Power-induced polarization switching and bistability characteristics in 1550-nm VCSELs subjected to orthogonal optical injection

The polarization switching（PS） and polarization bistability（PB） characteristics of a 1550-nm vertical-cavity surfaceemitting laser（VCSEL） subjected to orthogonal optical injection are systematically investigated.The simulated results show that the PS and polarization-resolved nonlinear dynamical states of the VCSEL are critically dependent on the changing paths of the injected power.The polarization dynamics for different scanning directions of the injected power is presented to explain the polarization evolution during the formation of PS.In the case of forward scanning injected power,with the increase of frequency detuning level between the VCSEL and the injected light,the injected power required for PS gradually increases for negative frequency detuning but exhibits fluctuations for positive frequency detuning.In the case of reversely scanning injected power,the injected power required for PS displays fluctuant changes within the whole frequency detuning range.Specifically,PS may disappear under certain negative frequency detuning and large bias current.Furthermore,the hysteresis width as a function of the frequency detuning is calculated,and the regions for the appearance and disappearance of PB have been determined in the parameter space of the bias current and frequency detuning.

Joint nonlinearity and chromatic dispersion pre-compensation for coherent optical orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing systems

This paper introduces a joint nonlinearity and chromatic dispersion pre-compensation method for coherent optical orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing systems. The research results show that this method can reduce the walk- off effect and can therefore equalize the nonlinear impairments effectively. Compared with the only other existing nonlinearity pre-compensation method, the joint nonlinearity and chromatic dispersion pre-compensation method is not only suitable for low-dispersion optical orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing system, but also effective for high- dispersion optical orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing transmission system with higher input power but without optical dispersion compensation. The suggested solution does not increase computation complexity compared with only nonlinearity pre-compensation method. For 40 Gbit/s coherent optical orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing 20 × 80 km standard single-mode fibre system, the suggested method can improve the nonlinear threshold （for Q 〉 10 dB） about 2.7, 1.2 and 1.0 dB, and the maximum Q factor about 1.2, 0.4 and 0.3 dB, for 2, 8 and 16 ps/（nm.km） dispersion coefficients.

Real-Time Upstream Services Demonstration in Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing- Passive Optical Network System

In recent years,dual-homed topologies have appeared in data centers in order to offer higher aggregate bandwidth by using multiple paths simultaneously.Multipath TCP(MPTCP) has been proposed as a replacement for TCP in those topologies as it can efficiently offer improved throughput and better fairness.However,we have found that MPTCP has a problem in terms of incast collapse where the receiver suffers a drastic goodput drop when it simultaneously requests data over multiple servers.In this paper,we investigate why the goodput collapses even if MPTCP is able to actively relieve hot spots.In order to address the problem,we propose an equally-weighted congestion control algorithm for MPTCP,namely EW-MPTCP,without need for centralized control,additional infrastructure and a hardware upgrade.In our scheme,in addition to the coupled congestion control performed on each subflow of an MPTCP connection,we allow each subflow to perform an additional congestion control operation by weighting the congestion window in reverse proportion to the number of servers.The goal is to mitigate incast collapse by allowing multiple MPTCP subflows to compete fairly with a single-TCP flow at the shared bottleneck.The simulation results show that our solution mitigates the incast problem and noticeably improves goodput in data centers.

Mathematical Description of Acousto-Optic Tunable Filter Orthogonal Polarizing Method

The transfer function of the optical splitting system of the acousto-optic tunable filter （AOTF） is deduced to be a reference to optical design. The characteristic matrix （transfer function） of AOTF is used to describe quantitatively the characters of polarization elements in the orthogonal polarizing system. According to the characteristic matrix, the included angle of polarizer′s transmission direction and polarization analyzer′s transmission direction should be 90°. As a result the signal to noise ratio increased about 20 times though the light intensity was reduced to 54.300,because both the transmittances of polarizer and polarization analyzer are 0.74, which is an intrinsic character. The orthogonal polarizing method is an effective method to get rid of the influence of zero order light and improve the spectrum resolution and signal-to-noise ratio.

Signal Clipping at Transmitter and Receiver of O-OFDM for VLC under Optical Power Constraint

Visible light communications(VLC)is considered as an effective supplement technology for next-generation(6G)communications due to its abundant spectrum,high power efficiency and easy deployment.Optical orthogonal frequency division multiplexing(O-OFDM)is a common technology to obtain further promotion.In this paper,two typical O-OFDM schemes direct current biased O-OFDM(DCO-OFDM)and asymmetrically clipped O-OFDM(ACO-OFDM)are analyzed in terms of signal clipping at both transmitter and receiver under the constraints of maximum optical power and non-negative optical power.And effective electrical SNR models after signal clipping are proposed and verified by link simulation.Then a noise cancellation scheme is proposed based on received signal clipping and is proved to bring a significant gain for ACO-OFDM.By system simulation,we find that under a certain optical power limitation,most users can achieve above 4 Gbps in indoor scenario when modulation bandwidth of the light emit diode(LED)or laser diode(LD)is 1 GHz.Therefore,it can be expected that the throughput could reach tens Gbps when the LED/LD modulation bandwidth is increased and multiple LEDs/LDs are deployed.

A novel orthogonally linearly polarized Nd:YVO_4 laser

We presented a novel orthogonally linearly polarized Nd：YVO4 laser. Two pieces of a-cut grown-together composite YVO4/Nd：YVO4 crystals were placed in the resonant cavity with the c-axis of the two crystals orthogonally. The polarization and power performance of the orthogonally polarized laser were investigated. A 26.2-W orthogonally linearly polarized laser was obtained. The power ratio between the two orthogonally polarized lasers was varied with the pump power caused by the polarized mode coupling. The longitudinal modes competition and the corresponding variable optical beats were also observed from the orthogonally polarized laser. We also adjusted the crystals with their c-axis parallele to each other, and a 40.7-W linearly polarized TEM00 laser was obtained, and the beam quality factors were Mx^2 = 1.37 and My^2 = 1.25.

Optimization of Process Parameters of Laser Cladding 304L Alloy Powder Based on Orthogonal Experiment

In order to find the optimal combination of process parameters for laser cladding 304L alloy powder on the surface of 45 steel,a combination method of single factor test and multi-factor orthogonal experiment was used to perform the single pulse laser cladding experiment.The effects of process parameters(pulse current A,pulse width B,pulse frequency C,defocus distance D,scan velocity E)on the morphology and performance of cladding layer was studied by range analysis,and the optimal combination of cladding parameters is calculated by fuzzy comprehensive evaluation.The results show that different process parameters have different effects on the morphology of the cladding layer and scanning velocity E and defocus distance D are the most important influencing factor of cladding morphology.The effect on cladding width is D>C>A>B>E and the effect on cladding height is E>A>C>D>B.The optimal combination of cladding width is A4B4C4D4E2.The optimal combination of cladding high is A2B1C1D4E1.The comprehensive optimal process parameters are pulse current 210A,pulse width 3.6ms,pulse frequency 16Hz,defocus distance+10mm and scanning speed 240mm/min.The average hardness of the cladding layer,melting pool,heat-affected zone and substrate under the optimal process parameters is 406.2 HV0.5,470.8 HV0.5,230.5HV0.5 and 202.0HV0.5,respectively.The 304L cladding layer on 45 steel surface is stable in width,height and surface quality under comprehensive optimal parameters.

Flipped-Exponential Nyquist Pulse Technique to Optimize PAPR in Optical Direct-Detection OFDM Systems

In this paper, we describe a novel technique based on the flipped-exponential （FE） Nyquist pulse method for reducing peak-to-average power ratio （PAPR） in an optical direct-detection orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing （DD-QFDM） system, The technique involves proper selection of the FE Nyquist pulses for shaping the different subcarriers of the OFDM. We apply this technique to a DD-OFDM transmission system to significantly reduce PAPR. We also investigate the sensitivity of a received OFDM signal with strong nonlinearity in a standard single-mode fiber （SMF）.

Research on Phase Detection of Liquid Crystal Optical Device

The technology for phase detection of liquid crystal optical device is a difficult research in current domestic and overseas. However, for the existing liquid crystal optical device, aiming at the poor anti-vibration capability and poor versatile of phase detection, the complexity of phase retrieval algorithm, we propose a new phase measurement principle and experimental methods of liquid crystal optical device. It is a phase measurement method based on the combination of phase- shifting interferometer and phase conjugation technology. The deflection characteristics of the liquid crystal device means the device can implement phase modulation to only one direction of polarized light while is completely transparent to orthogonal polarized light. We put forward the phase shift of the orthogonal polarization phase shift interferometer method, using phase shifting interference as well as the combination of phase conjugate means to achieve its phase measurement. So we can retrieves devices modulation phase simply and efficiently combines with phase- shifting interferometer technology.

Optimization of Key Parameters in 622-Mb/s Amplitude Shift Keying Labeled 40-Gb/s Return to Zero Differential Phase Shift Keying Optical Switching Network

Optimized are the label extinction ratio and dispersion compensation of an optical label switching transmission system,which employs 40-Gb/s return to zero differential phase shift keying(RZ-DPSK)payload labeled with 622-Mb/s amplitude shift keying(ASK)control data.In our scheme,the receiver sensitivities of payload and label achieves-27.8dBm and-33.5dBm,respectively.After transmitted over 40km,60km and 80km single mode fiber(SMF)(with dispersion compensation)respectively,the payload can be recovered with no power penalty,while the label can be recovered with less than 2dB penalty.

Elastic Resource Allocation for Multi-Granularity Multicasting Traffic in OFDM-Based Optical Networks

With the increasing requirements of the multicast services in the whole data traffic service, the optical multicast technology becomes a key technology supporting wide bandwidth and high speed multicasting communication. The transmission efficiency, capacity and robustness of optical multicast network can be further improved by introducing network coding technology into optical multicast networks. Meanwhile, facing to demand of emerging rate-variable multi-granularity multicast service, a multi-path transmission scheme based on network coding for routing and spectrum allocation (RSA) is proposed. It can not only allocate spectrum resources effectively and flexibly for various-rate multicast traffic, but also balance the network load, improve network throughput and reduce transmission blocking rate. In this paper, RSA problem is decomposed into two subproblems, namely routing allocation based on network coding and spectrum allocation based on maximum spectrum first (MSF) strategy, which are solved sequentially. Simulation experiments are carried out to analyze transmission performance with proposed RSA scheme. The simulation results show that the proposed RSA mechanism can allocate spectrum resources efficiently and flexibly for multi-granularity multicast traffic. Compared with RSA schemes based on shortest path tree (SPT) and minimal spanning tree (MST), the proposed RSA scheme is more efficient for spectrum resource utilization and load balancing, and spectrum resource is saved more than 20%.

Beyond 100 Gb/s Optical OFDM Transmitted in Optical Long-Haul System

100 G Ethernet is considered to become the next generation Ethernet standard for IP networks.Typical 100 Gb/s transmission systems and their performance are presented.Comparision and analysis for 100 Gb/s transmission systems have been discussed.It is demonstrated that optical OFDM can be used in future 100 Gb/s/ch and long-haul system.

非正交多址光通信系统信道均衡的虚拟时反方法

室内非正交多址(non-orthogonal multiple access, NOMA)可见光通信系统(visible light communications, VLC)可实现高速率多用户通信,但多径效应会造成通信可靠性及用户公平性明显下降,为此,提出一种虚拟时间反转技术(virtual time reversal mirror, VTRM)对NOMA-VLC进行信道均衡,消除多径效应对通信过程的影响。分析了多用户场景下室内NOMA-VLC系统模型及其通信光链路的特性,依据光链路增益的稀疏特性采用稀疏度自适应匹配追踪(sparsity adaptive matching pursuit,SAMP)算法,估计NOMA-VLC系统的信道冲激响应(channel impulse response, CIR)。在此基础上,采用VTRM方法对NOMA-VLC进行信道均衡,通过VTRM的时空聚焦特性减少信道衰落影响,并重构接收信号,抑制多径效应。理论分析和实验结果表明:经论文算法均衡后的NOMAVLC系统,在满足前向纠错(forward error correction,FEC)误码率阈值的同时,用户1性能提高了4.4 dB,用户2性能提高了5.7 dB,两用户平均性能提高了5.05 dB,用户间性能差异由1.6 dB降为0.5 dB,为NOMA-VLC信道均衡提供了有效的解决方案。

基于表面粗糙度和反射率多目标优化的6061铝合金超精密车削工艺研究

目的探究工艺参数对6061铝合金滚压件超精密车削性能的影响,对工件超精密车削加工表面粗糙度和表面光学反射率进行协同优化研究。方法首先,对6061铝合金材料表面进行单向超声振动滚压以提高工件表面质量。其次,设计了四因素四水平的超精密车削正交试验,研究了切削工艺参数(主轴转速、进给速度、背吃刀量、刀尖半径)对6061铝合金滚压件表面粗糙度及表面光学反射率的影响规律。最后,采用灰色关联分析方法,将多个工艺目标参数优化问题转化为单目标的灰色关联度优化问题,通过超精密车削试验对优化结果进行验证。结果主轴转速对表面粗糙度Ra和Sa的影响最显著,其次是刀尖半径和背吃刀量,进给速度的影响最小;工艺参数对可见光波段和中红外光波段反射率的影响程度与表面粗糙度一致,各参数按对近红外光波段反射率影响程度由大到小的顺序依次为背吃刀量、刀尖半径、进给速度、主轴转速;通过灰色关联分析获得优化工艺参数组合为主轴转速3000 r/min、进给速度10 mm/min、背吃刀量5μm、刀尖半径0.5 mm,此时对应的表面粗糙度R_(a)和S_(a)分别为2.162 nm和7.855 nm,可见光、近红外光、中红外光波段反射率分别为88.892%、88.893%、97.788%。结论通过优化结果能够有效降低表面粗糙度、提升表面光学反射率,对制造高水平金属反射镜具有十分重要的现实意义和研究价值。

基于信息熵特征的正交频分复用无源光网络系统

越来越多的ONU接入无源光网络,易发生网络拥塞问题,信息传输延迟,数据丢包等现象出现,为此,设计了基于信息熵特征的正交频分复用无源光网络系统。由光线路终端(OLT)、光分配网络(ODN)和光网络单元(ONU)组成系统框架结构,采用分散分光形式设计系统组网结构,借助My SQL,设计系统数据库以及数据表。设计系统三个主要功能模块,即无源光信息收发模块、基于信息熵的ONU负载判断模块以及无源光网络带宽分配模块,通过合理分配带宽资源,提高无源光网络传输能力。结果表明:无源光网络系统5次轮询后传输时隙长度均在4 ms以下,无源光网络通信传输效率高,能够快速实现信息传递,极大避免时延问题。

Harmful Intrusion Detection Algorithm of Optical Fiber Pre-Warning System Based on Correlation of Orthogonal Polarization Signals

At present, advanced researches of optical fiber intrusion measurement are based on the constant false alarm rate （CFAR） algorithm. Although these conventional methods overcome the interference of non-stationary random signals, there are still a large number of false alarms in practical applications. This is because there is no specific study on orthogonal polarization signals of false alarm and intrusion. In order to further reduce false alarms, we analyze the correlation of optical fiber signals using birefringence of single-mode fiber. This paper proposes the harmful intrusion detection algorithm based on the correlation of two orthogonal polarization signals. The proposed method uses correlation coefficient to distinguish false alarms and intrusions, which can decrease false alarms. Experiments on real data, which are collected from the practical environment, demonstrate that the difference in correlation is a robust feature. Furthermore, the results show that the proposed algorithm can reduce the false alarms and ensure the detection performance when it is used in optical fiber pre-warning system （OFPS）.

An Approach to a Method of Construction of (F, K, 1) Optical Orthogonal Codes from Block Design

F, K, 1) Optical orthogonal codes (OOC) are the best address codes applied to optical code division multiple access (OCDMA) communication systems, but the construction of the codes is very complex. In this paper, a method of construction of the OOC from block design is discussed and a method of computer aid design is presented, by which we can construct desired (F, K, 1) OOC easily.

The combinatorial construction for a class of optimal optical orthogonal codes

Optical orthogonal code (OOC) has good correlation properties. It has many important appli-cations in a fiber-optic code-division multiple access channel. In this paper, a combinatorial construction foroptimal (15p, 5, 1) optical orthogonal codes with p congruent to 1 modulo 4 and greater than 5 is given byapplying Weil's Theorem. From this, when v is a product of primes congruent to 1 modulo 4 and greater than5, an optimal (15v, 5, 1)-OOC can be obtained by applying a known recursive construction.

Nonlinear dynamics of 1550 nm VCSELs subject to polarization-preserved optical feedback and orthogonal optical injection

Based on spin-flip model （SFM）, the nonlinear dynamics of 1550nm vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers （VCSELs） subject to polarization-preserved optical feedback （PPOF） and orthogonal optical injection （OOI） are theoretically investigated. The results show that two linear polarization （LP） modes can be simultaneously stimulated and polarization switching （PS） can be observed, which is different from the case that only y LP mode exists in a VCSEL with PPOF. Under the joint action of PPOF and OOI, the two LP modes will exhibit rich dynamical states, such as period one, period two, multi- period and chaos oscillation. Different evolution routes to chaos can be also observed. Moreover, frequency detuning Af（Af=fm fs, wherefn andfs are the center frequencies of free-running master VCSEL and slave VCSEL, respectively） has an obvious influence on the PS. With the increase of the positive frequency detuning PS points shift toward larger injection strengths; meanwhile, a suitable negative frequency demning value makes the injection strength for PS be the lowest.