Ancient Materials and Substitution Materials Used in Thai Historical Masonry Structure Preservation

The historical structures of Thailand are some of the most fascinating ancient sites in Asia.Their architectures reveal past cultures,traditions,knowledge,and expertise.Masonry materials are the major materials used to construct the historical structures in Thailand.One of the essential problem of Thai historical structure preservation is a shortage of engineering properties data for the structural stability assessment.Moreover,the in-depth engineering properties and the suitable substitution materials for Thai historical preservation are rarely found.Therefore,the engineering properties of the ancient masonry materials have to be explored together with the development of suitable substitute materials.This paper presents the physical and engineering properties of ancient materials and substitution materials for the preservation of Thailand’s historical structures.The ancient materials,including brick and mortar,are collected from historical places in the Bangkok and Ayutthaya Provinces.The physical and engineering properties of the masonry materials,such as the chemical composition,mineralogical composition,density,porosity,absorption,water vapor transmission,compressive strength,and modulus of elasticity,were evaluated in the laboratory.Fly ash was used as a pozzolanic material to partially replace the slaked lime to restore the historical mortar.The binder to sand ratio was controlled at 1:3 by weight.The slaked lime was substituted by fly ash at the rates of 10–30%by weight of binder.The engineering properties of the substitution mortars were also evaluated and compared with the ancient masonry materials.A masonry prism was also constructed to evaluate the compressive strength and the modulus of elasticity of the masonry structures.The physical and engineering properties of the ancient masonry materials obtained in this study can be included in a database for the preservation of Thailand’s historical masonry structures.The use of fly ash to partially replace the slaked lime could decrease the setting time and increase the compressive strength of historical repair mortar.The empirical equation obtained from this study could be used to predict the compressive strength of the masonry prisms of Thailand’s historical structures.

Study on Properties of Blue-Brick Masonry Materials for Historical Buildings

There are a large number of historic buildings which were mainly made of blue-brick masonry in today’s world.However,for the natural and man-made reasons,these historic buildings have been damaged in different degrees.In order to protect historic buildings more scientifically and learn about the preservation state of existing historic buildings,it is necessary to ascertain the material properties of blue brick in historic buildings.The article takes the blue bricks of historical buildings in Kaifeng area of the Central Plains as an example to study.Through the analysis of physical properties,X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy,X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy of blue brick specimens,the physical properties such as the apparent density,moisture content,porosity,and material structure composition are understood.The results show that the apparent density of blue brick is 1.64 g/cm^(3),the moisture content is 10.23%,the 24 h atmospheric water absorption is 17.86%,and the porosity is 20.99%.The smaller the apparent density is,the larger the porosity is,and the water absorption performance is better.From the microscopic point of view,bonding ability between blue brick mineral particles is relatively weak.The pores between skeletons are large and the pore structure is obvious.From the perspective of material phase,the elements of blue brick are mainly O,Si,Al,Fe,and the composition of blue brick is mainly composed of quartz and feldspar.The softening coefficient of blue brick is 0.80,and the deformation and stability of the structure should be paid special attention in the rainy season or wet environment.Through the frost test,there are salt substances in the internal pores of the brick,and the surface of the blue brick is eroded and pulverized.In this paper,the experimental process and analysis methods for testing the material properties of blue brick can provide reference for the research on the material properties of the same kind of blue-brick masonry in historic buildings and masonry relics.The relevant material property parameters obtained in this paper can provide guidance for making protection schemes and scientific repairs for historic buildings in Central China,enrich the evaluation criteria for maintaining and reinforcing historic buildings,and provide theoretical support for studying the damage and health detection technology related to historic buildings.

The Application of Historical Materials Teaching Method in High School History Class

In the new curriculum reform, historical materials teaching method is becoming more and more important in middle school history teaching. This article is the analysis of materials in two aspects. This paper analyzes the practical signi??cance of historical materials teaching, and points out the problems that should be paid attention to in the teaching of historical materials. Through the analysis of some teaching cases, it can provide practical experience for the better use of historical materials in the later period.

Historical Research on Rights in the Eyes of Young Marx

Karl Marx’s insightful critique of bourgeois rights,represented in the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen adopted by France,can be attributed to the short-term and longterm perspectives he adopted successively in his research.By reading works such as History of France in the Revolutionary Era and History of the French Revolutionary Parliament,Marx was able to examine the original intentions of the legislators in the period of the French Revolution.This short-term examination was the most intuitive and logical approach to studying the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen,in which Marx focused on the research of the period of the French National Convention and its idea on property rights.The enigmatic political-legal facts that emerged in 1793 during the French Revolution,along with other incidents,presented an opportunity for Marx to turn to long-term rights surveys.In this context,Marx gradually shifted his attention from the legislators who were the shining protagonists of the“grand political historical drama”to the underlying forces that worked behind them,and in doing so understood how the two major achievements of the French Revolution provided an explanation for the historicity of the phenomenon of rights.Marx’s longterm rights surveys from the perspective of historical materialism were directly inspired by the Kreuznach Notes as well as famous scholars including Francois Guizot,Augustin Thierry,and Henri Saint-Simon.

The Vascular Vegetation Populating the Flora in Building Materials of Historic Monuments Cities of the West Central Region of Morocco

In the concern of the preservation of the main historic monuments of the cities of Rabat and Sale (Morocco), a botanical study was conducted in 2009. The prospecting of these monuments allowed raising an inventory of the flora populating their building materials, and it has proved that this flora is rich and diversified. Indeed, it consists of 171 adventitious species distributed in 46 botanical families. The most represented families are Asteraceae, Poaceae, Fabaceae, Caryophyllaceae, Geraniaceae, Brassicaceae and Lamiaceae. They supply, to them only 49.7% of the specific size. The annual therophytes and the dicotyledon are dominant with respectively 66.7% and 84.7% of the specific size. Nevertheless, the presence of more than 20 species of trees and perennials constitutes a serious danger for bulwarks walls, especially by the phenomenon of fissuring by the action of the huge roots of these vegetables. These vegetables fitting into are placed on joints or cracks fissures have a chemical action on stones by acids that they release, and also a mechanical action by the growth of roots inside cracks fissures. They remain one of these are one of the important biological factors of the degradation of historic monuments. It is to note that the bulwarks walls of the site of Chella (Roman ruins) present more floral diversity than the other canvassed monuments (91 species) that are 53% of the total size.

A Social-historical Analysis of Edwin A. Robinson's Richard Cory

This article makes a brief analysis of Edwin A. Robinson's famous poem Richard Cory from social-historical perspective. It is discussed that this poem reflects the spiritual life of the author's contemporary people.

Coordination Degree of Material Cultural Landscapes in Historic and Cultural Blocks of Early-Modern Cities:A Case Study of Taiyanggou in Dalian City of China

Connotations of urban cultural landscapes were elaborated,protection and development of cultural landscapes were believed as a significant and realistic task in the rapid urbanization.Cultural landscapes in early-modern cities have typical academic research value and practical significance because of their special historic background.Taiyanggou in Dalian City was taken for example,coordination degree of material cultural landscapes in this historic and cultural block of the early-modern city was evaluated objectively from the perspectives of visual coordination,functional coordination and cultural coordination through establishing the evaluation index system,applying AHP and comprehensive evaluation method.The results showed that Taiyanggou had a high coordination degree of material cultural landscapes,problems in the protection and construction of its material cultural landscapes were analyzed,and corresponding suggestions proposed.

历史唯物主义的道德规范性与阶级利益——兼及马克思主义的正义问题

马克思主义关于“正义”“公平”等的论述既具有描述性特征,也具有规范性特征。当在描述性语境中阐述其道德观念时,马克思和恩格斯试图说明道德与物质生产方式的关系、道德的历史性、道德的阶级性、道德与阶级利益的关系等内容。而在规范性语境中,他们也确实对资本主义作出了道德评价,认为其是不正义的。马克思和恩格斯是站在无产阶级的立场,作为无产阶级利益的代言人来抨击资本主义社会对无产阶级的迫害。通过对历史的科学研究,他们认为无产阶级利益的实现符合历史发展趋势,无产阶级道德观比资产阶级道德观更为合理。他们比较各阶级道德观之合理性的标准不在历史之外,而是由历史本身来提供的,即何者所代表的阶级利益的实现符合历史发展必然性,何者就具有合理性。

中国音乐史研究对音乐史料学的依赖——中国音乐史学问题思索之七

“史料”是据以为研究或讨论历史时的根据材料。史料学是研究史料的源流、价值和利用方法的学科,它是历史学的辅助学科,同考古学、文字学、档案学等均有密切关系。中国音乐史料是研究中国音乐史所需要的各种资料。中国音乐学史料繁多,根据不同标准可以划分为不同类型。音乐史料学主要从事史料搜集、校勘、考订和编纂,把价值不同的史料区别开来,把正确的记载和错误的记载区别开来,并确定史料的绝对年代和相对年代。音乐史料可以分为“实物史料”“口传史料”和“文字史料”等。中国音乐史研究必须依赖音乐史料学的研究成果,把记载正确的音乐史料和存在错误记载的材料区别开来,确定音乐史料的绝对年代和相对年代,正确利用音乐史料,还原中国历史进程中正确的音乐历史事实。

论历史规律研究中四个重大问题

探究“历史主动精神”的深层哲理,推动了对规律研究中重大问题的再次讨论。第一个问题,历史规律是否遵循自然规律?这一问题关系到探寻社会规律的方法。长期被忽视的自然规律可能性这一视域可以用来解释历史规律的条件性和主体选择性,也可用来把握社会规律的客观性与具体道路的选择性的统一。第二个问题,规律的决定因素是什么?这一问题关系到规律与事物基本要素的关系,其解答有助于厘清社会规律孕育、产生、发展的条件。第三个问题,主体能否创造规律?其涉及科学的可能性与选择性、历史活动的“为我关系”“从它关系”、历史活动的“内在价值”“外在价值”、历史活动的普遍规律与特殊规律等层面的关系。第四个问题,主体如何认识和掌握规律?一些掌握规律的路径值得重视,如从不可重复的历史事件到可重复的规律、从心理动机到“背后的决定因素”、从个体之力到“社会合力”。

历史唯物主义视域下马克思政治经济学的“术语革命”——基于“资本”范畴的分析

历史唯物主义是马克思变革、超越古典政治经济学的重要理论基础。正是立足历史唯物主义,马克思赋予政治经济学范畴与以往截然不同的全新内涵,发动了“术语革命”。从资本范畴来看,马克思批判并革新了古典政治经济学家将资本理解为物的观点,揭示了其“社会关系”本质,归正了对资本的理解,开显了资本的本真意蕴。马克思政治经济学的“术语革命”,不仅起到了革新政治经济学的巨大作用,而且对历史唯物主义的证实、丰富、完善和发展具有极为重要的理论意义。

地方书院文化特色考略--基于佛山书院史料的考察与研究

有着千年发展史的古代书院,留下了丰富的文献史料。书院史料是地方特色文化内涵的重要载体,见证一地历史演变,从侧面可反映该地在一定历史时期社会经济文化的独特面貌。对书院史料予以系统整理与考察研究,是当代文化价值根源追溯的需要,更是古代书院精神传承与发展的诉求。佛山书院史料内容丰富,涉猎建置、干系人物、课业与学规、经费来源与用途、性质与功用、著述艺文等。分专题考察这些史料发现,佛山古代书院呈现出3个主要特征:其创建发展与佛山各地域行政建置、社会经济文化发展密切关联;是书院文化根植于本土后双向作用的产物;未形成一个完整的教育链条。

中国式现代化的独特文明观及其实践的哲学基础与世界历史意义

因应于当今中国的历史性实践、特定的历史文化传统和马克思主义的具体化要求而开展的中国式现代化,在全面推进中华民族伟大复兴的同时,也形成了具有世界历史意义的独特的现代化文明观。历史唯物主义作为对近代主体性形而上学进行存在论变革的思想成果,揭示了内在性主体与社会历史现实之间的断裂,颠覆了西方现代化得以可能的哲学和文化精神根据,由此筹划并展开了超越西方现代化的人类未来文明新图景。对唯物史观以及以此为根据的马克思主义中国化时代化进行再阐释,有助于深化理解由独特文明观引导的中国式现代化及其实践的哲学基础和世界历史意义。

生产方式的展开与人的自由解放——重新理解唯物史观的历史性生成与意义

马克思恩格斯对人类创造历史的考察,是聚焦于社会生产方式展开的。在《德意志意识形态》中,马克思恩格斯深入揭示了人类社会发展的四重关系——生产物质生活资料的关系、满足人类物质生活的需要以及满足这种需要引发的新的需要的关系、生命的生产即繁殖关系和生产力与生产关系之间的辩证关系。唯物史观的历史性生成即是建立在以上四重关系的基础之上的。唯物史观还深刻阐释了人类历史发展的三个共同体阶段——自然形成的共同体、虚幻共同体和真正的共同体阶段。马克思恩格斯认为,只有到真正的共同体阶段——共产主义社会,人类才会最终消灭私有制和劳动分工,实现人的自由解放。

聚焦城市的“照着说”:历史唯物主义的田野工作——列斐伏尔《马克思主义思想与城市》研究

在《都市革命》一书中,列斐伏尔对历史唯物主义的靠近,还是资本主义都市化实践的现实研究氛围潜移默化的结果,而《马克思主义思想与城市》则是他从马克思、恩格斯1845年之后诸多文本中深入研读历史唯物主义的田野工作的成果。这是一个十分重要的逻辑转换节点。特别是在对马克思《1857—1858年经济学手稿》的细读中,虽然他并没有直接找到关于城市的专题性研究,但他真的经历了一次历史唯物主义科学方法论的洗礼。列斐伏尔应该是第一次学会了从客观实际出发去打开现实和概念。这是列斐伏尔思想中一次方法论上的重大转折。虽然他仍然保留着人本主义话语的外饰,但那种从价值悬设出发的人学批判话语已经彻底失去了主人话语的地位。

回归史料本身——图像证史问题的档案学思考路径及其反思

图像证史问题既是传统艺术史领域的重要议题,也是图像研究进入历史学领域的重要前提。图像虽已作为新的史料依据和证据来源进入历史学实践,但图像资料在“可信度”与“清晰度”上的困境,以及其作为文字叙述补充的附属地位影响其入史的限度与可能性,引发历史学理论层面对于史料观念的思考。此番问题的讨论究其根源在于当前史学领域虽在应用领域关注图像史料,但是仍旧未能脱离文字史料研究的路径惯性,因此也就未能对图像自身特殊的记录方式及其所决定的多元内容信息予以理论视角的明晰。以档案学视角重新审视图像证史的问题本质与作用机制,借图像资料本身的档案属性与史料特质,图像得以进入历史研究的视野进而成为客观、原始的文本依据,继而完成图像入史的研究前提;而要真正实现图像证史的目的,则要全面的认识图像的内容构成及其所对应的历史联系,以更为详细、全面的文献记载还原更为复杂、多面的历史事实。所以图像证史问题的讨论要回归图像史料的记录特性本身,在史料的求真、求新之外更要求全,在实现完整、系统的史料观念认知与运用的同时,也为更多的相关问题提供思路与方法借鉴。

中国式现代化的道德进步及其论证

现代化既是一个具有历史确定性的命题实践,又是一个关涉价值认知的实践命题。对该命题的道德论证,涉及前提批判、过程反思、结果评估;对该命题的进步论证,涉及横向类型和纵向历史的双向比较。中国式现代化或许就是这样一种道德进步的现代化方案,它不仅在同资本主义现代化和传统现代化比的对之中显扬,也在唯物史观的社会形态演进链和人类道德历史序列之中开显。具体来说,中国式现代化既遵循现代化发展的普遍性原则,又体现中国发展的特殊性,以“人民至上”为价值前提,消弭“物的现代化”与“主客颠倒”困境,以“公平正义”为执行原则,规避“资本不公”问题,开创更接近人的解放状态的人类文明形态,彰显符合“真正人的道德”的道德进步。道德进步现象奠基于底层伦理逻辑,中国式现代化建基于“以人民为中心”的政党伦理与“独立自主”的实践伦理,从而开辟一条摆脱现代化普遍主义幻境与独断伦理困局的自主实践道路,构筑了世界现代化的先进范例。

马克思的历史观与哲学变革

历史观是马克思最具原创性贡献的领域之一,唯物史观就是马克思的哲学或马克思主义哲学。唯物史观诞生以前,一切哲学在历史观上都受困于“观念的神话”与“遮蔽”。而“观念的神话”与“遮蔽”,源自人类实践的具体历史形式--分工,特别是物质生产与精神生产的分工以及职业精神生产者的出现和扩大。唯物史观的创立,终结了观念决定历史的神话、超历史的历史哲学的神话、历史宿命论的神话,开辟了一种崭新的哲学图景。坚持和发展唯物史观,应摈弃从观念到观念、从文献到文献、从概念到概念的研究范式,从实践的不同历史形态的变化入手,展开活的历史研究。