Well production optimization using streamline features-based objective function and Bayesian adaptive direct search algorithm

Well production optimization is a complex and time-consuming task in the oilfield development.The combination of reservoir numerical simulator with optimization algorithms is usually used to optimize well production.This method spends most of computing time in objective function evaluation by reservoir numerical simulator which limits its optimization efficiency.To improve optimization efficiency,a well production optimization method using streamline features-based objective function and Bayesian adaptive direct search optimization(BADS)algorithm is established.This new objective function,which represents the water flooding potential,is extracted from streamline features.It only needs to call the streamline simulator to run one time step,instead of calling the simulator to calculate the target value at the end of development,which greatly reduces the running time of the simulator.Then the well production optimization model is established and solved by the BADS algorithm.The feasibility of the new objective function and the efficiency of this optimization method are verified by three examples.Results demonstrate that the new objective function is positively correlated with the cumulative oil production.And the BADS algorithm is superior to other common algorithms in convergence speed,solution stability and optimization accuracy.Besides,this method can significantly accelerate the speed of well production optimization process compared with the objective function calculated by other conventional methods.It can provide a more effective basis for determining the optimal well production for actual oilfield development.

Clean Production and Ecological Industry:A Key to Eco-city Development

Eco-city development is a healthy process towards sustainable development, within the carrying capacity of local ecosystem through changing production mode, consumption behavior and decision instrument based on ecological economics and system engineering. The key to its planning is an ecological integration to make trade-off between economic wealth and environmental health, between material and spiritual civilization, between natural and human eco-cybernetics. Integration, demonstration, citizens’ participation and scientists’ and technician’s catalyzing are the key instruments for the implementation of the ecocity plan. "Clean production" and "ecological industry" are key elements in comprehensive development towards an eco-city. Beyond the technical and management questions, how to interlink production, consumption and reduction at the local and regional level, the spatial and urban dimension should be considered in order to perform an integrative urban eco-space.

Assessment of macrobenthic community function and ecological quality after reclamation in the Changjiang(Yangtze)River Estuary wetland

An ecological optimization project(semi-closed reclamation project)was implemented to control the invasion of Spartina alterniflora,and optimize the habitat of the Chongming Dongtan wetland,in the Changjiang(Yangtze)River Estuary.After project implementation,a macrobenthic ecological survey was conducted in a natural tidal flat and a semi-closed reclamation restoration area within the Chongming Dongtan wetland from 2019 to 2020.Compared with historical data before reclamation,findings showed that the groups,numbers,and species diversity of the macrobenthos increased significantly,and the ecological optimization project resulted in good ecological benefits.In addition,compared to the natural tidal flat,the number of collected macrobenthic phyla,and the macrobenthic density and biomass were significantly lower in the restoration area.Furthermore,the biodiversity index and functional redundancy of natural tidal flats were generally higher,indicating that the community composition and function of natural tidal flats were relatively more stable.Even though the species composition differed between a number of restoration areas and natural tidal flats,there was no difference in functional diversity,indicating that the effect of restoring ecological functions in restoration areas was optimal.Among them,the biodiversity and functional redundancy of Site S2 were significantly reduced,and the ecosystem function was extremely unstable.Habitat heterogeneity,vegetation community and decreasing salinity were the main factors that affected the ecological functions of macrobenthos.The ecological quality was also evaluated;the Transects N3 and N4 showed good quality.The overall ecological quality of the restoration area was generally high,but that of Site S2 was poor and that of Site S2E was merely good,which was mainly due to modifications of the ecological function of macrobenthos.It is suggested that reeds mowing and freshwater species release should be adopted in restoration areas to improve the community function and the environmental disturbance resistance of the macrobenthos.

Review of Carbon Emissions Trading Production Model and Research on Its Applications in China

With the Kyoto Protocol entering into effect in many countries one after another,carbon trading has come into being and developed quickly.China is the main supplier of carbon emissions rights in the world,but such transactions are still in the stage of Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) projects without its own trading system,which is not conducive for China to win the rights of carbon pricing in the international market.Low-carbon and emissions reduction is the international trend nowadays,and therefore,it is particularly necessary and urgent to investigate the issue of carbon trading in China.In this paper,the authors have reviewed Putty-Clay Vintage,which is a model of production function for carbon trading,revealing the main points,contributions and shortcomings of the model.Combined with China's national conditions,the authors have investigated the application of this model in China's carbon trading from four different angles,including enterprise production optimization,financial market development,national macro-economy,and the allocation of emission quota.This study aims to provide China's enterprises with an analytical framework when participating in carbon trading in the future and it is beneficial for them to make optimal production planning when considering the cost of carbon emissions reduction.

Industrial Policy Analysis of Restricted Development Zones in Western China——A Study of State-level Main Producing Areas of Agricultural Products and Key Ecological Functional Areas

As one of the important policies of promoting the formation of main functional areas, the industrial policy directly determines the sustainable growth of space control ability of main functional areas. A restricted development zone is a type of main functional area which provides agricultural products and ecological products, assures the supply of national agricultural products and the stability of ecosystems, as well as safeguards the ecological functions and agricultural functions of wider regions by restricting its own development. Therefore scientific, complete and operable industrial policy support is needed. Restricted development zones are distributed widely in western China. With the restriction of their main functions, differential industrial policies should be implemented in the development of the restricted development zones: Dealing well with the relationship between industrial development and ecological protection, developing special industries which are friendly to resources and environment and appropriate for local conditions, guiding and encouraging industries to learn from regions with favorable development conditions, orderly withdrawing industries and enterprises adverse to main functions, facilitating industrial structure upgrading, optimizing industrial organization, improving industrial technological level and rationalizing industrial layout.

Correction of the Production Master Plan According to Preventive Maintenance Constraints and Equipments Degradation State

In this paper, we tried to formulate the interdependences of the systematic maintenance policies and the choice of a production master plan. We started from the intuitive relation between the time of production and the degradation state of the equipment to mathematically formulate the problematic and thus to build the objective space function and feasible solution set of this multiobjective problematic. The solutions set could after be presented to the decision maker to choose one, or more of these solutions, in order to manage and control the maintenance and production policies at the same time.

Economically Optimal Rates and Nutrients Use Efficiency Indices of Maize to the Application of Different Rates of Nutrients in Central Rift Valley of Ethiopia

The use of balanced fertilizers in adequate amount is very important to increase crop productivity and production in Ethiopia. The study was executed to quantify maize (Zea mays L.) grain yield response to different rates of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K) and sulfur (S) under balanced fertilization of other nutrients. On farm trials were conducted at seven sites on 8 farmers’ fields in Negele Arsi districts, west Arsi zone of Oromia region for three consecutive cropping seasons (2014-2016). Six rates of N, P, S and eight rates of K treatments established separately for each nutrient were laid out in randomized complete block (RCB) design with three replicates per farm. Nutrient response function modelling showed that 184, 20 and 80 kg•ha−1 were the agronomic optimum rate for N, P, and K, respectively. Mean agronomic efficiency (AE) of N, P and K were recorded at the lower rates of these nutrients, application of 46, 10 and 20 kg•ha−1 N, P and K resulted in 19.1, 61.0, and 24 kg additional grain yield•kg−1 N, P and K, respectively. Also, the mean partial factor productivity (PFP) of N, P and K were 77.6, 370 and 158 kg additional grain•kg−1 applied N, P and K respectively. Economically optimal rate (EOR) of N, P and K were 48 - 114 kg•ha−1 N with CP 8 - 3.5, 12 - 20 kg•ha−1 P with CP 18 - 4.5 and 32 - 53 kg•ha−1 K with CP 8-4, from these rates net returns of US$487.23 - 143.30, US$698.16 - 498.3 and US$359.31 - 193.63 could be obtained respectively. To conclude, application of 84, 12 and 40 kg•ha−1 N, P and K could be recommended for the production of maize.

东三省美丽乡村建设“三生”功能耦合协调与时空演变

[目的]评估东三省美丽乡村建设水平,揭示东三省“三生”功能耦合协调演变规律。[方法]基于生态经济系统,构建美丽乡村建设“三生”功能耦合协调理论框架,选择东三省2012-2021年34个地市级面板数据,采用耦合协调模型,刻画东三省美丽乡村建设“三生”功能耦合协调的时空分异特征。[结果](1)东三省美丽乡村建设水平在样本年内呈逐年上升态势和空间异质性显著特征。(2)样本年内东三省美丽乡村建设“三生”功能的耦合度整体均处于高耦合或良性共振耦合阶段,表现出周期性持续进阶特征。(3)美丽乡村建设正处于中偏低的水平阶段,制约美丽乡村建设的因素集中于“生态系统稳定性”与“产业经济结构水平”等指标因子。[结论]东三省美丽乡村建设必须继续做好黑土地保护与中国大粮仓的创新“文章”,遵循美丽乡村建设的“三生”功能自组织耦合协调发展规律,按照产业生态化和生态产业化的推进路径,实施因地制宜和分类施策的精准行动,加快东三省乡村全面振兴。

“盲区削减”与“功能结构协调”双目标导向下的生态网络协同优化——以武汉市为例

构建和优化生态网络对解决当前生态问题、保障区域生态安全、实现可持续发展具有重要意义。然而,当前生态网络优化研究鲜有多目标优化研究,更是忽视了多个优化目标间协同优化的作用,缺乏系统的优化框架。因此,提出一种“生态盲区削减⁃网络功能结构协调”的双目标协同优化框架,并以武汉市为例开展实证研究。运用最小累积阻力模型构建初始生态网络,并开展生态盲区指导下的生态网络优化;然后,基于协调性分析,针对功能结构异配节点,提出针对性的优化措施;采用鲁棒性和结构指数对优化前后生态网络进行评价。结果表明:(1)武汉市初始生态网络含生态源地17个,生态廊道47条,空间分布呈不均衡性;(2)经调整型生态源地、新增型生态源地、补充生态廊道和非源地斑块优化后,生态盲区占比从31.77%降至15.37%;(3)新增17条廊道,实施三级差异化生态建设后,实现了生态网络协调性;(4)优化后的生态网络结构指数α、β、γ分别提高69.16%、56.16%和47.12%,鲁棒性也更强。研究得出,该双目标协同优化模型不仅能够实现各自的优化目标,还能增强生态网络的稳定性。该模型将为生态网络优化研究提供新视角和系统框架,案例结果将为武汉市削减生态盲区、建设功能与结构协调的生态网络提供理论和方法指导。

江西省南昌市土地利用冲突识别及其分区调控

社会经济的快速发展与人口流向大中城市的趋势导致地区人地矛盾剧增,生产、生活、生态“三生”空间的协调对于实现区域社会经济可持续发展尤其重要。该研究基于“三生”功能视角构建多目标适宜性评价模型,识别江西省南昌市“三生”适宜性及潜在土地利用冲突强度,并考虑国土空间本底及规划目标进行分区差异化调控。结果表明:①南昌市生产与生活一般及以上适宜区占比均超过65%,且生态、生产与生活适宜性的空间分布和结构组成各异,存在明显的叠加,表明存在潜在土地利用冲突的可能性;②从潜在冲突识别的结果来看,剧烈冲突区、强烈冲突区、中度冲突区及微弱冲突区面积占比分别为0.53%,18.81%,5.77%和5.67%,潜在冲突区面积占比、空间布局及表现形式均有所区别,需要因地制宜调控;③综合考虑冲突结果及《南昌市国土空间总体规划(2021—2035年)》的功能分区,划分9大分区差别化调控。研究兼顾土地利用适宜性和社会经济发展要求,在划分分区调控冲突方面做了一些尝试,研究结果可为其他类似城市土地利用适宜性冲突判别及国土空间布局优化提供科学依据。

基于MCF-GERT的复杂产品供应链交付多目标优化模型

复杂产品供应链交付过程参与企业多、生产过程复杂、不确定性高和可控性差,交付过程易出现交货不及时、成本增加和质量不合格等问题。针对该问题提出一种基于多参量CF-GERT(MCF-GERT)的复杂产品供应链交付多目标优化模型。首先,将复杂产品供应链交付过程抽象成网络,分析了其交付时间、成本和质量之间的复杂关系,构建MCF-GERT网络模型并通过矩阵式求解。进而考虑交付过程的稳定性,引入准时交付率和预算符合率作为约束,构建了供应链产品交付时间-成本-质量多目标优化模型;接着利用多目标遗传算法(NSGA-II)设计了求解算法,实现了多目标之间的权衡和有限资源的合理分配。最后,通过实例说明了模型的有效性,为复杂产品供应链交付过程多目标综合优化提供借鉴。

Product design on the basis of fuzzy quality function deployment

In the implementation of quality function deployment （QFD）, the determination of the target values of engineering characteristics is a complex decision process with multiple variables and multiple objectives that should trade off, and optimize all kinds of conflicts and constraints. A fuzzy linear programming model （FLP） is proposed. On the basis of the inherent fuzziness of QFD system, triangular fuzzy numbers are used to represent all the relationships and correlations, and then, the functional relationships between the customer needs and engineering characteristics and the functional correlations among the engineering characteristics are determined with the information in the house of quality （HoQ） fully used. The fuzzy linear programming （FLP） model aims to find the optimal target values of the engineering characteristics to maximize the customer satisfaction. Finally, the proposed method is illustrated by a numerical example.

What elk, wolves and caterpillars have in common—The perfect forager theorem

It is widely accepted that the Marginal Value Theorem (MVT) describes optimal foraging strategies of animals and the mechanism proposed by the MVT has been supported by a number of field observations. However, findings of many researchers indicate that in natural conditions foragers do not always behave according to the MVT. To address this inconsistency, in a series of computer simulation experiments, we examined the behaviour of four types of foragers having specific foraging efficiencies and using the MVT strategies in 15 different landscapes in an ideal environment (no intra-and inter-specific interactions). We used data on elk (Cervus elaphus) to construct our virtual forager. Contrary to the widely accepted understanding of the MVT (residence time in a patch should be longer in environments where travel time between patches is longer) we found that in environments with the same average patch quality and varying average travel times between patches, patch residence times of some foragers are not affected by travel times. Based on our analysis we propose a mechanism responsible for this observation and formulate the perfect forager theorem (PFT). We also introduce the concepts of a foraging coefficient (F) and foragers’ hub (α), and propose a model to describe the relationship between the perfect forager and all other forager types.

Optimal Production Functions and Their Homogeneity Superadditive，and Concavity

This paper, firstly, establishes the formula of production possibilities set by using axiomatic method, upon which some optimal production functions are based in different senses of optimization. Finally, this paper proves that the optimal production functions possess homogeneity,superadditive, and concavity.

“三生”功能视角下城市近郊区村庄发展适宜性评价与分类——以江西抚州临川区为例

城市近郊区是城乡融合的关键地带,识别该地区村庄类型有助于统筹城乡发展格局。本研究以江西省抚州市临川区为研究对象,基于“三生”功能视角构建临川区村庄发展适宜性评价体系,利用空间自相关揭示其空间集聚特征,采用村庄类型识别系统划定339个行政村的村庄类型,进而提出村庄发展策略。结果表明:临川区村庄发展适宜度指数总体较高,生产功能、生活功能和生态功能指数平均值分别为0.592、0.585和0.466,前二者在空间上呈现“北强南弱”的分布格局;临川区村庄发展适宜度具有显著的空间集聚特征,具体表现为生产功能和生活功能指数的“北热南冷”以及生态功能指数的“中间冷边缘热”;临川区村庄类型分为4类2型,城郊融合类与集聚提升类中的集聚发展型村庄是乡村振兴的重点发展对象。根据村庄类型识别结果提出以地类管控为基础的村庄差异化发展策略,可以明确村域国土空间的优化布局,推动城乡深度融合。

Motoyosi Sugita—A “Widely Unknown” Japanese Thermodynamicist Who Explored the 4th Law of Thermodynamics for Creation of the Theory of Life

The purpose of this paper is to introduce to you, the Western people, nowadays a “widely unknown” Japanese thermodynamicist by the name of Motoyosi Sugita and his study on the thermodynamics of transient phenomena and his theory of life. This is because although he was one of the top theoretical physicists in Japan before, during and after WWII and after WWII he promoted the establishment of the biophysical society of Japan as one of the founding members, he himself and his studies themselves have seemed to be totally forgotten nowadays in spite that his study was absolutely important for the study of life. Therefore, in this paper I would like to present what kind of person he was and what he studied in physics as a review on the physics work of Motoyosi Sugita for the first time. I will follow his past studies to introduce his ideas in theoretical physics as well as in biophysics as follows: He proposed the bright ideas such as the quasi-static change in the broad sense, the virtual heat, and the field of chemical potential etc. in order to establish his own theory of thermodynamics of transient phenomena, as the generalization of the Onsager-Prigogine’s theory of the irreversible processes. By the concept of the field of chemical potential that acquired the nonlinear transport, he was seemingly successful to exceed and go beyond the scope of Onsager and Prigogine. Once he established his thermodynamics, he explored the existence of the 4th law of thermodynamics for the foundation of theory of life. He applied it to broad categories of transient phenomena including life and life being such as the theory of metabolism. He regarded the 4th law of thermodynamics as the maximum principle in transient phenomena. He tried to prove it all life long. Since I have recently found that his maximum principle can be included in more general maximum principle, which was known as the Pontryagin’s maximum principle in the theory of optimal control, I would like to explain such theories produced by Motoyosi Sugita as detailed as possible. And also I have put short history of Motoyosi Sugita’s personal life in order for you to know him well. I hope that this article helps you to know this wonderful man and understand what he did in the past, which was totally forgotten in the world and even in Japan.

都市圈“三生”功能空间关联网络特征与形成机制分析——以杭州都市圈为例

研究目的:以杭州都市圈为例,探究都市圈国土空间“三生”功能空间关联网络特征及其形成机制,为促进区域国土空间功能协同提升、完善国土空间开发保护策略提供参考依据。研究方法:综合评价法、社会网络分析法、QAP回归模型。研究结果:(1)2000—2020年杭州都市圈生产功能呈现先升后降的态势,生活功能快速提升,生态功能稳中有降;生产和生态功能的空间分异特征显著,生活功能表现出日益均衡的空间分布特征。(2)研究期内,杭州都市圈生活功能网络密度持续提升,生产功能网络密度先升后降,生态功能网络密度保持稳定,在空间上形成了以杭州和绍兴主城区为核心节点的复杂、稳定的网络结构形态。(3)地理空间邻近性对“三生”功能空间关联网络的形成均产生正向影响,耕地和林地资源禀赋差异、经济发展水平差距、产业结构差异、固定资产投资差异等因素在不同程度上对“三生”功能空间关联网络的形成产生显著影响。研究结论:应以网络化思维促进都市圈“三生”功能协同提升,依托一体化建设统筹资源优化配置,并通过因地制宜、优势互补促进区域空间协调发展。

汉中市生态调节服务产品价值变化及驱动因素分析

生态调节服务产品是生态产品总值(GEP)核算的重要组成部分。探究生态调节服务产品价值变化趋势及驱动因素有助于指导GEP提升。文章分析了2011—2021年汉中市调节服务价值变化的驱动机制。结果表明:2021年汉中市调节服务价值为1794.66亿元,其中水源涵养、土壤保持、洪水调蓄、固碳和气候调节合计占比99.9%;2011—2021年,汉中市调节服务价值增加了92.69亿元;自然生态系统面积变化、海拔、植被净初级生产力(NPP)变化是驱动调节服务价值变化的主要因素,能够解释87.9%的价值变化,森林面积和NPP的提升促进了调节服务价值的提高。建议未来积极开展生态保护和修复,提升自然生态系统面积和质量,确保调节服务价值的提升,同时探索生态产品价值实现机制,促进绿水青山向金山银山的转化。

基于“三生”功能的人居环境耦合协调时空演变分析——以成渝城市群为例

人居环境质量攸关人民幸福,加强城市人居环境建设有助于厘清成渝城市群现存问题、促进人地关系协调、实现成渝城市群高质量发展.在“生产-生活-生态”功能与人居环境的基础上构建评价指标体系,运用耦合协调模型、Kernel核密度估计等方法剖析2011—2021年成渝城市群“三生”功能人居环境耦合协调的动态演变.结果表明:①成渝城市群“三生”功能人居环境耦合协调度呈上升趋势,耦合协调等级逐渐向良好协调演变;②耦合协调度呈现以成都、重庆为双核心的中间低,东西高的“凹”形空间分布格局,且存在由分散的块状向片状的空间演变特征;③区域整体“三生”功能人居环境耦合协调度呈右移态势,整体向好发展但存在两极分化现象.

西藏草地生产力与草原生态功能提升发展现状与建议

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