Real-Time Upstream Services Demonstration in Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing- Passive Optical Network System

Abstract： Real-time digital service and mul- timedia service upstream transmission in Dig- ital Signal Processing （DSP）-based Orthogo- nal Frequency Division Multiplexing-Passive Optical Network （OFDM-PON） is experimen- tally demonstrated with Centralised Light Sou- rce （CLS） configuration in this paper. After transmitted over 25 km Standard Single Mode Fibre （SSMF） with -16.5 dBm optical power at receiver, the Bit Error Rate （BER） is 9.5 ×10^-11. The implementations of digital domain up-conversion and down-conversion based on Field Programmable Gate Array （FPGA） are int- roduced, which can reduce the cost of In-ph- ase and Quadrature （IQ） radio frequency mix- ers utilised at transmitter and receiver. A car- rier synchronization algorithm is implemented for compensating carrier offset. A channel eq- ualization algorithm is adopted for compen- sating the damage of channel. A new structure of Frequency Synchronization Unit （FSU） des- igned in FPGA is also proposed to cope with the frequency shifting at receiver.

Joint nonlinearity and chromatic dispersion pre-compensation for coherent optical orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing systems

This paper introduces a joint nonlinearity and chromatic dispersion pre-compensation method for coherent optical orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing systems. The research results show that this method can reduce the walk- off effect and can therefore equalize the nonlinear impairments effectively. Compared with the only other existing nonlinearity pre-compensation method, the joint nonlinearity and chromatic dispersion pre-compensation method is not only suitable for low-dispersion optical orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing system, but also effective for high- dispersion optical orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing transmission system with higher input power but without optical dispersion compensation. The suggested solution does not increase computation complexity compared with only nonlinearity pre-compensation method. For 40 Gbit/s coherent optical orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing 20 × 80 km standard single-mode fibre system, the suggested method can improve the nonlinear threshold （for Q 〉 10 dB） about 2.7, 1.2 and 1.0 dB, and the maximum Q factor about 1.2, 0.4 and 0.3 dB, for 2, 8 and 16 ps/（nm.km） dispersion coefficients.

A High Spectral Efficient Frequency-Domain Channel-Estimation Method for the Polarization-Division-Multiplexed CO-OFDM-OQAM System

Contrary to the other multi-carrier modulation systems, the coherent optical orthogonal frequency division multiplexing communication system with an offset quadrature amplitude modulation (CO-OFDM-OQAM) possesses inherent imaginary interference (IMI). This has an important impact on the channel estimation process. Currently, a variety of frequency-domain channel estimation methods have been proposed. However, there are various problems that still exist. For instance, in order to reduce the influence of IMI, it is necessary to insert more guard intervals between the training sequence and the payload, leading to the occupation of excessive spectrum resources. In order to address this problem, this work designs a high spectral efficient frequency-domain channel estimation method for the polarization-division-multiplexing CO-OFDM-OQAM systems. First, the working principle of the proposed method is described in detail. Then, its spectral efficiency, power peak-to-average ratio, and channel estimation performance are studied based on simulations. The simulation results show that the proposed method improves the spectral efficiency without worsening the power peak-to-average ratio. The channel estimation capability of this method is verified in three scenarios of long-distance transmissions, including back-to-back, 100 km, and 200 km transmissions. .

A frame synchronization solution for orthogonal frequency division multiplexing system

To improve frame synchronization precision, a scheme named training symbol correlation （TSC） is presented for orthogonal frequency division multiplexing （ OFDM ） system. Based on the solution from Schmidl and Cox, a timing metric related to TSC scheme is put forward and examined. The specific method to select a threshold value provides more precise detection results, which can be shown by performance comparison between the two schemes through Monte Carlo simulation. Taking IEEE 802.1 la WLAN standard as an example, the proposed approach is superior to the most popular Schmidl scheme in terms of BER.

Performance of multi-band orthogonal frequency division multiplexing ultra wide-band system on IEEE UWB channels

Multiband orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (MB-OFDM) ultra wide-band (UWB) is a novel wireless communication technology. It has many advantages and is being actively researhed. In this study, we constructed and implemented a simulation model of UWB communication systems in Simulink. We found the MB-OFDM UWB system has the best performance in distance between 4 m to 10 m without the line-of-sight requirement.

The Effect and Compensation of Phase Noise on Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) System

Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) is characterized by its high data rate. However, the modulation method used in the system is subject to the influence of phase noise due to the need of time synchronization. In this paper, an algorithm based on MMSE (minimum mean square error) is developed to compensate the influence of both the common phase error (CPE) and inter carrier interference (ICI), which are two aspects of phase noise, under common Gaussian white noise. The result of noise cancellation is presented in signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and symbol error rate (SER). Like digital signal in general, SNR can reduce SER with or without phase noise compensation. The compensation of phase noise significantly reduces the SER of the decoded signal. However, the bandwidth of phase noise still determines the signal accuracy. Under high bandwidth of phase noise, increasing SNR will only slightly increase SER, which is not efficient.

Security in Multicast Over α-μ Fading Channels with Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing

The orthogonal space-frequency block coding (OSFBC) with orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) system reduces complexity in the receiver which improves the system performance significantly. Motivated by these advantages of OSFBC-OFDM system, this paper considers a secure wireless multicasting scenario through multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) OFDM system employing OSFBC over frequency selective α-μ fading channels. The authors are interested to protect the desired signals from eavesdropping considering the impact of the number of multicast users and eavesdroppers, and the fading parameters α and μ. A mathematical model has been developed based on the closed-form analytical expressions of the probability of non-zero secrecy multicast capacity (PNSMC) and the secure outage probability for multi-casting (SOPM) to ensure the security in the presence of multiple eaves-droppers. The results show that the security in MIMO OSFBC OFDM system over α-μ fading is more sensitive to the magnitude of α and μ and this effect increases in the high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) region of the main channel.

Implementation of Synchronization Technology in Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplex System Based on Field Programming Gate Array

In this paper,analyzed is the symbol synchronization algorithm in orthogonal frequency division multiplex(OFDM)system,and accomplished are the hardware circuit design of coarse and elaborate synchronization algorithms.Based on the analysis of coarse and elaborate synchronization algorithms,multiplexed are,the module accumulator,division and output judgement,which can evidently save the hardware resource cost.The analysis of circuit sequence and wave form simulation of the design scheme shows that the proposed method efficiently reduce system resources and power consumption.

A passive optical network based on optical code division multiplexing and time division multiple access technology

A passive optical network （PON） scheme based on optical code division multiplexing （OCDM） for the downstream traffics is proposed and analyzed in detail. In the PON, the downstream traffics are broadcasted by OCDM technology to guarantee the security, while the upstream traffics pass through the same optical fiber by the common time division multiple access （TDMA） technology to decrease the cost. This schemes are denoted as OCDM/TDMA-PON, which can be applied to an optical access network （OAN） with full services on demand, such as Internet protocol, video on demand, tele-presence and high quality audio. The proposed OCDM/TDMA-PON scheme combines advantages of PON, TDMA, and OCDM technology. Simulation results indicate that the designed scheme improves the OAN performance, and enhances flexibility and scalability of the system.

Vector mode based optical direct detection orthogonal frequency division multiplexing transmission in short-reach optical link

As one solution to implement the largecapacity space division multiplexing(SDM)transmission systems,the mode division multiplexing(MDM)has gained much attention recently.The vector mode(VM),which is the eigenmode of the optical fiber,has also been adopted to realize the optical communications including the transmission over free-space optical(FSO)and optical fiber links.Considering the concerns on the short-reach optical interconnects,the low cost and high integration technologies should be developed.Direct detection(DD)with higher-order modulation formats in combination of MDM technologies could offer an available trade-off in system performance and complexity.We review demonstrations of FSO and fiber high-speed data transmission based on the VM MDM(VMDM)technologies.The special VMs,cylindrical vector beams(CVB),have been generated by the q-plate(QP)and characterized accordingly.And then they were used to implement the VMDM transmission with direct-detection orthogonal frequency division multiplexing(DD-OFDM).These demonstrations show the potential of VMDM-DD-OFDM technology in the large-capacity short-reach transmission links.

Improved pilot data aided feed forward based on maximum likelihood for carrier phase jitter recovery in coherent optical orthogonal frequency division multiplexing

Pilot data aided feed forward （PAFF） carrier recovery is essential for phase noise tracking in coherent optical receivers. This paper describes a new PAFF system based on new pilot arrangement and maximum likelihood （ML） to estimate the phase jitter in coherent receiver- induced by local oscillator＇s lasers and sampling clock errors. Square M-ary quadrature amplitude modulation （M-QAM） （4, 16, 64, and 256） schemes were used. A detailed mathematical description of the method was presented. The system performance was evaluated through numerical simulations and compared to those with noisefree receiver （ideal receiver） and feed forward without ML. The simulation results show that PAFF performs near the expected ideal phase recovery. Results clearly suggest that ML significantly improves the tolerance of phase error variance. From bit error rate （BER） sensibility evaluation, it was clearly observed that the new estimation method performs better with a 4-QAM （or quadrature phase shift keying （QPSK）） format compared to three others square QAM schemes. Analog to digital converter （ADC） resolution effect on the system performance was analyzed in terms of Q-factor. Finite resolution effect on 4-QAM is negligible while it negatively affects the system performance when M increases.

Carrier recovery in coherent receiver of optical orthogonal frequency division multiplexing system

In this paper, we reviewed our common phase error （CPE） and intercarrier interference （ICI） compensation methods for coherent optical orthogonal frequency division multiplexing （CO-OFDM） system. We first presented a unified CPE estimation framework combining decision-aided （DA）, pilot-aided （PA） and decision feed- back （DF） algorithms. The DA method is used to estimate the CPE of the current OFDM symbol based on the decision statistics of the previous symbol. DA ＋ PA helps increase the phase noise tolerance of DA and reduce the overhead of PA, while DA ＋ DF reduces the overhead to zero, achieving best performance with one more step of estimation, compensation and demodulation. We also described a modified time-domain blind intercarrier interference （BL-ICI） mitigation algorithm over non- constant amplitude formats. The new algorithm is derived from the BL-ICI algorithm over constant amplitude format for wireless networks. A new power estimation scheme was proposed for the BL-ICI algorithm to adapt to non- constant amplitude format. It has the same order of complexity with frequency domain decision-aided ICI （DA-ICI） compensation method and does not suffer from symbol decision errors. The effectiveness of both CPE and ICI compensation algorithms were demonstrated in a simulated 56-Gbit/s CO-OFDM system with various modulation formats.

GDS-MIMO-OFDM雷达通信一体化波形设计

针对正交频分复用(OFDM)雷达通信一体化波形存在的通信速率较低、自相关旁瓣较高的问题,提出了一种基于Gold码扩频的多输入多输出-正交频分复用(MIMO-OFDM)雷达通信一体化波形。将MIMO-OFDM与扩频序列相结合,利用相关性较好的Gold码对通信信息进行扩频,再与OFDM脉冲符号进行调制,进而设计出一种既能提高通信速率又能改善雷达性能的一体化波形。仿真实验证明,较相同仿真条件下的Gold-OFDM、脉冲压缩-正交频分复用(PC-OFDM)一体化波形而言,所设计的一体化波形的通信速率能够倍数提高且可以在不影响通信性能的前提下降低信号模糊函数的旁瓣,从而改善一体化系统的雷达性能。

基于多特征融合的MIMO-OFDM系统单-混信号调制识别算法

为解决非协作通信中多输入多输出正交频分复用(multiple-input multiple-output orthogonal frequency division multiplexing, MIMO-OFDM)系统的单-混信号调制识别问题,提出一种基于多特征融合和决策融合的调制识别方法。首先,利用特征矩阵的联合近似对角化(joint approximate diagonalization of eigenvalue matrix, JADE)算法从接收端恢复发送信号;然后,提取恢复后信号的四次方谱、循环谱和高阶累积量作为输入样本,利用多特征融合网络对输入样本进行训练;最后,使用决策融合策略根据每条支路输出得到最终判决结果。仿真实验结果表明,所提方法可以对MIMO-OFDM系统中的7种信号进行有效识别,在信噪比为10 dB时识别精度可达99.4%。

基于实虚交替导频的CO-OFDM-OQAM通信系统激光器相位噪声抑制方法

针对偏移正交幅度调制的相干光正交频分复用(CO-OFDM-OQAM)通信系统,本文提出了一种基于实虚交替导频的相位噪声抑制算法。该算法利用激光器相位噪声的性质和固有虚部干扰(IMI)系数的对称性规律设计全新的实虚交替导频,结合线性拟合,能够准确估计每个频域符号的公共相位误差(CPE)。由于是在频域进行补偿,与时域相位噪声抑制算法相比,计算复杂度大幅下降。搭建了有效速率为65 GBits/s的偏振复用CO-OFDM-OQAM系统的数值仿真平台,研究了不同激光器线宽和子载波个数下系统的传输性能,考察了所提方法对相位噪声的抑制效果。获得的结果证实:OSNR固定为25 dB,子载波总数分别为256、512和1024时,误码率达到FEC极限时所需要的线宽分别为801.1、349和138.4 kHz。对于使用16-QAM调制格式、子载波个数为256或512的系统,能较好补偿激光器的相位噪声,而且不会影响功率峰均比。

Particle-Based Iterative Blind Receiver for Orthogonal Frequency-Division Multiplexing with Frequency Offset

Orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing （OFDM） systems are sensitive to carrier frequency offset （CFO） which introduces intercarder interference and significantly degrades system performance. This paper describes an iterative blind receiver consisting of a sequential Monte Carlo detector, a CFO estimator, and a compensator to reduce intercarrier interference. The framework is of low complexity due to the separation of tasks in a joint detection problem. In addition, the CFO estimator utilizes soft output of the sequential Monte Carlo detector, which reduces the information loss caused by hard decisions and can obtain the CFO estimate in only one OFDM symbol. Simulation results demonstrate the effectiveness of the algorithm.

Carrier frequency offset and impulse noise estimation for underwater acoustic orthogonal frequency division multiplexing

The carrier frequency offset（CFO）and impulse noise always affect the performance of underwater acoustic communication_systems.The CFO and impulse noise could be estimated by using the null subcarriers to cancel the effects of the two types of interference.The null subcarriers estimation methods include optimal separate estimation and joint estimation.The separate estimation firstly estimates the CFO value and then estimates the impulse noise value.However,the CFO and impulse noise always affect each other when either of them is estimated separately.The performance could be improved by using the joint estimation.The results of simulations and experiments have showed that these two optimization methods have good performance and the joint estimation has better performance than the separate estimation method.There is 3 dB performance gain at the BER value of 10^（-2）when using the joint estimation method.Thus these methods could improve the system robustness by using the CFO compensation and impulse noise suppression.

Signal Clipping at Transmitter and Receiver of O-OFDM for VLC under Optical Power Constraint

Visible light communications(VLC)is considered as an effective supplement technology for next-generation(6G)communications due to its abundant spectrum,high power efficiency and easy deployment.Optical orthogonal frequency division multiplexing(O-OFDM)is a common technology to obtain further promotion.In this paper,two typical O-OFDM schemes direct current biased O-OFDM(DCO-OFDM)and asymmetrically clipped O-OFDM(ACO-OFDM)are analyzed in terms of signal clipping at both transmitter and receiver under the constraints of maximum optical power and non-negative optical power.And effective electrical SNR models after signal clipping are proposed and verified by link simulation.Then a noise cancellation scheme is proposed based on received signal clipping and is proved to bring a significant gain for ACO-OFDM.By system simulation,we find that under a certain optical power limitation,most users can achieve above 4 Gbps in indoor scenario when modulation bandwidth of the light emit diode(LED)or laser diode(LD)is 1 GHz.Therefore,it can be expected that the throughput could reach tens Gbps when the LED/LD modulation bandwidth is increased and multiple LEDs/LDs are deployed.

Sample indexed spatial orthogonal frequency division multiplexing

Optical spatial modulation （OSM） is a multiple-transmitter technique that can provide higher data rates with low system complexity as compared with single-input single-output systems. Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing （OFDM） is widely implemented to achieve better spectral efficiency in wireless channels. Asymmetrically clipped optical OFDM （O-OFDM） and DC-biased O-OFDM are two well-known O-OFDM techniques suitable for intensity-modulation direct-detection optical systems. In this work, sample indexed spatial OFDM （SIS-OFDM） is proposed to combine OSM and O-OFDM in a novel way and achieve significant per- formance gain. By assigning time-domain samples of the O-OFDM transmit symbol to different transmitters, SIS-OFDM achieves much better spectral efficiency and reduces computational complexity at the transmitter as compared with previous work that combines OSM with O-OFDM in the frequency domain. We also consider the impact of optical source biasing on overall performance, and the relative performance of imaging receiver （ImR） versus non-imaging receiver （NImR） design for our proposed SIS-OFDM technique. Results indicate that for an Ntx x Nrx multiple-input multiple-output configuration where Nix = N = 4, SIS-OFDM using ImR can achieve up to 135 dB of signal-to-noise ratio gain over comparable system using a NImR. Also, using Nc number of O-OFDM subcarriers provides up to Nsc × log2（Ntx） additional bits per symbol of spectral efficiency over technioues that combine OSM and O-OFDM in the freollencv domain.

采用CNN的MIMO-OFDM可见光通信接收机

为了克服多输入多输出(MIMO)-正交频分复用(OFDM)可见光通信(VLC)系统中存在的信号串扰、高峰均功率比、发光二极管(LED)的带宽受限和非线性效应等问题,提出一种基于卷积神经网络(CNN)的VLC接收机.该接收机通过对接收端失真信号和发射端原始信号的学习,能够实现MIMO-OFDM可见光通信系统的信号解调,有效提升系统对非线性失真的抑制能力并具有较低的复杂度.实验结果表明,与最小二乘法接收机相比,CNN接收机能有效补偿信号受到的线性和非线性失真以及不同用户间的信号串扰,平均误码率提升超过一个数量级,同时有效克服LED带宽受限问题,比特传输速率提升53%.