Behavior analysis and formative assessments in online oral medicine education during the COVID-19 pandemic

BACKGROUND During the coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19)pandemic,traditional teaching methods were disrupted and online teaching became a new topic in education reform and informatization.In this context,it is important to investigate the necessity and effectiveness of online teaching methods for medical students.This study explored stomatology education in China to evaluate the development and challenges facing the field using massive open online courses(MOOCs)for oral medicine education during the pandemic.AIM To investigate the current situation and challenges facing stomatology education in China,and to assess the necessity and effectiveness of online teaching methods among medical students.METHODS Online courses were developed and offered on personal computers and mobile terminals.Behavioral analysis and formative assessments were conducted to evaluate the learning status of students.RESULTS The results showed that most learners had already completed MOOCs and achieved better results.Course behavior analysis and student surveys indicated that students enjoyed the learning experience.However,the development of oral MOOCs during the COVID-19 pandemic faced significant challenges.CONCLUSION This study provides insights into the potential of using MOOCs to support online professional learning and future teaching innovation,but emphasizes the need for careful design and positive feedback to ensure their success.

3D bioprinting of collagen-based materials for oral medicine

Oral diseases have emerged as one of the leading public health challenges globally.Although the existing clinical modalities for restoration of dental tissue loss and craniomaxillofacial injuries can achieve satisfactory therapeutic results,they cannot fully restore the original complex anatomical structure and physiological function of the tissue.3D printing of biological tissues has gained growing interest in the field of oral medicine with the ability to control the bioink component and printing structure for spatially heterogeneous repairing constructs,holding enormous promise for the precise treatment of oral disease.Particularly,collagen-based materials have been recognized as promising biogenic bioinks for the regeneration of several tissues with high cell-activating and biocompatible properties.In this review,we summarize 3D printing methods for collagen-based biomaterials and their mechanisms.Additionally,we highlight the animal sources of collagen and their characteristics,as well as the methods of collagen extraction.Furthermore,this review provides an overview of the 3D bioprinting technology for the regeneration of the pulpal nerve and blood vessels,cartilage,and periodontal tissue.We envision that this technique opens up immense opportunities over the conventional ones,with high replicability and customized function,which can ultimately promote effective oral tissue regeneration.

Efficacy and safety of oral Chinese patent medicine combined with sacubitril/valsartan in the treatment of chronic heart failure:A Metaanalysis

Objective:To systematically evaluate the clinical efficacy of oral Chinese patent medicine combined with sacubitril/valsartan in treating chronic heart failure(CHF).Methods:CNKI,CSPD,CCD,CBM,PubMed,Web of Science,Cochrane Library and EMbase were retrieved to screen out randomized controlled trials Chinese patent medicine and Western medicine in treating CHF.Manual retrieval was also applied as a supplement.The Cochrane Reviewers Handbook 5.1.0 was used to evaluate the bias risk of the included studies and RevMan 5.4 software was used for Meta-analysis.Results:A total of 1301 patients enrolled in the 13 RCTs were included.According to the results of Meta-analysis,a combination of oral Chinese patent medicine and sacubitril/valsartan could further improve total effectiveness rate(RR=1.23,95%CI[1.16,1.30],P<0.001),increase 6 minutes’walk distance(MD=53.04,95%CI[33.43,72.64],P<0.001),improve left ventricular ejection fraction(MD=6.67,95%CI[5.15,8.19],P<0.001)and stroke volume(MD=7.56,95%CI[3.94,11.18],P<0.001),reduce left ventricular end-diastolic dimension(MD=-3.68,95%CI[-4.57,-2.78],P<0.001)and N terminal pro B type natriuretic peptide(MD=-434.08,95%CI[-518.95,-349.22],P<0.001)and no statistically significant difference in drug safety was found between the sacubitril/valsartan-only group and the combined treatment group(RR=0.73,95%CI[0.32,1.65],P=0.45).Conclusion:It’s indicated that a combination of traditional Chinese patent medicine and sacubitril/valsartan had a good clinical efficacy in the treatment of CHF,which had certain guiding significance for clinical practice.

Near-Infrared Spectroscopy Combined with Absorbance Upper Optimization Partial Least Squares Applied to Rapid Analysis of Polysaccharide for Proprietary Chinese Medicine Oral Solution

Near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy was applied to reagent-free quantitative analysis of polysaccharide of a brand product of proprietary Chinese medicine (PCM) oral solution samples. A novel method, called absorbance upper optimization partial least squares (AUO-PLS), was proposed and successfully applied to the wavelength selection. Based on varied partitioning of the calibration and prediction sample sets, the parameter optimization was performed to achieve stability. On the basis of the AUO-PLS method, the selected upper bound of appropriate absorbance was 1.53 and the corresponding wavebands combination was 400 - 1880 & 2088 - 2346 nm. With the use of random validation samples excluded from the modeling process, the root-mean-square error and correlation coefficient of prediction for polysaccharide were 27.09 mg·L-1 and 0.888, respectively. The results indicate that the NIR prediction values are close to those of the measured values. NIR spectroscopy combined with AUO-PLS method provided a promising tool for quantification of the polysaccharide for PCM oral solution and this technique is rapid and simple when compared with conventional methods.

Clinical research progress of oral administration of traditional Chinese medicine in the treatment of dry eyes

Dry eye is a common and frequently occurring ophthalmology disease with complex etiology and easy recurrence.Oral administration of traditional Chinese medicine has the characteristicsof high curative effect and little toxic and side effect in the treatment of dry eye.This paper collates the domestic reported clinical studies on the oral administration of traditional Chinese medicine in the treatment of dry eye,which are discussed from four aspects:special prescription for specific disease,addition and subtraction of main prescription,treatment based on syndrome differentiation and proprietary Chinese medicine.The curative effect and advantages of traditional Chinese medicine in the treatment of dry eye are demonstrated,providing a reference for the treatment of dry eye in the future.

Treatment of Irritable Bowel Syndrome by Oral Administration of Chinese Medicines and Retention-Enema——A Report of 50 Cases

Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), a common disease of intestinal dysfunction, is also called emotional enteritis, mucous enteritis, irritable colon and so on1. It is often lingering with a long disease course and is easy to recur. The author has in recent years treated 50 cases of the disease by oral administration of Chinese medicines and retention-enema, with satisfactory results reported as follows.

The Method of Combining Internal and External Treatment of Ulcerative Colitis in Chinese Medicine

Traditional Chinese medicine(TCM)believes that the main pathogenesis of ulcerative colitis is spleen deficiency;damp heat in the large intestine as the symptom,the treatment must be warming,clearing,eliminating,tonifying,astringing concurrently.From the concept of combining holism and the local treatment in TCM,idea of combining internal and external treatment is adopted.That is,the external treatment follows the therapeutic principle of using herbs with a bitter and cold nature to eliminate stagnation,and the seven carbon decoction,which can clear heat and dampness,cool the blood,and stop dysentery,is used as a rectal drip to retain the enema.Internal treatment follows the therapeutic principle of warmly tonifying and cultivating vital qi,with oral Chinese herbal medicine named Maodie Tang to strengthen the spleen and tonify the kidney,clearing heat and inducing dampness.

New oral agents for erectile dysfunction: what is changing in our practice?

Erectile dysfunction (ED) is a highly prevalent disorder affecting an estimated 152 million men worldwide and isassociated with a variety of behavioral risk factors, such as cigarette smoking and excessive alcohol consumption, aswell as numerous age - related medical conditions, notably type-2 diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular disease. A ratio-nal step - wise approach which includes comprehensive medical and sexual history, a focused physical examination andessential laboratory tests such as fasting glucose, lipid profile and testosterone assay is to be preferred. Current diagnos-tic work - up does not recommend any of the specialized tests which were previously considered mandatory-i. e. penilepharmacotesting, Duplex ultrasound and nocturnal penile tumescence. Hormonal replacement therapy is appropriate onlyin the hypogonadal male with ED. Prior to direct intervention, the physician should consider altering modifiable riskfactors or causes, although frequently insufficient to reverse ED completely. When indicated, oral therapy with newmolecules (phosphodiesterase inhibitors or apomorphine) is the first - line treatment for the majority of patients becauseof potential benefits and lack of invasiveness. (Asian J Androl 2001 Sep; 3: 175-179 )

Network-meta analysis of 9 kinds of patent Chinese medicine for nourishing qi and activating blood in the treatment of angina pectoris of coronary heart disease

Objective:To evaluate the efficacy and safety of Yiqi Huoxue oral Chinese patent medicine in the treatment of angina pectoris.Methods:the databases of EMBASE,PubMed,CNKI,Wanfang and VIP were searched by computer,and the randomized controlled trial(RCT)of Yiqi Huoxue Chinese patent medicine in the treatment of angina pectoris of coronary heart disease(CHD)was searched until December 2019.By using stata15.1 software,the total clinical effective rate,the improvement rate of ECG,the improvement rate of angina pectoris,the attack frequency and duration of angina pectoris were taken as the outcome indicators for network meta analysis and mapping.Results:51 RCTs were included,including 9 kinds of traditional Chinese medicine.The results of network meta analysis showed that:in terms of clinical total effective rate,the order was Shexiang Baoxin Pill(78.2%)>xueshuanxinming tablet>Dengzhan Shengmai capsule>Shengui Capsule>Tongxinluo capsule>Tongmai Yangxin pill>Yangxin tablet>Shexiang Tongxin drop pill>Naoxintong capsule;the improvement of ECG was Tongmai Yangxin pill(85.2%)>Yangxin tablet>Dengzhan Shengmai capsule>Shexiang Tongxin drop pill>Shexiang Baoxin Pill>Tongxinluo gum Capsule>Shengui Capsule>Naoxintong capsule;in order to reduce the frequency and duration of angina pectoris,they are conventional Naoxintong capsule(88.6%)>Shengui Capsule>Tongmai Yangxin pill>Shexiang Baoxin Pill>xueshuanxinmingpian>Tongxinluo capsule>Shexiang Tongxin drop pill>Dengzhan Shengmai capsule;Shexiang Baoxin Pill(66.9%)>Dengzhan Shengmai capsule>Shexiang Tongxin drop pill>Tongxinluo capsule>xueshuanxinmingning capsule Tablet>Tongmai Yangxin pill.Conclusion:Traditional Chinese medicine combined with western medicine has obvious advantages in the treatment of angina pectoris.Shexiang Baoxin Pill,Dengzhan Shengmai capsule and Tongmai Yangxin pill can be given priority.

A meta-analysis of the efficacy of traditional Chinese medicine alone in the treatment of refractory gastroesophageal reflux disease

Background:To systematically evaluate the efficacy and safety of traditional Chinese medicine in the treatment of refractory gastroesophageal reflux.Methods:PubMed,The Cochrane Library,Embase,Web of Science,China National Knowledge Infrastructure,Wanfang Database,China Science and Technology Journal Database and Chinese BioMedical Literature Database were searched for randomized controlled trials of traditional Chinese medicine in the treatment of refractory gastroesophageal reflux from database establishment time to December 2020.After two researchers independently screened the literature,extracted data and evaluated the bias risk included in the study,RevMan5.3 software was used for meta-analysis.Results:A total of 12 randomized controlled trials,were included,including 893 patients.The results of meta-analysis showed that the total effective rate of the treatment group(relative risk=1.28,95%confidence interval(CI)(1.19,1.38),P<0.00001),RGERDQ(refractory gastroesophageal reflux disease)score(mean difference(MD)=−3.35,95%CI(−4.13,−2.57),P<0.00001],acid reflux(acid in the stomach comes out of the mouth)[MD=−0.30,95%CI(−0.45,−0.15),P<0.00001],heartburn(the feeling that the heart is burned)(MD=−0.44,95%CI(−0.60,−0.29),P<0.00001,and retrosternal pain(MD=−0.27,95%CI(−0.44,−0.10),P<0.00001,belching(MD=−0.40,95%CI(−0.57,−0.24),P<0.00001],endoscopic mucosal score(MD=−0.62,95%CI(−0.78,−0.46),P<0.00001],the differences were statistically significant,and the effective rate of mucosal improvement under endoscopy was P=0.93>0.05,with no statistically significant difference.Conclusion:The current evidence shows that traditional Chinese medicine in the treatment of refractory gastroesophageal reflux disease is better than that of western medicine in the total effective rate,relieving acid reflux,heartburn,retrosternal pain and belching symptoms,but it is impossible to judge the improvement of mucosa under endoscope.Due to the limitations of the quality and quantity of included studies,more high-quality studies are needed to confirm the above conclusions.

Effect of Oral Chinese Medicine Combined with Western Medicine on Cancer Pain:A Meta-Analysis

Objective:To assess the effect of oral Chinese medicine(OCM)combined with Western medicine(WM)on cancer pain.Methods:Pub Med,Embase,Cochrane Library,Clinical Trials Registry Platform,Chinese National Knowledge Infrastructure(CNKI),Wanfang and VIP databases were searched from their inception to September 2019.Randomized controlled trials(RCTs)treating cancer pain by Chinese medicine(CM)combined with WM were included.The primary outcome were total pain relief rate and the quality of life(QOL),and the other outcomes were the average daily dosage of analgesics,the primary time of pain,the analgesic duration time,and adverse events.The methodological quality of RCTs was assessed in accordance with Cochrane 5.1.0 handbook of systematic reviews of interventions.Evidence level was assessed by the Grades of Recommendation,Assessment,Development and Evaluation(GRADE)approach.Results:There were 1,087 patients in the 14 studies,with 544 in the experiment group and 543 in the control group.These studies were all conducted in China,and published between 2006 and 2019.Compared with the WM,OCM combined with WM could significantly relieve the cancer pain risk ratio(RR)=1.43,95% confidence interval(CI):1.32,1.56,improve QOL(RR=8.57,95%CI:4.25,12.89),decrease the primary time of pain(RR=-0.20,95%CI:-0.24,-0.16),prolong the analgesic duration time(RR=3.47,95%CI:2.09,4.85),reduce the dosage of analgesics(RR=-19.52,95%CI:-36.32,-2.72),and reduce side events(RR=0.49,95%CI:0.37,0.65).Evidence levels for total pain relief rate,primary time of pain and side events were low,evidence level for QOL,analgesic duration time and average daily dosage of analgesics were very low.Conclusions:Compared with the WM,OCM combined with WM could significantly relieve the cancer pain,improve the QOL,decrease the primary time of pain,prolong the analgesic duration time,reduce the dosage of analgesics and side events.The evidence levels were low or very low.

Current Status and Prospect of Prevention and Treatment of Oral Diseases by Integrative Medicine

To carry out integrative medical prevention and treatment of oral diseases, based on the inheritance and development of traditional medicine as well as the application of modern scientific, technique and medical theory, is of great significance in oral health maintenance. Certain achievements of the integrative traditional Chinese and Western medicine （TCM-WM） have been obtained in the recent several years in clinical and experimental studies and theoretic exploration of oral diseases, which are introduced briefly as follows.

Explore the rule and mechanism of psoriasis herbal treatment based on data mining and network pharmacology

Background:To mine the rules for psoriasis herbal treatment with the traditional Chinese medicine inheritance system V2.5 and explore the possible mechanism with network pharmacology.Methods:Collect oral administrations for psoriasis treatment in the national patent network in CNKI database;then enter them into the traditional Chinese medicine inheritance system V2.5 to do data mining using the methods of frequency analysis,association rules and entropy clustering of complex systems.KEGG pathway analysis was performed by BATMAN-TCM(an online analysis tool)and the potential signaling pathways of core drugs compatibility to treat psoriasis were revealed.Results:We screened out 349 prescriptions,involving 401 drugs,39 drugs with frequency of use≥30,and 52 commonly used drug pairs.Core compatibility herbs in clinical treatment of psoriasis,Shengdi(Radix rehmanniae),Mudanpi(Cortex moutan),Danggui(Radix angelicae sinensis)which potential signaling pathways were neuroactive ligand-receptor interaction,oxidative phosphorylation,adipocytokine signaling pathway and fatty acid degradation.Conclusion:In the national patent network,oral traditional prescriptions of traditional Chinese medicine show that the basic therapies are nourishing and activating blood,detoxification and cooling the blood and dispelling wind and arresting itching.Interventions in signaling pathways like neuroactive ligand-receptor interaction,oxidative phosphorylation,adipocytokine signaling pathway and fatty acid degradation might be the mechanism to achieve.