Optimization design of foundation excavation for Xiluodu super-high arch dam in China

With better understanding of the quality and physico-mechanical properties of rocks of dam foundation,and the physico-mechanical properties and structure design of arch dam in association with the foundation excavation of Xiluodu arch dam,the excavation optimization design was proposed for the foundation surface on the basis of feasibility study.Common analysis and numerical analysis results demonstrated the feasibility of using the weakly weathered rocks III1and III2as the foundation surface of super-high arch dam.In view of changes in the geological conditions at the dam foundation along the riverbed direction,the design of extending foundation surface excavation area and using consolidating grouting and optimizing structure of dam bottom was introduced,allowing for harmonization of the arch dam and foundation.Three-dimensional(3D)geomechanics model test and fi nite element analysis results indicated that the dam body and foundation have good overload stability and high bearing capacity.The monitoring data showed that the behaviors of dam and foundation correspond with the designed patterns in the construction period and the initial operation period.

Seepage safety monitoring model for an earth rock dam under influence of high-impact typhoons based on particle swarm optimization algorithm

Extreme hydrological events induced by typhoons in reservoir areas have presented severe challenges to the safe operation of hydraulic structures. Based on analysis of the seepage characteristics of an earth rock dam, a novel seepage safety monitoring model was constructed in this study. The nonlinear influence processes of the antecedent reservoir water level and rainfall were assumed to follow normal distributions. The particle swarm optimization （PSO） algorithm was used to optimize the model parameters so as to raise the fitting accuracy. In addition, a mutation factor was introduced to simulate the sudden increase in the piezometric level induced by short-duration heavy rainfall and the possible historical extreme reservoir water level during a typhoon. In order to verify the efficacy of this model, the earth rock dam of the Siminghu Reservoir was used as an example. The piezometric level at the SW1-2 measuring point during Typhoon Fitow in 2013 was fitted with the present model, and a corresponding theoretical expression was established. Comparison of fitting results of the piezometric level obtained from the present statistical model and traditional statistical model with monitored values during the typhoon shows that the present model has a higher fitting accuracy and can simulate the uprush feature of the seepage pressure during the typhoon perfectly.

Research on shape optimization of CSG dams

The multi-objective optimization method was used for shape optimization of cement sand and gravel （CSG） dams in this study. The economic efficiency, the sensitivities of maximum horizontal displacement and maximum settlement of the dam to water level changes, the overall stability, and the overall strength security were taken into account during the optimization process. Three weight coefficient selection schemes were adopted to conduct shape optimization of a dam, and the case studies lead to the conclusion that both the upstream-and downstream dam slope ratios for the optimal cross-section equal 1：0.7, which is consistent with the empirically observed range of 1：0.6 to 1;0.8 for the upstream and downstream dam slope ratios of CSG dams. Therefore, the present study is of certain reference value for designing CSG dams.

Bin-objective shape optimization based on linear programming model of arch dam

Bin-objective shape optimization of arch dam based on linear programming model is discussed to minimize both dam volume and maximal tensile stress.The importance of weight coefficient of the above two objectives is chosen according to the value of importance ratio.The influence of weight coefficient to the optimization result is discussed in detail and the numerical example shows that both the model and method proposed is doable.

Calculation Model of Equivalent Strength for Induced Crack Based on Double-K Fracture Theory and Its Optimizing Setting in RCC Arch Dam

By means of fracture testing on roller-compacted concrete （RCC） three-point bending beams with two different specimen sizes, the P-CMOD complete curve for RCC was gained. Furthermore, by applying double-K fracture theory, KiniⅠC,KunⅠC, as well as the critical effective crack length and the critical crack tip opening displacement, were evaluated. Based on the double-K fracture parameters above, the calculation model of equivalent strength for induced crack was established, thus the calculation method on its initiation, stable propagation and unstable fracture was ascertained. Moreover, the finite element simulation analysis of stress field in ShaPai arch dam and the on-site observational splaying points of induced crack at different altitudes validated the reliability of the model. Finally, crack inducer′s optimal setting in RCC arch dam was studied. It improves the design level of induced crack in RCC arch dam and satisfies the necessity of engineering practice.

Effect of Seismic Permanent Deformation on Safety and Stability of Earth-Rock Dam Slope

In order to study the effect of seismic permanent deformation on the safety and stability of earth-rock dam, the permanent deformation is considered as the non-design permanent load, and the stress-strain hysteresis curve is also considered when the earth is under cyclic load. The research work can make the calculation results of plastic collapse more accurate by including the effect of the post-earthquake degree of plastic deformation on the stability of the earth-rock dam, and the dam safety factor decreases from 2.50 to 1.90 after the magnitude-8 earthquake. Moreover, the research work will also improve the design of the earth-rock dam under abnormal operating conditions.

Dynamic Risk Assessment Index System for Earth-Rock Dam during Construction

During the construction of earth-rock dam,mutual exclusive construction goals such as quality,safety,progress and cost all have influences on each other,with risk factors being everchanging as the construction progresses.Accurate identification of the risk factors,as well as clearing any possible effect that any risk factors might have on the construction project is the key and foundation to our cooperative control of the construction goals.According to the construction planning of earth-rock dam,the hall3 D structure was used to identify the potential changes of risk factors,and the possible means of any risk factors to interfere with the construction goals.The dynamic risk assessment index system is established by deploying the WBS-RBS(work breakdown structurerisk breakdown structure)method,aiming at the construction goals of earth-rock dam.The case study shows that the index system is very effective at risk management of earth-rock dam during construction,and relatively practicable.

Study on life-cycle risk management of high earth-rock dam project

Based on advanced computer technology, internet of things （lOT） technology, project management con- cept and professional technology and combined with the innovative theories, methods and techniques in earlier hy- dropower projects, the life-cycle risk management system of high earth-rock dam project for Nuozhadu project was developed. The system mainly includes digital dam, three-dimensional design, construction quality monito- ring, safety assessment and warning, etc, to integrally manage and analyze the dam design, constructional quality and safety monitoring information. It realized the dynamic updates of the comprehensive information and the safe- ty quality monitoring in the project life cycle, and provided the basic platform for the scientific management of the construction and operation safety of high earth-rock dam. Application in Nuozhadu earth-rock dam showed that construction safety monitoring and warning greatly helped accelerate the construction progress and improve project quality, and provided a new way for the quality safety control of high earth-rock dam.

Delftia sp.T3-6酰胺水解酶DamH晶体制备及X-射线衍射分析

Dam H是菌株Delftia sp.T3-6产生的具有酯键水解活性的酰胺酶,对其原核表达、纯化、结晶条件及蛋白晶体X-射线衍射条件进行了研究。经过原核表达,采用Ni-NTA亲和层析法和透析法纯化蛋白,成功获得了适合晶体生长的蛋白Dam H。289 K下采用座滴气相扩散法进行晶体筛选和制备,在蛋白浓度为15 mg/m L及含有0.2 mol/L乙酸铵,pH 7.1,21%(W/V)聚乙二醇3350的缓冲液中获得了理想的蛋白晶体。在低温100 K下通过X-射线衍射仪(Rigaku Micro Max-007 HF)收集了晶体衍射数据。晶体衍射分辨率为3.4,空间群为三斜晶系P1,晶胞参数为a=14.1,b=23.9,c=85.7,α=112.6°,β=77.2°,γ=89.1°。结晶条件的优化和晶体制备为Delftia sp.T3-6 Dam H高分辨率晶体制备提供了参考,晶体衍射数据的收集为Dam H三维结构的解析奠定了前期基础,将有助于阐明Dam H的催化机制。

Characteristics and factors that influenced damage to dams in the M_s 8.0 Wenchuan earthquake

Based on raw data from dams damaged in the Wenchuan earthquake, including many that were severely damaged, characteristics and factors that influenced the damage are discussed in this paper. Findings from this study include： severely damaged dams were densely distributed along the seismologic fault; small dams, especially small earth-rock dams, had the most serious damage that was caused by a variety of factors; the most serious damage was caused by seismic waves; damage was aggregated by aftershocks; and the extent of the damage patterns increased with the seismic intensity. Damage patterns varied in different intensity zones and cracking was the most common type of damage. Most of the dams had a good base with relatively high bearing capacity, and the walls of the earth-rock dams were mostly of clay soil. This type of base and body material mitigated some of the damage to dams. Reservoir maintenance and other factors also have a significant impact on the seismic safety of the dam. Finally, some recommendations to reduce seismic damage to dams are proposed.

Key Technologies in the Design and Construction of 300 m Ultra-High Arch Dams

Starting with the Ertan arch dam （240 m high, 3300 MW） in 2000, China successfully built a total of seven ultra-high arch dams over 200 m tall by the end of 2014. Among these, the ]inping 1 （305 m）, Xiaowan （294.5m）, and Xiluodu （285.5 m） arch dams have reached the 300 m height level （i.e., near or over 300 m）, making them the tallest arch dams in the world. The design and construction of these 300 m ultra-high arch dams posed significant challenges, due to high water pressures, high seismic de- sign criteria, and complex geological conditions. The engineering team successfully tackled these chal- lenges and made critical breakthroughs, especially in the area of safety control. In this paper, the author summarizes various key technological aspects involved in the design and construction of 300 m ultra- high arch dams, including the strength and stability of foundation rock, excavation of the dam base and surface treatment, dam shape optimization, safety design guidelines, seismic analysis and design, treatment of a complex foundation, concrete temperature control, and crack prevention. The experience gained from these projects should be valuable for future practitioners.

Seismic design of Xiluodu ultra-high arch dam

The 285.5 m-high Xiluodu Arch Dam is located in a seismic region along the Jinsha River in China, where the horizontal components of peak ground accelerations for design and checking earthquakes have been estimated to be 0.355 g and 0.423 g, respectively( g is the gravitational acceleration). The ground motion parameters of design and checking earthquakes are defined by exceedance probabilities of 2% over 100 years and 1% over 100 years, respectively. The dam shape was first selected and optimized through static analysis of the basic load combinations, and then adjusted after taking into account the seismic loads. The dam should be operational during and after the design earthquake with or without minor repairs, and maintain local and global stabilities during an extreme earthquake. Both linear elastic dynamic analysis and nonlinear dynamic analysis considering radiation damping, contraction joints, and material nonlinearity were conducted to assess the stress in the arch dam.The dynamic analysis shows that the maximum dynamic compressive stresses are less than the allowable levels, while the area with tensile stress over the limit is less than 15% of the dam surface and the maximum contraction openings range from 10 mm to 25 mm. The arch dam has sufficient earthquake-resistance capacity and meets the safety requirements. Nevertheless, steel reinforcement has been provided at the dam toe and in the zones of high tensile stress on the dam surface out of extra precaution.

基于SSA-Adam-BP神经网络模型的堰塞坝稳定性预测

现有的堰塞坝稳定性预测模型多为线性模型,无法充分考虑堰塞坝稳定性与其形态特征和水域条件之间的复杂非线性关系。鉴于此,结合反向传播神经网络模型和樽海鞘优化算法,提出了一种新型的堰塞坝稳定性预测模型SSA-Adam-BP。该模型通过网格搜索法选取确定模型结构的最佳超参数组合,进而利用交叉验证和绘制ROC曲线的方式分别对采用不同优化算法的模型进行评估。使用开源数据库中的全球153例堰塞坝数据对模型的实际应用进行了说明及验证。与传统线性模型的对比表明神经网络模型预测准确率较高,具有较低的误报率。将SSA与Adam优化算法结合提高了BP模型的全局搜索能力,其平均交叉验证准确率达到了91.73%,能够使用较少的参数实现对堰塞坝稳定性快速准确的预测。SSA-Adam-BP模型对近年来典型工程的稳定性能够准确预测,具有一定的实用性和系统平台推广应用价值。

A Computer Model for Selecting Equipment in Earth-Fill Dam Projects

Selecting right equipment has been playing an important role in the success of construction projects. This paper presents a computer model, ESCMODEL, for equipment selection in Earth-fill dam projects. The proposed model is capable of assisting the users in making decisions to determine the size, number, type and schedule of presence of dozers, loaders, graders, excavators, trucks, sheepsfoot rollers and smooth wheel rollers. ESCMODEL can contribute to resolve this selection process through the application of an optimization technique, based on nonlinear programming. Three actual case studies of earth-fill dam projects are presented in order to illustrate the effectiveness and performance of the model.

超深覆盖层上面板坝防渗墙连接板接缝变形机制及优化分析

针对超深软弱覆盖层上的面板坝工程止水缝安全问题,从变形和应力2个方面开展优化研究,揭示了防渗墙连接板趾板面板防渗体系的变形模式,定位了薄弱位置,提出了优化方案,并量化了工程应用效果.结果表明,防渗墙与趾板间沉降差集中在防渗墙与连接板之间的止水缝处,设置多块连接板无法起到逐步过渡沉降差的作用.防渗墙下游侧设置侧向支撑、制作倾斜形止水缝、趾板下设支撑墙均可减小防渗墙连接板间止水缝沉陷变形.相比垂直止水缝和多块连接板的传统方案,所提的防渗墙顶部拓宽连接板倾斜形止水缝以及防渗墙顶部拓宽倾斜形止水缝趾板下设支撑墙的深厚覆盖层上面板坝防渗体系综合优化方案可使防渗墙与连接板之间止水缝沉陷变形分别减小41.5%和53.8%.

考虑突发事件的三峡闸室编排多阶段动态优化调度

文中以平均船闸闸室浪费率、船舶平均待闸时间和鲁棒性最小为目标函数,建立了突发事件下的三峡闸室编排多阶段动态优化调度模型和算法.结果表明:本研究提升了对突发事件的智能响应,减少了人工干预,提高了船舶过闸效率.

基于WOA-VMD-XGBoost的混凝土坝变形预测

建立混凝土坝高精准变形预测模型是掌握坝体结构服役性态的关键,而其变形监测数据具有复杂的非线性和非平稳特征,会影响预测模型的精度及泛化能力。针对上述问题,引入鲸鱼优化算法(WOA)和包络熵理论自适应寻优变分模态分解(VMD)参数,根据最佳参数组合多尺度分解变形数据,得到多个不同特征尺度的本征模态函数(IMF)。通过重构分量为新分量,将新分量分别输入极端梯度提升(XGBoost)模型中进行预测,叠加各预测结果得到最终预测值。基于山口岩碾压混凝土拱坝变形监测数据,开展支持向量回归机(SVR)、随机森林(RF)、XGBoost、WOA-VMD-XGBoost等4种模型的精度、泛化能力对比研究。结果表明:相比于单一预测模型,组合模型有效挖掘了变形信号多尺度特征,降低了非线性、非平稳性对模型性能的影响,在精度、泛化能力中表现出更高性能。该组合模型为大坝变形监测提供了理论依据和应用参考。

高拱坝时序多属性施工方案随机智能优化方法

为了解决当前施工方案优化方法大多忽略各关键节点施工进度指标的随机性对施工方案优化的影响,同时属性权重确定方法难以实现对高维度多层次的多属性决策问题进行整体优化的问题,提出了基于前景随机理论和麻雀搜索算法的高拱坝时序多属性施工方案随机智能优化方法。针对高拱坝工程建设特点,基于前景随机理论建立时序多属性随机智能优化模型,提出了基于阶段发展特征的动态参考点设置方法;基于麻雀搜索算法建立最优属性权重及时间权重搜索模型,并以差异最大化思想构造适应度函数,实现模型的求解。工程实例验证结果表明该优化方法具有合理性,优化结果与前景随机占优-CRITIC方法、随机占优方法优化结果一致,且具有更好的方案区分度。

高海拔地区高拱坝首仓混凝土温度反演分析与温控措施优化

【目的】大坝各个坝段首仓浇筑混凝土常采用大量三级配混凝土浇筑,混凝土绝热温升较高,同时该区域受基础约束大,在温控措施失效的情况下温度峰值容易超过设计允许值,即温度超标而产生较大的应力。为保障大坝的安全,需要采用合理的二期冷却措施控制大坝的温度应力。【方法】在分析了高寒高海拔地区坝体首仓混凝土温度超标和应力形成的原因,以及温度超标后大坝最大应力及安全系数的基础上,对二期冷却进行优化分析。然后以叶巴滩工程为例,设置一、二灌区(拱坝浇筑过程中,在横缝位置,按一定高程埋设止浆片,形成各个灌浆区域,即为横缝灌浆中的灌区)同冷,将16-1仓的温度降低到12.50℃时进行暂时的控温处理,保持首仓的温度高于第一和第二灌区其余仓2.00℃,将首仓混凝土二期冷却目标温度设定为设计可行的上限11.00℃。【结果】计算结果显示,通过温控措施优化,可将坝体的安全系数从优化前可能出现的最不利情况的1.25提高至优化后的1.63。【结论】结果表明,温控优化措施可有效避免大坝首仓混凝土出现裂缝,同时可为同类工程类似情况提供温控措施建议。

基于FOA-BP-AdaBoost的大坝变形预测模型及应用

为提升大坝变形监测预测精度,解决变形量受多因素影响等问题,笔者提出了基于果蝇优化算法(FOA)、BP神经网络的AdaBoost强预测组合模型(FOA-BP-AdaBoost),并与BP神经网络模型、FOA-BP神经网络模型应用于工程实例中的预测精度进行多方位量化对比。结果表明:强预测模型集齐了果蝇算法全局优化、BP神经网络局部寻优和AdaBoost“优中选优”的特点,最大程度优化了预测效果;实例应用证实了FOA-BP-AdaBoost模型在大坝变形预测领域的准确性和有效性。该模型已成功应用于工程实例,可为类似工程提供参考。