Field experiment for blasting crater

A series of single hole blasting crater experiments and a variable distance multi-hole simultaneous blasting experiment was carried in the Yunfu Troilite Mine,according to the Livingston blasting crater theory.We introduce in detail,our methodology of data collection and processing from our experiments.Based on the burying depth of the explosives,the blasting crater volume was fitted by the method of least squares and the characteristic curve of the blasting crater was obtained using the MATLAB soft- ware.From this third degree polynomial,we have derived the optimal burying depth,the critical burying depth and the optimal explosive specific charge of the blasting crater.

Probability calculation of rebars corrosion in reinforced concrete using css algorithms

Reinforcement inside the concrete is protected from corrosion and its damages until several years after the construction. After corrosion initiation, the cross section of reinforcement begins to reduce and often load bearing of the reinforced concrete structure will be reduced significantly. Corrosion of reinforcements in concrete in polluted and contaminated areas can occur in two ways: chloride and carbonation. In this work, meta-heuristic approach of charged system search(CSS) is used to calculate corrosion occurrence probability due to chloride ions penetration. The model efficiency is verified by comparing the available examples in technical literature and results of Monte Carlo analysis. According to the analyses performed, using different probabilistic distributions regardless of probabilistic moments based on real distribution leads to diverse results. In addition, influence of each effective parameter in corrosion occurrence varies by changing other parameters.

GREENSKY:A fair energy-aware optimization model for UAVs in next-generation wireless networks

Unmanned Aerial Vehicles(UAVs)offer a strategic solution to address the increasing demand for cellular connectivity in rural,remote,and disaster-hit regions lacking traditional infrastructure.However,UAVs’limited onboard energy storage necessitates optimized,energy-efficient communication strategies and intelligent energy expenditure to maximize productivity.This work proposes a novel joint optimization model to coordinate charging operations across multiple UAVs functioning as aerial base stations.The model optimizes charging station assignments and trajectories to maximize UAV flight time and minimize overall energy expenditure.By leveraging both static ground base stations and mobile supercharging stations for opportunistic charging while considering battery chemistry constraints,the mixed integer linear programming approach reduces energy usage by 9.1%versus conventional greedy heuristics.The key results provide insights into separating charging strategies based on UAV mobility patterns,fully utilizing all available infrastructure through balanced distribution,and strategically leveraging existing base stations before deploying dedicated charging assets.Compared to myopic localized decisions,the globally optimized solution extends battery life and enhances productivity.Overall,this work marks a significant advance in UAV energy management by consolidating multiple improvements within a unified coordination framework focused on joint charging optimization across UAV fleets.The model lays a critical foundation for energy-efficient aerial network deployments to serve the connectivity needs of the future.

A Model‑Based Battery Charging Optimization Framework for Proper Trade‑offs Between Time and Degradation

This study aims at developing an optimization framework for electric vehicle charging by considering different trade-offs between battery degradation and charging time.For the first time,the application of practical limitations on charging and cooling power is considered along with more detailed health models.Lithium iron phosphate battery is used as a case study to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed optimization framework.A coupled electro-thermal equivalent circuit model is used along with two battery health models to mathematically obtain optimal charging current profiles by considering stress factors of state-of-charge,charging rate,temperature and time.The optimization results demonstrate an improvement over the benchmark constant current–constant voltage(CCCV)charging protocol when considering both the charging time and battery health.A main difference between the optimal and the CCCV charging protocols is found to be an additional ability to apply constraints and adapt to initial conditions in the proposed optimal charging protocol.In a case study,for example,the‘optimal time’charging is found to take 12 min while the‘optimal health’charging profile suggests around 100 min for charging the battery from 25 to 75%state-of-charge.Any other trade-off between those two extreme cases is achievable using the proposed charging protocol as well.

Molten steel yield optimization of a converter based on constructal theory

Constructal theory is introduced into the molten steel yield maximization of a converter in this paper. For the specific total cost of materials, generalized constructal optimization of a converter steel-making process is performed. The optimal cost distribution of materials is obtained, and is also called as "generalized optimal construct". The effects of the hot metal composition contents, hot metal temperature, slag basicity and ratio of the waste steel price to the sinter ore price on the optimization results are analyzed.The results show that the molten steel yield after optimization is increased by 5.48% compared with that before optimization when sinter ore and waste steel are taken as the coolants, and the molten steel yield is increased by 6.84% when only the sinter ore is taken as the coolant. It means that taking sinter ore as coolant can improve the economic performance of the converter steelmaking process. Decreasing the contents of the silicon, phosphorus and manganese in the hot metal can increase the molten steel yield. The change of slag basicity affects the molten steel yield a little.

Free-space optical data links based on coaxial sidelobe-modified optical vortices

We propose and demonstrate free-space optical data links based on coaxial sidelobe-modified optical vortices（CSMOVs）. In contrast to the optical communication systems based on amplitude, frequency, or phase detection, the proposed scheme uses the radii ratio between the principle ring and the first sidelobe of the CSMOV.Therefore, the demand of stringent alignment and/or accurate phase matching is released. We design and optimize a composite computer-generated hologram to generate a CSMOV with four topological charges（TCs）.Extracted from the images captured by a CCD camera, the radii ratio between the principle ring and the first sidelobe of different TCs are consistent with the theoretical values.

Energy Management Strategy for Hybrid Electric Vehicle Based on System Efficiency and Battery Life Optimization

A novel method to calculate fuel-electric conversion factor for full hybrid electric vehicle（HEV）equipped with continuously variable transmission（CVT）is proposed.Based on consideration of the efficiency of pivotal components,electric motor,system efficiency optimization models are developed.According to the target of instantaneous optimization of system efficiency,operating ranges of each mode of power-train are determined,and the corresponding energy management strategies are established.The simulation results demonstrate that the energy management strategy proposed can substantially improve the vehicle fuel economy,and keep battery state of charge（SOC）change in a reasonable variation range.