Assessment of antifungal activity of herbal and conventional toothpastes against clinical isolates of Candida albicans

Objective:To detect the anticandidal activity of nine toothpastes containing sodium fluoride, sodium monofluorophosphate and herbal extracts as an active ingredients against 45 oral and non oral Candida albicans(C.albicans) isolates.Methods:The antifungal activity of these toothpaste formulations was determined using a standard agar well diffusion method.Statistical analysis was performed using a statistical package,SPSS windows version 15,by applying mean values using one-way ANOVA with post-hoc least square differences(LSD) method.A P value of less than 0.05 was considered significant.Results:All toothpastes studied in our experiments were effective in inhibiting the growth of all C.albicans isolates.The highest anticandidal activity was obtained from toothpaste that containing both herbal extracts and sodium fluoride as active ingredients, while the lowest activity was obtained from toothpaste containing sodium monofluorophosphate as an active ingredient.Antifungal activity of Parodontax toothpaste showed a significant difference(P<0.001) against C.albicans isolates compared to toothpastes containing sodium fluoride or herbal products.Conclusions:In the present study,it has been demonstrated that toothpaste containing both herbal extracts and sodium fluoride as active ingredients are more effective in control of C.albicans,while toothpaste that containing monofluorophosphate as an active ingredient is less effective against C.albicans.Some herbal toothpaste formulations studied in our experiments,appear to be equally effective as the fluoride dental formulations and it can be used as an alternative to conventional formulations for individuals who have an interest in naturally-based products.Our results may provide invaluable information for dental professionals.

Anticandidal Activity of Moroccan Medicinal Plants

The prevalence of oral candidiasis has increased over recent years in patients with the compromised general condition. There are a large number of plant species that have been traditionally used for oral diseases by the Moroccan population. These species could provide a source for discovering new active principles of natural origin against Candida albicans involved in the appearance of candidiasis infections. Information was acquired using the electronic databases Web of Science, Scopus and PubMed. In the first part, this review presents the medicinal plants used by the Moroccan population for the treatment of oral disorders (Toothaches, gingivitis, ulcers, stomatitis, abscesses, ...). The second part describes different studies regarding the antifungal activity of essential oils and organic extracts of some Moroccan species against Candida albicans. Inhibition zone diameter (IZD), Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum fungicidal concentration (MFC) values of essential oils and plant’s extracts were noted. The third part concerns Moroccan plants with the antifungal activity that can be used in medical and agricultural fields. Several species of Moroccan plant proved their effectiveness against Candida albicans and can be used for the treatment of oral candidiasis. Further research should be undertaken in the future to investigate the toxicity of essential oils and plant extracts with antifungal properties for clinical use. This review provided an update on Moroccan plants presenting antifungal activity and especially those active against Candida albicans.

Origin of Candida albicans in Human Oral Cavity

Purpose: Candida albicans is regarded as a part of normal flora in the human oral cavity. However, it remains unclear whether the genus Candida, especially C. albicans, is an oral resident microorganism and causes marital infection or not. The purpose of the present study was to elucidate the origin of oral C. albicans by investigating the colonization and infection route to oral cavities of this organism with arbitrarily primed polymerase chain reaction (AP-PCR). Methods: After C. albicans was isolated from four subjects (average age: 42.2, range: 33 - 56), the isolations of this organism from them were performed six months later again. To investigate whether C. albicans is an oral resident microorganism, the genotype homology of each C. albicans isolates that were isolated twice from the same subjects was compared. Moreover, C. albicans was isolated from five pairs of married couples (average period of cohabitation: 12.4 years, range: 5 - 31). To investigate whether C. albicans causes marital infection, the genotype homology of C. albicans isolates that were isolated from each pair of married couples was compared. Results: AP-PCR patterns of C. albicans that were isolated from each subject at o month and after 6 months showed the identical genotypes among each individual. C. albicans isolates from five pairs of married couples showed the identical genotypes between a husband and wife of each pair on AP-PCR. Conclusion: These results indicated that C. albicans was an oral resident microorganism and caused the marital infection.

Study on the Distribution at Species Level of Genus Candida in Human Oral Cavities, Using Culture and Multiplex PCR Methods

Purpose: Although the genus Candida is frequently isolated from human oral cavities, the distribution at the species level of these organisms has been little reported. The purpose of the present study was to assess the distribution at the species level of the genus Candida in human oral cavities. Methods: This study was performed using culture and Multiplex PCR methods. Moreover, the genotyping classification of C. albicans was analyzed with a PCR. Results: Of all subjects (n = 90), detection frequency of genus Candida was 42.2%. Genus Candida was not detected in the subjects between 0 to 9 years old, and there was no difference in the detection frequencies of this organism among each generation from 10s to 80s. C. albicans was the most dominant species, followed by C. parapsilosis, C. glabrata, and C. dubliniensis. Plural Candida species tended not to be detected in the individual sample. Genotype A was dominant in the C. albicans isolates. Conclusion: These results indicated that C. albicans of genotype A was dominant and that the genus Candida rarely coexists with other Candida species, in each individual oral cavity.

Candida Colonization among Neonates with Low Birth Weight: There Is Much More to Explore

Background and Objectives: Candida colonization in neonates with low birth weight is reported to be the first step for invasive candidiasis. This study was designed to describe the patterns of Candida spp. colonizing neonates with low birth weight in Mwanza, Tanzania to provide baseline information for future studies in this field. Methodology: The hospital based cross sectional study was conducted between January 2019 and April 2019 among neonates with low birth weight. Clinical and social demographic data were collected using interview guide questionnaire. Oral and umbilical rectal swabs were collected on the first and seventh day of life to assess Candida spp. colonization status. Data were analyzed using STATA version 13 following the study objectives. Results: A total of 320 neonates with median body weight of 1600 [IQR 1000 - 2000] grams were enrolled. Prevalence of Candida spp. colonization on either oral, umbilical or rectum was 16.2% (52/320). A total of 34 (10.6%) and 41 (12.8%) neonates were colonized by Candida spp. on the first day and seventh day of life, respectively. Of 34 neonates colonized on the first day of life, 23 (67.7%) were still being colonized on the seventh day. Candida albicans 38 (73.1%), was the predominant species detected followed by Candida glabrata 10 (19.2%). Conclusion: The prevalence of Candida spp. colonization among neonates with low birth weight is within the reported range and is mainly due to Candida albicans. Future studies are highly needed to explore the role of colonization and subsequent Candida spp. infections.

副干酪乳杆菌E T-22及其后生元组分对白念珠菌的抑制作用

为探究具有预防龋齿功效的副干酪乳杆菌E T-22(Lactobacillus paracasei E T-22)活菌及其后生元组分(热灭活菌和分泌物)对白念珠菌的抑制作用,评价副干酪乳杆菌E T-22活菌及其后生元组分的抗氧化能力及白念珠菌菌丝转化抑制率后,采用注射免疫抑制剂和涂抹白念珠菌的方法建立ICR小鼠的口腔念珠菌病模型。造模前后,分别以饮水的方式连续给予18 d剂量为109 CFU/mL的E T-22活菌以及相对应的后生元组分,研究副干酪乳杆菌E T-22对小鼠舌部组织形态及炎症因子表达情况的影响。109 CFU/mL的副干酪乳杆菌E T-22对白念珠菌出芽抑制率最高,为37.84%;后生元组分中热灭活菌及分泌物抑制率分别为17.50%、28.00%。动物模型中,E T-22活菌及其后生元组分干预后,均显著降低了小鼠血清中IFN-γ含量;分泌物组显著降低了小鼠舌部组织中IFN-γ和TNF-α含量,活菌组只显著降低了TNF-α含量,活菌组和热灭活菌组显著提高了小鼠舌部组织中CCL20趋化因子含量及舌苔菌群的丰富度和多样性。组织病理切片显示:E T-22活菌及分泌物组明显改善了小鼠舌表皮的棘层松懈和炎症细胞浸润;热灭活菌组对舌表乳头及表皮脱落有改善效果。实验结果显示,E T-22可通过减轻小鼠舌部组织的炎症浸润与转移,调节舌苔菌群组成,抑制口腔有害菌。研究表明,E T-22通过对白念珠菌的抑制,降低口腔念珠菌病的发病风险,有望进一步开发成为具有呵护口腔健康功能的口腔益生菌食品。

Antimicrobial and synergistic effects of lemongrass and geranium essential oils against Streptococcus mutans,Staphylococcus aureus,and Candida spp.

BACKGROUND The oral cavity harbors more than 700 species of bacteria,which play crucial roles in the development of various oral diseases including caries,endodontic infection,periodontal infection,and diverse oral diseases.AIM To investigate the antimicrobial action of Cymbopogon Schoenanthus and Pelargonium graveolens essential oils against Streptococcus mutans,Staphylococcus aureus,Candida albicans,Ca.dubliniensis,and Ca.krusei.METHODS Minimum microbicidal concentration was determined following Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute documents.The synergistic antimicrobial activity was evaluated using the Broth microdilution checkerboard method,and the antibiofilm activity was evaluated with the 3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5 diphenyl tetrazolium bromide assay.Data were analyzed by one-way analysis of variance followed by the Tukey post-hoc test(P≤0.05).RESULTS C.schoenanthus and P.graveolens essential oils were as effective as 0.12%chlorhexidine against S.mutans and St.aureus monotypic biofilms after 24 h.After 24 h P.graveolens essential oil at 0.25%was more effective than the nystatin group,and C.schoenanthus essential oil at 0.25%was as effective as the nystatin group.CONCLUSION C.schoenanthus and P.graveolens essential oils are effective against S.mutans,St.aureus,Ca.albicans,Ca.dubliniensis,and Ca.krusei at different concentrations after 5 min and 24 h.

中性粒细胞胞外捕获网在口腔感染性疾病中的研究进展

中性粒细胞是第一批到达炎症部位的先天免疫细胞,其产生的中性粒细胞胞外捕获网(neutrophil extracellular traps,NETs)可以快速捕获并限制病原体扩散,便于清除病原体及其碎片。口腔中的中性粒细胞是由血液中的循环中性粒细胞特异性转化而来,其释放的NETs数量远高于循环中性粒细胞,以此能以更好地维持口腔微环境的平衡。白色念珠菌作为双形态真菌,只有菌丝相能够诱导NETs,这与通过中性粒细胞弹性蛋白酶感应病原微生物大小有关,但作为形态为球状的金黄色葡萄球菌,大小远小于白色念珠菌,但仍能诱导NETs产生。牙龈卟啉单胞菌作为牙周炎复合体之一的微生物,对NETs的诱导作用小于口腔链球菌和放线菌这两种口腔常见微生物,可能存在逃避中性粒细胞免疫的机制。尽管目前对NETs产生的两种主要途径有较多研究,但不同微生物诱导中性粒细胞(特别是口腔中性粒细胞)的机制并不明晰。本文就口腔中病原微生物对中性粒细胞产生NETs的免疫效应作用机制进行综述,为找寻口腔感染性疾病的治疗靶点和关键药物的研发提供参考。

影响正常口腔念珠菌检出率的方法学研究

目的 :研究不同检测方法对正常口腔念珠菌检出率的影响 ,寻找一种比较简便可靠的检测方法。方法 :以健康的平均年龄 7.4岁的儿童为检测人群 ,比较不同的取样部位 ,取样方法 ,检测方法 ,被检人群口腔中白色念珠菌以及其他念珠菌的检出率。结果 :取样和检测方法对检出率有不同程度的影响 ,PCR检测方法的检出率显著高于培养法。结论 :黏膜拭子加离心 ,和CHROMagarCandidaTM鉴定培养基相结合的方法是一种简便理想的分离培养方法 ,PCR方法则敏感度更高。

口腔白色念珠菌的PCR ITS1-ITS2基因分型法的建立及应用

目的:建立口腔白色念珠菌的PCR ITS1-ITS2基因分型方法,并探讨其型别在口腔黏膜病中的流行病学意义。方法:提取21株临床菌株的DNA,PCR扩增ITS1-ITS2区域,并依据该区域核苷酸序列的差异进行基因分型。结果:用PCR ITS1-ITS2方法将21株白念分为13型。结论:PCR ITS1-IT S2基因分型法可作为一种有用的流行病学调查的工具以预防和监测口腔白念感染。

口腔扁平苔藓者白色念珠菌检出率及分离株的磷脂酶活性研究

目的 :研究健康人和口腔扁平苔藓 (orallichenplanus,OLP)患者的口腔白色念珠菌检出率及分离株的磷脂酶活性。方法 :采用含漱液浓缩培养法及白色念珠菌微生物学鉴定法 ,考察健康对照组、糜烂型和非糜烂型OLP患者的白色念珠菌检出率 ;应用蛋黄培养基沉淀环面积测量法 ,比较来自于健康人 (2 6株 )、糜烂型OLP患者 (6 2株 )以及非糜烂型OLP患者 (2 4株 )共 112株白色念珠菌的磷脂酶活性大小。结果 :糜烂型OLP患者组的口腔白色念珠菌检出率高于健康对照组和非糜烂型扁平苔藓患者组 ;糜烂型和非糜烂型OLP患者组的白色念珠菌分离株的磷脂酶活性高于健康对照组。结论 :两种类型的OLP患者组的白色念珠菌分离株与健康对照组相比 ,具有不同的毒性特征 ,白色念珠菌与OLP(尤其是糜烂型 )发生发展可能相关。

不同清洗方式对义齿白色假丝酵母菌生物膜清除效果的影响

目的比较不同清洁方式对义齿白色假丝酵母菌生物膜的清除能力。方法制作并消毒树脂片,在其表面培养白色假丝酵母菌生物膜,分别以化学(浸泡)、机械(刷洗)和复合(浸泡与刷洗并用)等方式处理覆有白色假丝酵母菌生物膜的树脂片,再将其浸入新鲜培养液进行残留生物膜的恢复培养,分别在0、6、24h后利用菌落计数进行效果评价。结果机械清除效果与牙膏种类密切相关,单纯的化学处理没有明显的清除作用,保丽净义齿清洁片复合处理清除白色假丝酵母菌生物膜的效果最佳,其处理后的树脂片培养24h仍未检出白色假丝酵母菌。结论不同的义齿清洗方法对附着在义齿表面的白色假丝酵母菌生物膜的清除能力有差异。其中,以保丽净义齿清洁片复合效果最好且能够持续地发挥抑菌作用。

纳米载银抗菌剂与四针状氧化锌抗白色念珠菌的性能

背景:口腔修复材料室温固化甲基丙烯酸甲酯的表面结构疏松多孔,极易附着各种细菌、微生物导致患者义齿性口炎的发生,所以在甲基丙烯酸甲酯中加入抗菌剂成为国内外学者研究的热点。目的:比较加入纳米载银抗菌剂与四针状氧化锌抗菌剂后,室温固化甲基丙烯酸甲酯对白色念珠菌的抗菌活性。方法:采用对倍稀释法测定纳米载银抗菌剂与四针状氧化锌抗菌剂对白色念珠菌的最小杀菌浓度。将纳米磷酸锆载银抗菌粉体与四针状氧化锌抗菌剂分别以0%,1%,2%,3%的质量比加入到室温固化甲基丙烯酸甲酯粉剂中,检测各组试件对白色念珠菌的抗菌率。结果与结论:纳米载银抗菌剂对白色念珠菌的最小杀菌浓度为40g/L,四针状氧化锌抗菌剂对白色念珠菌的最小杀菌浓度为25g/L。未加入纳米载银抗菌剂或四针状氧化锌抗菌剂的甲基丙烯酸甲酯几乎无抗菌活性,加入两种抗菌剂后其抗菌活性明显增加,随着加入抗菌剂质量比的增加,抗菌活性逐渐增强;当抗菌剂质量比增加到3%时,加入纳米载银抗菌剂的甲基丙烯酸甲酯抗菌率为92.23%,加入四针状氧化锌抗菌剂的甲基丙烯酸甲酯抗菌率为98.23%。表明纳米载银抗菌剂与四针状氧化锌抗菌剂对白色念珠菌均有抗菌效果,且四针状氧化锌抗菌剂比纳米载银系抗菌剂抗菌效果好。

口腔扁平苔藓患者白色念珠菌分离株的颊细胞粘附力研究

目的研究健康人和口腔扁平苔藓患者口腔白色念珠菌分离株的颊细胞粘附力。方法应用颊细胞粘附实验法,比较来自于健康人(26株)、糜烂型口腔扁平苔藓患者(62株)以及非糜烂型口腔扁平苔藓患者(24株)共112株白色念珠菌对人颊细胞粘附力的大小。结果糜烂型口腔扁平苔藓患者组的白色念珠菌分离株的平均粘附数较健康对照组高(P<0.05),说明糜烂型口腔扁平苔藓患者组白色念珠菌分离株的颊细胞粘附力高于健康对照组。结论糜烂型口腔扁平苔藓患者组的白色念珠菌分离株与健康对照组相比,具有不同的毒性特征,白色念珠菌与糜烂型口腔扁平苔藓发生发展可能相关。

口腔念珠菌的PCR ITS1-ITS2和RAPD基因分型

目的探讨对口腔念珠菌准确可靠的基因分型方法。方法9株临床菌株经YBCTestKit鉴定为7株白色念珠菌(简称白念),1株热带念珠菌,1株光滑念珠菌。分别采用PCRITS1ITS2和RAPD两种基因分型方法对其进行基因分型,并比较其结果。结果PCRITS1ITS2方法将7株白念分为2型,将2株非白念准确鉴定为热带念珠菌和光滑念珠菌;用RAPD方法将7株白念分为6型,推测另外2株为非白念。结论两种分型方法对白念种内的分型结果不完全一致。PCRITS1ITS2分型法能准确地区分非白念。

西吡氯铵含漱液辅助治疗口腔念珠菌感染临床观察

目的通过临床试验评价西吡氯铵含漱液对口腔白色念珠菌感染的治疗作用。方法选择在粘膜科就诊的白色念珠菌感染患者60例,分为试验组、复方氯已定对照组和制霉菌素甘油对照组,经治疗后观察其临床表现和涂片检查结果的变化,从而分析其疗效。结果西吡氯铵含漱液对白色念珠菌感染患者的临床表现有改善作用,对白色念珠菌有一定的抑制作用,未发现明显的副作用。结论西吡氯铵含漱液对白色念珠菌感染有一定的治疗作用,由于其口感较好且无口腔粘膜及牙齿着色,是临床治疗和预防口腔念珠菌感染的一种安全有效的辅助药物。

口腔扁平苔藓患者白色念珠菌分离株的基因型分析

目的 研究健康人和口腔扁平苔藓 (oral lichen planus,OL P)患者口腔白色念珠菌分离株的基因型分布特征。方法 应用随机扩增片段多态性分析法 (random ly am plified polymorphic DNA,RAPD) ,对来自于健康人 (2 6株 )、糜烂型 OL P患者 (6 2株 )以及非糜烂型 OL P患者 (2 4株 )共 112株白色念珠菌菌株做基因型分型 ,比较OL P患者与健康对照组白色念珠菌分离株的基因型分布差异。结果 本研究采用的 RAPD分析法可大致将所有白色念珠菌分离株分为 A、B、C、D四种基因型 ;健康对照组、糜烂型 OL P和非糜烂型 OL P患者组的白色念珠菌分离株的基因型构成具有差异 ,其中 ,健康对照组以 B、D型为主 ,糜烂型 OL P患者组以 A、C型为主 ,非糜烂型 OL P患者组以 A、D型为主。结论 某些具有特定基因型的白色念珠菌与 OL P的发生发展可能相关。

白色念珠菌经口感染ICR小鼠建立系统性感染模型

目的探究白色念珠菌(C.albicans)经口感染ICR小鼠建立系统性感染模型,观察C.albicans经黏膜感染后在小鼠体内组织增殖及分布规律。方法 46只ICR雄性小鼠随机分为模型组A(n=20)、模型组B(n=20)、对照组(n=6)。模型组采用棉签法口腔接种C.albicans(7×106cfu/m L),对照组同方法接种等容积生理盐水。模型组A小鼠用于临床、生存、剖检观察试验;模型组B接种后第3、5、7天随机解剖5只小鼠用于组织载菌量和病理检验(对照组每个时间点解剖2只),活菌平板计数法检测小鼠组织载菌量,光镜观察小鼠舌、胃、肝、肾病理组织学变化。结果模型组小鼠接种后第3天舌面出现明显白斑并随时间加重引起死亡,第5天小鼠死亡率超过50%,第7天死亡率达100%,并能从舌(87.5%)、胃(87.5%)及内脏组织肝(54.5%)、肾(50.5%)、肺(20%)和心脏(4%)中分离到C.albicans,显微镜观察在舌、食道、胃、肝、肾存在菌丝的增殖,对照组未见C.albicans生长,提示模型组小鼠因C.albicans黏膜感染引起小鼠播散性的系统性感染。结论 C.albicans可在一定条件下突破黏膜免疫屏障引起小鼠机会性系统性感染,从而加重感染死亡。

口腔放线菌对白假丝酵母菌拮抗作用的体外实验研究

目的观测3种口腔放线菌对白假丝酵母菌的生长有无抑制作用。方法采用直接点种法观察抑菌圈,分别采用反点种菌落计数法和液体共培养法,观察在口腔放线菌作用下白假丝酵母菌菌落数量的变化。结果1)各实验组均未观察到清晰的抑菌圈;2)在黏性放线菌软琼脂上的白假丝酵母菌菌落数较对照组明显减少(P<0.05);在溶牙放线菌和内氏放线菌软琼脂上无明显白假丝酵母菌生长,与对照组相比差异有统计学意义(P<0.01);黏性放线菌组与溶牙放线菌组、内氏放线菌组相比,白假丝酵母菌生长差异有统计学意义(P<0.01);3)分别与3种放线菌共培养的白假丝酵母菌菌落数量减少,与对照组相比差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);3个实验组间差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论口腔黏性放线菌、溶牙放线菌和内氏放线菌对白假丝酵母菌的体外生长有抑制作用。