve or accomplish a specific goal or mission.The mission reliability of UWSoS is represented by its ability to finish a required mission above the baselines of a given mission.However,issues with heterogeneity,cooperation between systems,and the emergence of UWSoS cannot be effectively solved by traditional system reliability methods.This study proposes an effective operation-loop-based mission reliability evaluation method for UWSoS by analyzing dynamic reconfiguration.First,we present a new connotation of an effective operation loop by considering the allocation of operational entities and physical resource constraints.Then,we propose an effective operationloop-based mission reliability model for a heterogeneous UWSoS according to the mission baseline.Moreover,a mission reliability evaluation algorithm is proposed under random external shocks and topology reconfiguration,revealing the evolution law of the effective operation loop and mission reliability.Finally,a typical 60-unmanned-aerial-vehicle-swarm is taken as an example to demonstrate the proposed models and methods.The mission reliability is achieved by considering external shocks,which can serve as a reference for evaluating and improving the effectiveness of UWSoS.

The Challenges Posed by Autonomous Weapon Systems to Human Rights and Humanitarian Concerns and Relevant Legal Responses

By 2050,autonomous weapon systems may potentially replace humans as the main force on the battlefield,as per predictions.The development of autonomous weapon systems poses risks to human rights and humanitarian concerns and raises questions about how international law should regulate new technologies.From the perspectives of international human rights law and international humanitarian law,autonomous weapon systems present serious challenges in terms of invasiveness,indiscriminate killing,cruelty,and loss of control,which impact human rights and humanitarian principles.Against the backdrop of increased attention to the protection of human rights in China,it is necessary to clarify the existing regulatory framework and fundamental stance regarding autonomous weapon systems and proactively consider and propose countermeasures to address the risks associated with such systems.This will help prevent human rights and humanitarian violations and advance the timely resolution of this issue,which affects the future and destiny of humanity,ultimately achieving the noble goal of universal enjoyment of human rights.

Agent Blue: A Secret Military and Environmental Chemical Weapon Used for Food Denial in South Vietnam during the Vietnam Civil War (1962-1965)

During the last 60 years, the southern Vietnam environment and Vietnamese living in the Mekong Delta have bio-accumulated arsenic from natural and anthropic (Vietnam Civil War (1962-1965)) sources via their drinking water (groundwater from tube wells) and food supply leading to an increasing risk of chronic poisoning over time. A synthesis and analysis of publications and records is presented to document the Republic of Vietnam (RV), the official name of the South Vietnam Government, and United States (US) militaries contribution to arsenic levels and toxic spikes in the Vietnam Mekong Delta groundwater. During the Vietnam Civil War, Agent Blue, in powder form, was shipped to Port Saigon, via the Saigon River, and transported to the Tan Son Nhut Air Force base during the Vietnam Civil War. After the official start of the American-Vietnam War (1965-1973) the tactical herbicides were re-routed to Bien Hoa Air Force base (1965 to 1971). Approximately 3.2 million liters of Agent Blue (468,008 kg As) was sprayed or dumped by the RV military with the assistance and support of the Central Intelligence (CIA), US Army and US Navy, during the 1962-1965 Khai Huang (Hamlet) Program. A portion of an additional 4.6 million liters of Agent Blue (664,392 kg of As) was sprayed between 1962 and 1965 by the US Air Force as part of Operation Ranch Hand and prior to the official start of the American-Vietnam War in August 1964. Operation Rand Hand began in 1962 and ended in 1971. The Institute of Medicine estimated a total of 7.8 million liters (1,132,400 kg As) of Agent Blue was applied to southern Vietnam landscape from 1962 to 1971. This total includes both the 1962 to 1965 RV Khai Huang program with the assistance of the CIA, US Army and US Navy, and the total Agent Blue applied by US Air Force Operation Ranch Hand from 1962 to 1971. The primary objective of this study was to document how Agent Blue, the arsenic-based herbicide, became a secret US military and environmental chemical weapon used by the RV and US militaries in southern Vietnam during the Vietnam Civil War years (1962-1965). This assessment found that the anthropic arsenic, including Agent Blue, added a toxic burden to the Mekong Delta soils, surface water, groundwater, drinking water, food supply, and human health. However, there are missing details regarding political decisions and a full accounting of the geographic locations sprayed and amount of Agent Blue used. Vietnam War Archives have paper correspondence and RV herbicide spray records that shed greater light on this period. These records are over 50 years old and need to be electronically scanned, stored, and made available for additional historical analyses.

内埋武器机弹分离动态风洞投放试验研究

基于动力学相似的动态风洞投放试验研究了尖拱圆柱体从空腔中分离的气动及运动特性,并创新性地采用快响应压敏漆技术对动态运动模型表面上的压力分布测量进行初步探索研究,试验中探究了不同空腔模型攻角(α=0°,-1.5°,-3°)及弹体在空腔内的不同位置(L_(0)=25 mm,39 mm)对内埋武器机弹分离特性的影响。结果表明:弹体在空腔内的位置对机弹分离运动特性的影响最大,当L_(0)=25 mm时,弹体模型头部区域压力明显高于后部区域压力,产生抬头俯仰力矩,导致弹体模型俯仰角逐渐增大,最终碰撞空腔模型,降低载机攻角并未改变弹体模型碰撞空腔模型的效果。当L_(0)=39 mm时,弹体模型在给定的攻角下均能安全地从空腔中分离。

“思想战争武器”:二战时期美国图书运动的兴起

战争不但是军事经济力量的较量,而且是思想文化力量的较量。二战初期,面对纳粹德国从国内蔓延至欧洲的焚书运动及其宣传活动给美国制造的战争恐慌与思想攻击,美国通过强化国家认同与性别身份构建进行反击。在这场意识形态之争中,图书成为最理想的武器与装备。在这种理念指引下,美国政府和出版行业共同推动了战时图书运动。这些被送往战场和海外市场的图书不仅成为鼓舞士气、治愈创伤的精神良药,而且无形中传播了美国的价值观,提升了美国文化的影响力,对于推动世界的“美国化”起到了重要作用。

机载激光武器试验评估技术研究

由于毁伤机理和使用方法的不同,现有机载武器和传感器的试验方法不适用于机载激光武器。为研究其特殊的试验与评估技术,从国外典型机载激光武器的试验情况着手,分析了主要的试验阶段、试验内容、试验类别、管理特点等,对气动光学特性、出光特性、目标探测识别跟踪、光束控制和杀伤性试验等主要科目的内容、方法进行研究。研究表明,美国为了避免试验技术落后研制技术,采取了多计划安排一体推进、大力构建试验机、建设试验设施和循序渐进开展试验等管理措施促进相关的研究。建议加强试验技术的投入,适时建设体系化试验机,加强测试和靶标等领域的研究,以期为新质武器的成熟和应用提供帮助。

定向能武器在电磁空间的运用

为探讨以激光武器和高功率微波武器为代表的定向能武器在电磁空间中的作战应用,采用演绎和类比的研究方法,从电磁频谱的物理原理和战争基本规律出发,论述电磁空间的基本性质、电磁火力的基本特点、电磁精确战的基本原理,以及定向能武器的基本定位、优势劣势、软硬杀伤。分析定向能武器在电磁空间的信息破坏力与信息创造力,梳理总结定向能武器的主要作战场景及运用方式,最后就加快定向能武器走向实战提出建议。

步平先生与日本化学战研究

步平先生是中国学界最早开展日军化学战研究的学者之一。他坚持实证研究,调查过中日各地化学战相关遗址,收集大量确凿的文献史料和人证物证。他有关化学战的研究成果丰硕,填补了中国学界的空白。他的研究成果是该领域最有影响力的论著。步平先生不仅是一位卓有成就的学者,还是一位胸怀现实、热爱和平的社会活动家。他通过对化学战的研究,推动日本政府承担战争责任,处理战后遗弃在中国的化学武器。他热心奔走,为向日本提出诉讼赔偿的受害者提供帮助。他与日本进步人士开展共同研究,敦促日本正视侵略史实,寻求在中日之间建立超越国境的历史认识。他还呼吁为了人类和平,全世界应共同反对、抵制核武器、生物武器、化学武器等大规模杀伤性武器的使用。

基于潜艇武器使用数据的“教、学、练、战”一体化教学模式构建及实施效果研究

为实现军士培养目标精细化、教学过程专业化、考核评价科学化,必须充分利用信息时代的数据资源。本研究建立基于潜艇武器使用数据的“教、学、练、战”一体化教学模式,有效解决岗位需求变化响应不快、教学内容岗位导向不准、技能教学目标层次不高、职业能力要素养成不足四个关键问题,并在相关课程中开展实践应用,为提升学员解决武器使用相关实战问题的能力及促进具有较强创新实践能力的军士人才队伍建设,提供了可行的方法。

俄罗斯非动能反卫星能力发展分析

俄罗斯面临美国太空军事化带来的严重威胁,不断加大非动能反卫星系统的研制和部署的步伐。文章回顾了近年来俄罗斯非动能反卫星能力现状,分析了其发展特点及未来发展趋势,并提出相关建议。

意图孪生:人工智能军事化的国际安全挑战与治理路径

人工智能对人类的威胁,并不是它在智能上的不断升级并最终进化出“类人”意识,而是它所承载的人类意图。神经网络技术的进步显示,人类正在将其意图复制到人工智能载体上。当前,人工智能军事化的浪潮承载着人类的消极意图,它将颠覆大国之间的军事实力平衡,更重要的是,它将导致国家之间的敌意孪生到人工智能系统中,进而给人类整体带来重大威胁。国际社会对人工智能军事化的管控,应该以人类共同安全为指导原则,以人类命运共同体为价值引领,构建基于人工智能的知识共同体,从科学层面判断人工智能意图孪生的技术拐点,并通过国际军控机制和国家之间军控协议缓解安全困境,多轨并行推进以精准管控人工智能军事化的安全挑战。

基于强化学习的多对多拦截目标分配方法

针对空中对抗环境中多对多拦截的武器目标分配问题,提出了一种基于强化学习的多目标智能分配方法。在多对多拦截交战场景下,基于交战态势评估构建了目标分配的数学模型。通过引入目标威胁程度和拦截有效程度的概念,充分反映了各目标的拦截紧迫性和各拦截器的拦截能力表征,从而全面评估了攻防双方的交战态势。在目标分配模型的基础上,将目标分配问题构建为马尔可夫决策过程,并采用基于深度Q网络的强化学习算法训练求解。依靠环境交互下的自学习和奖励机制,有效实现了最优分配方案的动态生成。通过数学仿真构建多对多拦截场景,并验证了该方法的有效性,经训练后的目标分配方法能够满足多对多拦截中连续动态的任务分配要求。

“相互依存武器化”背景下的泛安全化解析——以美国对华科技竞争为例

伴随“相互依存武器化”在理论和实践维度的展开,一些国家对相互依存的认知发生了巨大转变。在“相互依存武器化”时代,国家的首要目标并非是确保如何从相互依存中获益,而是确保如何在相互依存中避免损失。“相互依存武器化”恶化国家安全环境,并在国际秩序变革的不确定性影响下,形成泛安全化威胁认知,进而在泛安全化实践中扩大了国家的政策困境。美国对华科技竞争是“相互依存武器化”的典型案例。从奥巴马政府开始,经过特朗普和拜登两届政府,泛安全化认知得以形成并逐步深化。美国对华科技竞争的泛安全化实践包括极度泛化的出口管制与投资审查、规模空前的机构改革与产业政策调整,以及无所不包的多维“盟伴”体系网络。在“相互依存武器化”的驱动下,美国奥巴马、特朗普、拜登三届政府不断强化泛安全化认知,以“脱钩”“小院高墙”“去风险”等不断强化对华科技竞争,构成美国对华战略竞争的主线。“相互依存”具有双重效应,美国对华发起贸易战、科技战,干扰全球产业链供应链安全与稳定,不仅使自身陷入科技、经济和联盟的困境,也使全球化进程受阻,其政策难以具有可持续性。

舰载导弹武器跨大甲板安全射界设计方法

目前,传统船型的舰载武器安全射界设计主要采用光学射线法确定武器安全射界,在全贯通甲板舰船设计中往往涉及到导弹武器跨大甲板发射,该方法并不能完全适用。本文以“黄蜂”级两栖攻击舰配置的“海拉姆”舰空导弹为例,在射界设计中引入飞行时间概念,考虑弹体飞行和船体运动的空间轨迹交互,探讨舰载导弹武器跨大甲板条件下的安全射界设计方法。

自行防空武器校轴装备构型与力学分析

校轴装备用于检验防空武器轴系间距尺寸与理论设计尺寸的一致性,其性能对防空武器的火力打击精度影响巨大。某自行防空武器具有轴系繁多、轴系间距尺寸大的特点,现有装备无法满足其校轴需求,故结合主支板配置、连接结构方式等提出了一种新型校轴装备构型。对该校轴装备建立系统整体有限元计算模型,基于真实使用场景下的受力条件对其依次开展静力学、屈曲及振动模态仿真分析,获得了校轴装备的力学与外激励响应特征。新型校轴装备在使用条件下具有良好的刚强度特性,装备构型稳定性能好,能避免运输环境下的振动损伤,满足校轴指标要求,对校轴装备的构型设计与力学分析具有一定的参考意义。

舰载激光武器打击无人机蜂群毁伤特性研究

舰载激光武器是一种反制无人机蜂群有效、快速、低成本的防御手段。论文针对舰船无人机蜂群反制,分析了舰载激光武器对不同材质的无人机毁伤机理,结合无人机材料激光毁伤阈值,建立了激光武器反制无人机蜂群模型,仿真了不同激光功率条件下对无人机蜂群的有效打击距离,评估分析了激光武器打击无人机蜂群的作战效能,可为后续激光武器协同火力打击无人机提供支撑。

基于Delphi-AHP的轻武器训练安全风险因素分析

轻武器是军队数量最多、使用频率最高,也是训练中出现安全事故较多的一类装备。为解决轻武器训练安全风险因素缺乏量化分析的问题,采用“Delphi构建指标-AHP确定权重-事故分析对比验证”的方法,首次构建了轻武器训练安全评价指标体系,系统分析风险因素。结果表明:基于Delphi-AHP确定的指标权重与事故分析结果较为一致,研究方法科学合理;轻武器训练风险性高、影响因素多,需重点考虑人员和管理因素,关注受训者技能水平、受训者安全意识、组织指挥、风险评估及隐患排查等因素,组训时需考虑不同种类轻武器风险因素差异。