A historical overview of nano-optics:From near-field optics to plasmonics

Nano-optics is an emergent research field in physics that appeared in the 1980s,which deals with light–matter optical interactions at the nanometer scale.In early studies of nano-optics,the main concern focus is to obtain higher optical resolution over the diffraction limit.The researches of near-field imaging and spectroscopy based on scanning near-field optical microscopy(SNOM)are developed.The exploration of improving SNOM probe for near-field detection leads to the emergence of surface plasmons.In the sense of resolution and wider application,there has been a significant transition from seeking higher resolution microscopy to plasmonic near-field modulations in the nano-optics community during the nano-optic development.Nowadays,studies of nano-optics prefer the investigation of plasmonics in different material systems.In this article,the history of the development of near-field optics is briefly reviewed.The difficulties of conventional SNOM to achieve higher resolution are discussed.As an alternative solution,surface plasmons have shown the advantages of higher resolution,wider application,and flexible nano-optical modulation for new devices.The typical studies in different periods are introduced and characteristics of nano-optics in each stage are analyzed.In this way,the evolution progress from near-field optics to plasmonics of nano-optics research is presented.The future development of nano-optics is discussed then.

Iterative physical optics method based on efficient occlusion judgment with bounding volume hierarchy technology

This paper builds a binary tree for the target based on the bounding volume hierarchy technology,thereby achieving strict acceleration of the shadow judgment process and reducing the computational complexity from the original O(N^(3))to O(N^(2)logN).Numerical results show that the proposed method is more efficient than the traditional method.It is verified in multiple examples that the proposed method can complete the convergence of the current.Moreover,the proposed method avoids the error of judging the lit-shadow relationship based on the normal vector,which is beneficial to current iteration and convergence.Compared with the brute force method,the current method can improve the simulation efficiency by 2 orders of magnitude.The proposed method is more suitable for scattering problems in electrically large cavities and complex scenarios.

Solar adaptive optics systems for the New Vacuum Solar Telescope at the Fuxian Lake Solar Observatory

Adaptive optics(AO)is essential for high-quality ground-based observations with large telescopes because it counters the impact of wavefront aberrations caused by atmospheric turbulence.The new vacuum solar telescope(NVST)is one of the most important high-resolution solar observation instruments in the world.Three sets of solar adaptive optics systems have been developed and installed on this telescope:conventional adaptive optics,ground layer adaptive optics,and multi-conjugate adaptive optics.These have been in operation from 2018 to 2023.This paper details the development and application of solar adaptive optics on the NVST and discusses the newest instrumentation.

使用均值距离与关联性标记的并行OPTICS算法

针对大数据环境下传统并行密度聚类算法中存在的数据划分不合理,聚类结果准确度不高,结果受参数影响较大以及并行效率低等问题,提出一种MapReduce下使用均值距离与关联性标记的并行OPTICS算法——POMDRM-MR。算法使用一种基于维度稀疏度的减少边界点划分策略(DS-PRBP),划分数据集;针对各个分区,提出标记点排序识别簇算法(MOPTICS),构建数据点与核心点之间的关联性,并标记数据点迭代次数,在距离度量中,使用领域均值距离策略(FMD),计算数据点的领域均值距离,代替可达距离排序,输出关联性标记序列;最后结合重排序序列提取簇算法(REC),对输出序列进行二次排序并提取簇,提高算法局部聚类的准确性和稳定性;在合并全局簇时,算法提出边界密度筛选策略(BD-FLC),计算筛选密度相近局部簇;又基于n叉树的并集型合并与MapReduce模型,提出并行局部簇合并算法(MCNT-MR),加快局部簇收敛,并行合并局部簇,提升全局簇合并效率。对照实验表明,POMDRM-MR算法聚类效果更佳,且在大规模数据集下算法的并行化性能更好。

基于D-OPTICS算法的网约车载客热点区域挖掘

为准确分析网约车载客高需求热点区域,考虑载客热点聚类中车辆行驶距离的约束,采用结合Dijkstra寻路算法的OPTICS算法,提出寻路密度OPTICS(D-OPTICS)算法。DOPTICS算法利用车辆轨迹数据进行空间聚类研究分析载客热点区域。通过道路网络拓扑结构提取各路段节点,采用Dijkstra算法进行寻路并以路段为单位提取邻域范围内载客点进行聚类。将成都市网约车轨迹数据进行热点区域的挖掘和分析。与传统OPTICS算法相比,所提算法考虑了道路距离的约束,提高了载客热点聚类稳定性和精度,获取的载客热点区域更贴合实际情况。

Development of multi-band and high-speed visible endoscope diagnostic on EAST with catadioptric optics

A new multi-band and high-speed endoscope diagnostic for the observation of visible light has been successfully developed on the Experimental Advanced Superconducting Tokamak.The mirror with an aperture is designed at the head of the optical system.Based on two dichroic mirrors,the system is divided into three imaging mirror groups with different bands,i.e.B(380-500 nm),G(500-580 nm)and R(580-750 nm)bands,and its focal length is 16 mm with a relatively large aperture of D/f=1:4.The spatial resolution is less than 5 mm near the object distance of 1750 mm with the camera NAC ACS-1 M60.This optical system will be used to contrastively study both the spatial distribution and time evolution of different impurities in the same field of view.The experimental results confirm that it can be applied to the recognition of plasma boundary and related physical research.

Plasma optics:A perspective for high-power coherent light generation and manipulation

Over the last two decades,the importance of fully ionized plasmas for the controlled manipulation of high-power coherent light has increased considerably.Many ideas have been put forward on how to control or change the properties of laser pulses such as their frequency,spectrum,intensity,and polarization.The corresponding interaction with a plasma can take place either in a self-organizing way or by prior tailoring.Considerable work has been done in theoretical studies and in simulations,but at present there is a backlog of demand for experimental veri-fication and the associated detailed characterization of plasma-optical elements.Existing proof-of-principle experiments need to be pushed to higher power levels.There is little doubt that plasmas have huge potential for future use in high-power optics.This introduction to the special issue of Matter and Radiation at Extremes devoted to plasma optics sets the framework,gives a short historical overview,and briefly describes the various articles in this collection.

The Perturbed Riemann Problem for a Geometrical Optics System

The perturbed Riemann problem for a hyperbolic system of conservation laws arising in geometrical optics with three constant initial states is solved.By studying the interactions among of the delta-shock,vacuum,and contact discontinuity,fourteen kinds of structures of Riemann solutions are obtained.The compound wave solutions consisting of delta-shocks,vacuums,and contact discontinuities are found.The single and double closed vacuum cavitations develop in solutions.Furthermore,it is shown that the solutions of the Riemann problem for the geometrical optics system are stable under certain perturbation of the initial data.Finally,the numerical results completely coinciding with theoretical analysis are presented.

Special issue on digital and intelligent optics

Innovations in artificial intelligence have revolutionized various areas,especially optics.The rapid development of novel optoelectronic devices at nanoscale has exhibited the multiple functionalities,high integration,compactness,fast modulation and scalability,showcasing new breakthroughs of digital optics and optoelectronic processors for intelligent computations.

一种基于网格与加权信息熵的OPTICS改进算法

针对现有OPTICS算法时间复杂度高且不适用于数据密集型环境的问题,提出一种基于网格与加权信息熵的改进算法。将数据集合划分为一定数量的网格单元,引入加权信息熵,自适应计算每个网格单元的最小密度阈值。对满足最小密度阈值的网格单元定义密集格的概念,利用质心点代替网格数据点集的方法对数据点进行压缩。采用Geolife Trajectories数据集对算法性能进行测试,从理论分析和实验结果两方面证明了改进算法的有效性。

OPTICS算法在雷电临近预报中的应用

针对密度分布不均的雷电定位资料,提出了一种基于OPTICS聚类算法的雷电临近预警模型。该模型运用OPTICS算法对雷暴天气连续时段的雷电定位资料进行聚类分析,有效剔除了影响雷暴云分布的稀疏点。在聚类分析结果基础上,利用"膨胀-侵蚀"算法还原雷暴云真实分布,根据雷暴云的移动趋势进行雷电落区预报。此外,针对传统预测算法运行时间长的缺陷,运用邻接表改进了OPTICS算法,且优化了可达队列更新策略。实验结果表明,基于改进的OPTICS算法所构建的雷电临近预报模型降低了算法运行时间,同时提高了雷电预报模型适应能力及预测的准确率。

冬春两湖盆地地区大气气溶胶污染的年代际变化特征及其与东亚经向风南北反相位的联系

基于MERRA-2及ERA5逐月再分析资料,本文采用EOF分析、线性回归和合成分析等方法,分析了1980~2020年长江流域中游两湖盆地地区气溶胶光学厚度(AOD)的年代际变化特征及东亚经向风南北反位相模态对其的影响。结果表明,在年代际尺度上两湖盆地地区AOD呈现非线性的变化趋势,20世纪80、90年代处于低值,21世纪初AOD持续升高,2010年后开始下降。空间场上表现为全区一致的变化特征,高值区主要位于两湖盆地中部,以洞庭湖为中心呈南北纵向分布。进一步对两湖盆地AOD年代际变化与大气环流异常关系的分析表明,在东亚经向风南北反相模的影响下,偏北风输送是影响两湖盆地AOD年代际变化的主要气象原因。在年代际尺度上,当西伯利亚高压的强度、面积增大,东亚大槽西移,西北太平洋副热带高压脊线南移时,东亚经向风南北反相模趋于正相位(即长江以北有异常偏南风、长江以南有异常偏北风)。此时,两湖盆地位于气旋性环流异常的底部,在异常的偏北风的作用下,西北地区的气溶胶向两湖盆地输送加强。且两湖盆地处于两个异常气旋性环流的中间,气压梯度小,风速偏弱,使得两湖盆地气溶胶输入大于输出,促进21世纪初AOD年代际升高。

改进的OPTICS算法及其在文本聚类中的应用

基于密度的OPTICS聚类算法以可视化的结果输出方式直观呈现语料结构,但由于其结果组织策略在处理稀疏点时的局限性,算法实际性能未能得到充分发挥。本文针对此缺陷提出一种有效的结果重组织策略以辅助稀疏点的重新定位,并针对文本领域的特点改变距离度量方法,形成了OPTICS-Plus文本聚类算法。在真实文本分类语料上的实验表明,我们的结果重组织策略能够辅助算法产生更为清晰反映语料结构的可达图,与K-means算法的比较则证实了OPTICS-Plus具有较为良好的聚类性能。

The Soft X-ray Imager(SXI)on the SMILE Mission

The Soft X-ray Imager(SXI)is part of the scientific payload of the Solar wind Magnetosphere Ionosphere Link Explorer(SMILE)mission.SMILE is a joint science mission between the European Space Agency(ESA)and the Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS)and is due for launch in 2025.SXI is a compact X-ray telescope with a wide field-of-view(FOV)capable of encompassing large portions of Earth’s magnetosphere from the vantage point of the SMILE orbit.SXI is sensitive to the soft X-rays produced by the Solar Wind Charge eXchange(SWCX)process produced when heavy ions of solar wind origin interact with neutral particles in Earth’s exosphere.SWCX provides a mechanism for boundary detection within the magnetosphere,such as the position of Earth’s magnetopause,because the solar wind heavy ions have a very low density in regions of closed magnetic field lines.The sensitivity of the SXI is such that it can potentially track movements of the magnetopause on timescales of a few minutes and the orbit of SMILE will enable such movements to be tracked for segments lasting many hours.SXI is led by the University of Leicester in the United Kingdom(UK)with collaborating organisations on hardware,software and science support within the UK,Europe,China and the United States.

不确定NNSB-OPTICS聚类算法在滑坡危险性预测中的研究与应用

针对滑坡危险性预测中降雨等不确定因素不能有效刻画及处理和现有的OPTICS-PLUS聚类算法需要设置密度阈值、时间复杂度高等问题进行了研究,为了提高滑坡危险性预测准确率,提出一种不确定NNSB-OPTICS聚类算法并应用于滑坡预测中。首先对OPTICS-PLUS算法扩张策略进行优化,避免了人工设置密度阈值,提高了算法效率;然后根据降雨量数据的分布特征,综合EW型距离公式和云模型理论,提出EC型距离公式,有效处理不确定数据降雨量;最后将不确定NNSB-OPTICS聚类算法应用于延安市宝塔区滑坡危险性预测中,建立滑坡危险性预测模型,滑坡预测精度达到89. 7%。实验结果表明,该方法能够有效提高滑坡危险性预测精度,具有较高的可行性。

基于OPTICS的变电设备状态监测异常数据过滤算法

针对变电一次设备状态监测中普遍存在的异常数据问题,提出了一种基于点排序识别聚类结构(Ordering Points to Identify the Clustering Structure,OPTICS)的状态监测异常数据过滤算法。通过对一次设备状态监测的历史数据进行异常数据特征分析,建立了基于密度聚类的异常数据过滤机制。并以某110 k V变电站一次设备变压器油色谱以及GIS SF6密度微水实验为例,对该算法的异常数据检测效果进行了验证。该算法与传统异常数据过滤算法的对比试验结果表明,该算法能够准确地识别异常数据的特征,有效过滤状态监测中的异常数据,显著降低噪声干扰,从而提高数据的可靠性。

一种基于OPTICS聚类的流量分类算法

提出了一种适合在线实时分类并避免过多人为因素干扰的流量分类方法.该方案早期采用DPI技术识别信息流的业务类型,作为后期聚类算法的指导和基准;借鉴OPTICS聚类算法思想,用数据点的个数来衡量稠密度,完成信息流的聚类,可有针对性地为用户提供服务.

Pluggable multitask diffractive neural networks based on cascaded metasurfaces

Optical neural networks have significant advantages in terms of power consumption,parallelism,and high computing speed,which has intrigued extensive attention in both academic and engineering communities.It has been considered as one of the powerful tools in promoting the fields of imaging processing and object recognition.However,the existing optical system architecture cannot be reconstructed to the realization of multi-functional artificial intelligence systems simultaneously.To push the development of this issue,we propose the pluggable diffractive neural networks(P-DNN),a general paradigm resorting to the cascaded metasurfaces,which can be applied to recognize various tasks by switching internal plug-ins.As the proof-of-principle,the recognition functions of six types of handwritten digits and six types of fashions are numerical simulated and experimental demonstrated at near-infrared regimes.Encouragingly,the proposed paradigm not only improves the flexibility of the optical neural networks but paves the new route for achieving high-speed,low-power and versatile artificial intelligence systems.

基于改进OPTICS算法的磁罗盘椭圆拟合误差补偿方法

为了避免磁罗盘原始数据中的奇异误差点对椭圆拟合精度造成不利影响,在常规最小二乘椭圆拟合算法中引入了基于密度聚类的OPTICS算法,并对OPTICS算法进行了改进,以降低复杂度,减小计算耗时。在椭圆拟合之前,使用改进的OPTICS算法对原始传感器数据进行分类,识别并剔除数据中的奇异误差点,防止其污染原始数据集,提高椭圆拟合算法的拟合精度,从而提高航向角的解算精度。实验结果表明,与常规椭圆拟合算法相比,所提出的算法在东、南、西、北四个方向上合计航向角误差的均方根降低了27.5%,且改进后OPTICS算法的计算耗时比改进前降低了43.6%。

基于OPTICS算法的变异体约简技术

为了降低变异测试的计算代价,提出了一种基于OPTICS算法的变异体约简方法。首先利用OPTICS算法对变异体进行聚类,让相似的变异体在同一类簇中,然后从每个类簇中随机选取一个变异体作为代表,与其余离散的变异体组成新的变异体集合,从而达到约简变异体数量的目的。为了验证算法的效果,选择一组常用的被测程序进行实验,并和K-means算法进行比较。实验结果表明,该方法在不降低变异充分度的情况下取得了良好的约简效果,有效地减少了变异体的数量,从而降低了变异测试所产生的计算代价。