Multi-Scale Design and Optimization of Composite Material Structure for Heavy-Duty Truck Protection Device

In this paper,to present a lightweight-developed front underrun protection device(FUPD)for heavy-duty trucks,plain weave carbon fiber reinforced plastic(CFRP)is used instead of the original high-strength steel.First,the mechanical and structural properties of plain carbon fiber composite anti-collision beams are comparatively analyzed from a multi-scale perspective.For studying the design capability of carbon fiber composite materials,we investigate the effects of TC-33 carbon fiber diameter(D),fiber yarn width(W)and height(H),and fiber yarn density(N)on the front underrun protective beam of carbon fiber compositematerials.Based on the investigation,a material-structure matching strategy suitable for the front underrun protective beam of heavy-duty trucks is proposed.Next,the composite material structure is optimized by applying size optimization and stack sequence optimization methods to obtain the higher performance carbon fiber composite front underrun protection beam of commercial vehicles.The results show that the fiber yarn height(H)has the greatest influence on the protective beam,and theH1matching scheme for the front underrun protective beamwith a carbon fiber composite structure exhibits superior performance.The proposed method achieves a weight reduction of 55.21% while still meeting regulatory requirements,which demonstrates its remarkable weight reduction effect.

Study on the Changes of Medical Income Structure in Governmentrun Hospitals of Traditional Chinese Medicine from 2012 to 2021

Objective To study the changing characteristics and trend of medical income structure in the government-run hospitals of traditional Chinese medicine(TCM),evaluate the effects of relevant reform measures,and to put forward corresponding suggestions for further optimizing their income structure.Methods The data related to the average medical income of government-run hospitals of TCM from 2012 to 2021 were sorted out.Then,descriptive analysis method was used to analyze the changes of related indicators.Besides,structural change method was applied to investigate the changes of outpatient income and inpatient income.Results and Conclusion From 2012 to 2021,the growth of medical income in government-run hospitals of TCM tended to be stable,and the proportion of medical service income increased from 22.62%(2012)to 29.38%(2021),but the average annual growth rate was only 0.68%.The main items that caused the change of outpatient income structure were medicine revenue,laboratory tests,diagnosis and treatment,and the cumulative contribution rate was 89.15%.The main items that caused the change of inpatient income structure were medicine revenue,sanitary materials,and auxiliary examinations income,with a cumulative contribution rate of 80.04%.However,the contribution rate of registration,diagnosis,treatment,surgery and nursing income reflecting the value of medical personnel’s technical labor was relatively small.The medical income structure of government-run hospitals of TCM underwent great changes and gradually became reasonable,but the medical service income increased slowly,and not all indicators achieved the expectations.To promote the sustainable development of public hospitals of TCM and enable them to provide high-quality and efficient TCM medical and health services,it is necessary to further improve the relevant policy mechanism.

Structure optimization of the organ-pipe cavitating nozzle and its erosion ability test on hydrate-bearing sediments

Cavitating jet is a promising drilling rate improvement technology in both the marine natural gas hydrate (NGH) fluidization exploitation method and the integrated radial jet drilling and completion method. In present study, we aim to improve the efficiency of jet erosion and extracting NGH. With a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) method, the pressure, velocity and cavitation field characteristics of organ-pipe cavitating jet (OPCJ) are analysed. The divergent angle, throat length, and divergent length of OPCJ nozzle are preferred to obtain stronger jet cavitation erosion effect. Laboratory experiments of gas hydrate-bearing sediments (GHBS) erosion by OPCJ and conical jet (CJ) are conducted to compare and validate the jet erosion performance. The impinging models of OPCJ and CJ are constructed to study the impact characteristics. Results show that the preferred values of divergent angle, throat length, and divergent length are 15°, 1d, and 3d, respectively, in present simulation conditions. For GHBS, the OPCJ possesses the advantages of high efficiency and low energy consumption. Moreover, the OPCJ has higher penetration efficiency, while showing equivalent penetration ability compared to CJ. During the impinging process, the OPCJ can induce stronger impact pressure and turbulence effect, and also shows stronger chambering effect and bottom cleaning ability compared to CJ. This study presents the erosion performance of OPCJ and CJ on GHBS, and provides preliminary insights on the potential field applications in NGH exploitation.

A Full-Scale Optimization of a Crop Spatial Planting Structure and its Associated Effects

Driven by the concept of agricultural sustainable development,crop planting structure optimization(CPSO)has become an effective measure to reduce regional crop water demand,ensure food security,and protect the environment.However,traditional optimization of crop planting structures often ignores the impact on regional food supply–demand relations and interprovincial food trading.Therefore,using a system analysis concept and taking virtual water output as the connecting point,this study proposes a theoretical CPSO framework based on a multi-aspect and full-scale evaluation index system.To this end,a water footprint(WF)simulation module denoted as soil and water assessment tool–water footprint(SWAT-WF)is constructed to simulate the amount and components of regional crop WFs.A multi-objective spatial CPSO model with the objectives of maximizing the regional economic water productivity(EWP),minimizing the blue water dependency(BWFrate),and minimizing the grey water footprint(GWFgrey)is established to achieve an optimal planting layout.Considering various benefits,a fullscale evaluation index system based on region,province,and country scales is constructed.Through an entropy weight technique for order preference by similarity to an ideal solution(TOPSIS)comprehensive evaluation model,the optimal plan is selected from a variety of CPSO plans.The proposed framework is then verified through a case study of the upper–middle reaches of the Heihe River Basin in Gansu province,China.By combining the theory of virtual water trading with system analysis,the optimal planting structure is found.While sacrificing reasonable regional economic benefits,the optimization of the planting structure significantly improves the regional water resource benefits and ecological benefits at different scales.

AN EFFICIENT ASSESSMENT METHOD FOR INTELLIGENT DESIGN RESULTS OF SHEAR WALL STRUCTURE BASED ON MECHANICAL PERFORMANCE,MATERIAL CONSUMPTION,AND EMPIRICAL RULES

Efficient methods for incorporating engineering experience into the intelligent generation and optimization of shear wall structures are lacking,hindering intelligent design performance assessment and enhancement.This study introduces an assessment method used in the intelligent design and optimization of shear wall structures that effectively combines mechanical analysis and formulaic encoding of empirical rules.First,the critical information about the structure was extracted through data structuring.Second,an empirical rule assessment method was developed based on the engineer's experience and design standards to complete a preliminary assessment and screening of the structure.Subsequently,an assessment method based on mechanical performance and material consumption was used to compare different structural schemes comprehensively.Finally,the assessment effectiveness was demonstrated using a typical case.Compared to traditional assessment methods,the proposed method is more comprehensive and significantly more efficient,promoting the intelligent transformation of structural design.

Shape and Size Optimization of Truss Structures under Frequency Constraints Based on Hybrid Sine Cosine Firefly Algorithm

Shape and size optimization with frequency constraints is a highly nonlinear problem withmixed design variables,non-convex search space,and multiple local optima.Therefore,a hybrid sine cosine firefly algorithm(HSCFA)is proposed to acquire more accurate solutions with less finite element analysis.The full attraction model of firefly algorithm(FA)is analyzed,and the factors that affect its computational efficiency and accuracy are revealed.A modified FA with simplified attraction model and adaptive parameter of sine cosine algorithm(SCA)is proposed to reduce the computational complexity and enhance the convergence rate.Then,the population is classified,and different populations are updated by modified FA and SCA respectively.Besides,the random search strategy based on Lévy flight is adopted to update the stagnant or infeasible solutions to enhance the population diversity.Elitist selection technique is applied to save the promising solutions and further improve the convergence rate.Moreover,the adaptive penalty function is employed to deal with the constraints.Finally,the performance of HSCFA is demonstrated through the numerical examples with nonstructural masses and frequency constraints.The results show that HSCFA is an efficient and competitive tool for shape and size optimization problems with frequency constraints.

A Smooth Bidirectional Evolutionary Structural Optimization of Vibrational Structures for Natural Frequency and Dynamic Compliance

A smooth bidirectional evolutionary structural optimization(SBESO),as a bidirectional version of SESO is proposed to solve the topological optimization of vibrating continuum structures for natural frequencies and dynamic compliance under the transient load.A weighted function is introduced to regulate the mass and stiffness matrix of an element,which has the inefficient element gradually removed from the design domain as if it were undergoing damage.Aiming at maximizing the natural frequency of a structure,the frequency optimization formulation is proposed using the SBESO technique.The effects of various weight functions including constant,linear and sine functions on structural optimization are compared.With the equivalent static load(ESL)method,the dynamic stiffness optimization of a structure is formulated by the SBESO technique.Numerical examples show that compared with the classic BESO method,the SBESO method can efficiently suppress the excessive element deletion by adjusting the element deletion rate and weight function.It is also found that the proposed SBESO technique can obtain an efficient configuration and smooth boundary and demonstrate the advantages over the classic BESO technique.

Design and Structure Optimization of Plenum Chamber with Airfoil Baffle to Improve Its Outlet Velocity Uniformity in Heat Setting Machines

The plenum chamber of a heat setting machine is a key structure for distributing hot air to different air channels.Its outlet velocity uniformity directly determines the heating uniformity of textiles,significantly affecting the heat setting performance.In a traditional heat setting machine,the outlet airflow maldistribution of the plenum chamber still exists.In this study,a novel plenum chamber with an airfoil baffle was established to improve the uniformity of the velocity distribution at the outlet in a heat setting machine.The structural influence of the plenum chamber on the velocity distribution was investigated using a computational fluid dynamics program.It was found that a chamber with a smaller outlet partition thickness had a better outlet velocity uniformity.The structural optimization of the plenum chamber was conducted using the particle swarm optimization algorithm.The outlet partition thickness,the transverse distance and the longitudinal distance of the optimized plenum chamber were 20,686.2 and 274.6 mm,respectively.Experiments were carried out.The experimental and simulated results showed that the optimized plenum chamber with an airfoil baffle could improve the outlet velocity uniformity.The air outlet velocity uniformity index of the optimized plenum chamber with an airfoil baffle was 4.75%higher than that of the plenum chamber without an airfoil baffle and 5.98%higher than that of the conventional chamber with a square baffle in a commercial heat setting machine.

Probing the effects of lithium doping on structures, properties, and stabilities of magnesium cluster anions

Bimetallic clusters have aroused tremendous interest because the property changes like structure,size,and composition have occurred.Herein,a structural search of the global minimum for anionic LiMg_(n)^(-)(n=2-11) clusters is performed using an efficient crystal structure analysis by particle swarm optimization(CALYPSO) structural searching program with subsequent density functional theory(DFT) calculations.A great variety of low energetic isomers are converged,and the most stable ones are confirmed by comparing their total energy of each size.It is found that the LiMg_(n)^(-)clusters are structurally consistent with corresponding Mg clusters anions except for LiMg_(5)^(-)and LiMg_(7)^(-).In all the doped clusters,the Li atom prefers to occupy the convex position.Simulated photoelectron spectra(PES),Infrared(IR),and Raman spectra of LiMg_(n)^(-)could be used as an essential evidence for identifying cluster structures experimentally in the future.Stability study reveals that a tower-like structure of LiMg_(9)^(-)has prominent stability and can be identified as a magic number cluster.The reason might be that there are both closed-shell 1S^(2)1P^(6)1D^(10)2S^(2) electronic configurations and stronger Li-Mg bonds caused by sp hybridization in the LiMg_(9)^(-)cluster.

Fault Analysis and Structure Optimization of Traveling Transmission System of Shuttle Car

This paper firstly introduces the common faults of traveling transmission system of shuttle car.Secondly,by analyzing the characteristics of shuttle car structure,the layout of traveling transmission system and the common faults on shuttle car,this paper concludes that"internal holding torque"is the main cause of faults.Finally,this paper proposes a corresponding optimization design scheme to reduce the impact of"internal torque",and calculates the relevant results through the finite element simulation analysis method.Through these analyses and calculations,it is shown that the method can effectively reduce the probability of failure of traveling transmission system of shuttle car.

Optimization of Rural Governance Structure under the Development of New Agricultural Management Entities

The positive impact of the development of new agricultural business entities and their institutional systems on the optimization of rural governance structures can be examined from various perspectives,including the state,market,rural society,urban-rural relations,and grassroots governance structure in rural communities.The development of these new agricultural business entities has not only redefined but also restructured the power distribution and governance patterns in rural developing countries,markets,and villages.The rural social order has evolved into a ternary mutual structure governance pattern,often referred to as the“state market rural”model.This transformation has prompted adjustments in the national economic and social policy structure and management systems at both macro and micro levels.It has led to the reshaping of power dynamics,benefit distribution,and governance structures in both urban and rural areas,resulting in significant changes to the economic and social fabric of rural regions.Furthermore,the grassroots governance structure in rural society,characterized by“township governance and village governance,”is undergoing continuous development and improvement.This transition is marked by a shift towards a collaborative governance structure that encourages diverse participation.Building upon the aforementioned optimizations,the rural governance structure now exhibits new characteristics.These include a more extensive and diverse range of rural governance mechanisms,increased openness in governance processes,and a heightened synergy among various governance mechanisms.This dynamic evolution reflects a richer,more diverse,and more open approach to rural governance,fostering a stronger collaborative effort in the pursuit of effective governance.

POST-BUCKLING ANALYSIS AND STRUCTURE OPTIMIZATION OF INTEGRAL FUSELAGE PANEL SUBJECTED TO AXIAL COMPRESSION LOAD

Build-up panels for the commercial aircraft fuselage subjected to the axial compression load are studied by both experimental and theoretical methods.An integral panel is designed with the same overall size and weight as the build-up structure,and finite element models（FEMs）of these two panels are established.Experimental results of build-up panels agree well with the FEM results with the nonliearity and the large deformation,so FEMs are validated.FEM calculation results of these two panels indicate that the failure mode of the integral panel is different from that of the build-up panel,and the failure load increases by 18.4% up to post-buckling.Furthermore,the integral structure is optimized by using the multi-island genetic algorithm and the sequential quadratic programming.Compared with the initial design,the optimal mass is reduced by 8.7% and the strength is unchanged.

Vibration Control of the Rail Grinding Vehicle with Abrasive Belt Based on Structural Optimization and Lightweight Design

As a new grinding and maintenance technology,rail belt grinding shows significant advantages in many applications The dynamic characteristics of the rail belt grinding vehicle largely determines its grinding performance and service life.In order to explore the vibration control method of the rail grinding vehicle with abrasive belt,the vibration response changes in structural optimization and lightweight design are respectively analyzed through transient response and random vibration simulations in this paper.Firstly,the transient response simulation analysis of the rail grinding vehicle with abrasive belt is carried out under operating conditions and non-operating conditions.Secondly,the vibration control of the grinding vehicle is implemented by setting vibration isolation elements,optimizing the structure,and increasing damping.Thirdly,in order to further explore the dynamic characteristics of the rail grinding vehicle,the random vibration simulation analysis of the grinding vehicle is carried out under the condition of the horizontal irregularity of the American AAR6 track.Finally,by replacing the Q235 steel frame material with 7075 aluminum alloy and LA43M magnesium alloy,both vibration control and lightweight design can be achieved simultaneously.The results of transient dynamic response analysis show that the acceleration of most positions in the two working conditions exceeds the standard value in GB/T 17426-1998 standard.By optimizing the structure of the grinding vehicle in three ways,the average vibration acceleration of the whole car is reduced by about 55.1%from 15.6 m/s^(2) to 7.0 m/s^(2).The results of random vibration analysis show that the grinding vehicle with Q235 steel frame does not meet the safety conditions of 3σ.By changing frame material,the maximum vibration stress of the vehicle can be reduced from 240.7 MPa to 160.0 MPa and the weight of the grinding vehicle is reduced by about 21.7%from 1500 kg to 1175 kg.The modal analysis results indicate that the vibration control of the grinding vehicle can be realized by optimizing the structure and replacing the materials with lower stiffness under the premise of ensuring the overall strength.The study provides the basis for the development of lightweight,diversified and efficient rail grinding equipment.

A novel triple periodic minimal surface-like plate lattice and its data-driven optimization method for superior mechanical properties

Lattice structures can be designed to achieve unique mechanical properties and have attracted increasing attention for applications in high-end industrial equipment,along with the advances in additive manufacturing(AM)technologies.In this work,a novel design of plate lattice structures described by a parametric model is proposed to enrich the design space of plate lattice structures with high connectivity suitable for AM processes.The parametric model takes the basic unit of the triple periodic minimal surface(TPMS)lattice as a skeleton and adopts a set of generation parameters to determine the plate lattice structure with different topologies,which takes the advantages of both plate lattices for superior specific mechanical properties and TPMS lattices for high connectivity,and therefore is referred to as a TPMS-like plate lattice(TLPL).Furthermore,a data-driven shape optimization method is proposed to optimize the TLPL structure for maximum mechanical properties with or without the isotropic constraints.In this method,the genetic algorithm for the optimization is utilized for global search capability,and an artificial neural network(ANN)model for individual fitness estimation is integrated for high efficiency.A set of optimized TLPLs at different relative densities are experimentally validated by the selective laser melting(SLM)fabricated samples.It is confirmed that the optimized TLPLs could achieve elastic isotropy and have superior stiffness over other isotropic lattice structures.

Highly selective photocatalytic reduction of CO_(2) to CH_(4) on electron-rich Fe species cocatalyst under visible light irradiation

Efficient photocatalytic reduction of CO_(2) to high-calorific-value CH4,an ideal target product,is a blueprint for C_(1)industry relevance and carbon neutrality,but it also faces great challenges.Herein,we demonstrate unprecedented hybrid SiC photocatalysts modified by Fe-based cocatalyst,which are prepared via a facile impregnation-reduction method,featuring an optimized local electronic structure.It exhibits a superior photocatalytic carbon-based products yield of 30.0μmol g^(−1) h^(−1) and achieves a record CH_(4) selectivity of up to 94.3%,which highlights the effectiveness of electron-rich Fe cocatalyst for boosting photocatalytic performance and selectivity.Specifically,the synergistic effects of directional migration of photogenerated electrons and strongπ-back bonding on low-valence Fe effectively strengthen the adsorption and activation of reactants and intermediates in the CO_(2)→CH_(4) pathway.This study inspires an effective strategy for enhancing the multielectron reduction capacity of semiconductor photocatalysts with low-cost Fe instead of noble metals as cocatalysts.

Structural optimization of a reusable seismic frame active link

Circular design encompasses the use of inventive construction methodologies that possess the capability to be readily dismantled,repurposed,or recycled upon reaching the conclusion of their functional lifespan.This work specifically examines the creation of a reusable design case-study idea for seismic frame design,which is commonly employed in steel-frame constructions in New Zealand.A reusable optimized design for the full seismic frame was proposed in the research.Optimizing the dimensions of welded structures,whether in terms of weight or cost,leads to a decrease in the weight of the steel utilized.The decrease in weight is directly associated with a decrease in environ-mental impact,as the environmental impact is directly proportional to the mass of the construction.The environmental consequences associated with welding technique are contingent upon the dimensions of the weld,hence exerting an indirect influence on the overall mass of the structure.Given the presence of mass dependence in all three areas,albeit in distinct manners,this work employed a multi-objective function optimization strategy to simultaneously address these areas while also partially evaluating them separately.On this way substantial reductions can be achieved both at structural mass and environmental effects.

A Practical Study of Knowledge Mapping Empowering the Construction of Engineering Costing Software Application Courses in Undergraduate Colleges and Universities

Relying on the talent cultivation program of Chongqing Institute of Engineering,this paper combines the characteristics of the Engineering Costing Software Application course with its current status quo,analyzes the existing problems and teaching pain points,and introduces knowledge mapping.The course construction is carried out in terms of the combing of knowledge points,the optimization of the course structure,the innovation of the teaching method,and the evaluation and feedback of the teaching in order to improve the systematicity and structural nature of the teaching content,enhance students’learning experience,and enhance their learning effect.It is conducive to the formation of students’knowledge systems and provides a basis for discussion and reference for improving the quality of teaching and cultivating application-oriented talents who meet the market demand.

Genetic Optimization via Diverse Crossover Intelligence

An intelligent crossover methodology within the genetic algorithm (GA) is explored within both mathematical and finite element arenas improving both design and solution convergence time. This improved intelligent crossover outperforms the traditional genetic algorithm combined with a rule-based approach utilizing domain specific knowledge developed by Webb, et al. [1]. The encoding of the improved crossover consists of two chromosome strings within the genetic algorithm where the first string represents the design or solution string, and the second string represents chromosome crossover string intelligence. This improved crossover methodology saves the best population members or designs evaluated from each generation and applies crossover chromosome intelligence to the best saved population members paired with globally selected parents. Enhanced features of this crossover methodology employ the random selection of the best designs from the prior generation as a potential parent coupled with alternating intelligence pairing methods. In addition to this approach, two globally selected parents possess the ability to mate utilizing crossover chromosome string intelligence maintaining the integrity of a global GA search. Overall, the final population following crossover employs both global and best generation design chromosome strings to maximize creativity while enhancing the solution search. This is a modification to a conventional GA that can be translated into GA encoding. This technique is explored initially through a Base 10 mathematical application followed by the examination of plate structural optimization considering stress and displacement constraints. Results from crossover intelligence are compared with the conventional genetic algorithm and from Webb, et al. [1] which illustrates the outcome of a two phase genetic optimization algorithm.

Sintering characteristics of fluxes and their structure optimization

Sintering characteristics of common fluxes and sintering blending ores, such as mineralization capacity, liquid generation capacity, consolidation strength, were examined to master the behavior and effect of fluxes in sintering. Based on fundamental studies, sinter pot tests were carried out to obtain the principles of optimizing the sinter flux structure. The results showed that strong mineralization capacity, liquid phase generation capacity, and consolidation strength were obtained as sintering blending ores combined with the calcareous flux, while rela-tively poor sintering characteristics were obtained as sintering blending ores combined with the magnesian flux. High reactive quicklime should be used as much as possible in the sintering mixture. It reached better sintering results while quicklime was used instead of limestone and its appropriate proportion in the sintering mixture was around 4wt%. On the premise of ensuring the MgO content, the dolomite amount should be decreased, and the substitution of quicklime for dolomite caused better sintering results. The granularity of serpentine should be re-fined with a proper size smaller than 2 mm. The application of the divided addition method brought the best sintering performance with 30wt% of quicklime and 70wt% of fuel.

Learning Bayesian network structure with immune algorithm

Finding out reasonable structures from bulky data is one of the difficulties in modeling of Bayesian network （BN）, which is also necessary in promoting the application of BN. This pa- per proposes an immune algorithm based method （BN-IA） for the learning of the BN structure with the idea of vaccination. Further- more, the methods on how to extract the effective vaccines from local optimal structure and root nodes are also described in details. Finally, the simulation studies are implemented with the helicopter convertor BN model and the car start BN model. The comparison results show that the proposed vaccines and the BN-IA can learn the BN structure effectively and efficiently.