Generation of orbital angular momentum hologram using a modified U-net

Orbital angular momentum(OAM)holography has become a promising technique in information encryption,data storage and opto-electronic computing,owing to the infinite topological charge of one single OAM mode and the orthogonality of different OAM modes.In this paper,we propose a novel OAM hologram generation method based on a densely connected U-net(DCU),where the densely connected convolution blocks(DCB)replace the convolution blocks of the U-net.Importantly,the reconstruction process of the OAM hologram is integrated into DCU as its output layer,so as to eliminate the requirement to prepare training data for the OAM hologram,which is required by conventional neural networks through an iterative algorithm.The experimental and simulation results show that the OAM hologram can rapidly be generated with the well-trained DCU,and the reconstructed image's quality from the generated OAM hologram is significantly improved in comparison with those from the Gerchberg-Saxton generation method,the Gerchberg-Saxton based generation method and the U-net method.In addition,a 10-bit OAM multiplexing hologram scheme is numerically demonstrated to have a high capacity with OAM hologram.

Radiation pattern analyses of circular aperture antenna to generate radio orbital angular momentum

Circular aperture antenna recently has been regarded as a nature source to generate high power radio orbital angular momentum （OAM） in millimeter （mm） wave; however, the radiation pattern was not investigated. Theoretical derivation of radiation pattern of circular aperture OAM antenna is conducted to evaluate the performance. Extensive simulations verify the validity of the theoretical result. Furthermore, performance of such antenna excited by orthogonal TE and TM modes is compared, which shows the potential application for TEgl mode to create pure OAM g-1 mode in a practical system, providing guidance for generation of twisted radio waves in mm-wave bands.

OAM mode purity improvement based on antenna array

Orbital Angular Momentum(OAM)waves are characterized by helical wave fronts and orthogonality between different modes.Therefore,OAM waves have huge potential in improving wireless communications'channel capacity and radar imaging's resolution.Consequently,the generation and application of OAM waves have attracted a lot of attention.And many methods are proposed to generate OAM waves.Although antenna array is the most popular method of generating OAM waves,OAM waves generated by antenna array have redundant modes.However,all advantages of OAM waves are closely related to infinite OAM modes.Thus,to better apply OAM waves to wireless communications and radar,it is very important to reduce unnecessary OAM modes and improve the OAM mode purity.In order to improve the OAM mode purity,two combined antenna arrays composed of X direction antenna and Y direction antenna array are proposed in this paper.The X direction antenna array and the Y direction antenna array are supplied by the excitations with the same amplitude and fixed phase shift.The overall phase shift of the X direction antenna array isπ/2 more or less than that of the Y direction antenna array.The results of formulas and antenna models in CST show that the combined antenna arrays can generate OAM waves with less redundant modes in x component,y component and z component.Besides,the z component carries pure OAM modes.

Scheme for generating 1 nm X-ray beams carrying orbital angular momentum at the SXFEL

Optical vortices have the main features of helical wavefronts and spiral phase structures,and carry orbital angular momentum.This special structure of visible light has been produced and studied for various applications.These notable characteristics of photons were also tested in the extreme-ultraviolet and X-ray regimes.In this article,we simulate the use of a simple afterburner configuration by directly adding helical undulators after the SASE undulators with the Shanghai Soft X-ray FEL to generate high intensity X-ray vortices with wavelengths^1 nm.Compared to other methods,this approach is easier to implement,cost-effective,and more efficient.

产生多OAM模态的单馈椭圆天线

阵列天线可以有效地辐射涡旋电磁波,但该方法难以实时辐射多种模态,且其尺寸较大,馈电网络也非常复杂。涡旋天线的单贴片结构设计可以有效地简化馈电,减小天线尺寸。通过将不同模态的贴片集成到同一个介质板上,可以实现实时多模态传输。然而,目前贴片涡旋天线仍采用2个或2个以上的馈电点进行馈电,形成阵列后仍有庞大的馈电系统。本文提出了一种单点馈电的椭圆环形天线,并利用这种结构设计了8种模态的涡旋天线。天线的最大尺寸为8 mm。通过在微波暗室测试,证明了提出的椭圆天线成功地产生8种模态的涡旋电磁波。该结构的实现使得以不同模态贴片天线为阵元的涡旋阵列天线的设计更加容易。

A new method of calculating the orbital angular momentum spectra of Laguerre-Gaussian beams in channels with atmospheric turbulence

Studying orbital angular momentum（OAM） spectra is important for analyzing crosstalk in free-space optical（FSO）communication systems. This work offers a new method of simplifying the expressions for the OAM spectra of Laguerre-Gaussian（LG） beams under both weak/medium and strong atmospheric turbulences. We propose fixing the radius to the extreme point of the intensity distribution, review the expression for the OAM spectrum under weak/medium turbulence,derive the OAM spectrum expression for an LG beam under strong turbulence, and simplify both of them to concise forms.Then, we investigate the accuracy of the simplified expressions through simulations. We find that the simplified expressions permit accurate calculation of the OAM spectrum for large transmitted OAM numbers under any type of turbulence. Finally,we use the simplified expressions to analytically address the broadening of the OAM spectrum caused by atmospheric turbulence. This work should contribute to the concise theoretical derivation of analytical expressions for OAM channel matrices for FSO-OAM communications and the analytical study of the laws governing OAM spectra.

Generation of a large orbital angular momentum beam via an optical fiber winding around a curved path and its application

Many papers have been published on the study of orbital angular momentum(OAM)of the laser modes based on the Laguerre-Gaussian(LG)beam and helical phase plate or rotating cylindrical lens,and the principal ray of the LG beam remains straight line.These ways are difficult to get a large OAM modes.In this paper,we propose a novel method to prepare a large OAM modes when the light propagates through a optical fiber winding around a curved path,and establish a theoretical framework based on the principal ray path changing.Firstly,we investigate three kinds of winding structure.Secondly,based on the analytical solutions and numerical calculations,we can find that the spiral body can achieve a large OAM temporal pulse.At the same time,based on the zero OAM diffraction diagram,we can obtain an improvement of resolving power beyond Rayleigh’s criterion.Finally,applying a large OAM diffraction pattern to realize 12-bitencodes,we can obtain a high-security optical information transfer system.

A QUANTUM MULTIPLE ACCESS COMMUNICATIONS SCHEME USING ORBITAL ANGULAR MOMENTUM

We propose a quantum multiple access communications scheme using Orbital Angular Momentum (OAM) sector states in the paper. In the scheme, each user has an individual modified Poincare Bloch sphere and encodes his information with his own corresponding sector OAM states. A prepared entangled photon pairs are separated at transmitter and receiver. At the transmitter, each user encodes his information with the sector OAM states on the photons and the superposition of the different sector OAM states is carried by the photons. Then the photons are transmitted through quantum noiseless channel to the receiver. At the receiver, each user could retrieve his information by coincidently measuring the transmitted photons with the receiver side photons which are modulated by a special prepared measurement basis. The theoretical analysis and the numerical simulations show that each user could get his information from the superposition state without error. It seems that this scheme provides a novel method for quantum multiple users communications.

The Development Trends and Research Fronts in Orbital Angular Momentum Technology:A Bibliometric Analysis

Orbital angular momentum(OAM)technology,refers to Laguerre-Gaussian(LG)beams,twisted beams,vector/vortex beams,acoustic vortex beams and fractional vortex beams.It is an emerging and promising technology to improve the communication capacity,spectral efficiency,and anti-jamming capability due to its helical phase fronts and infinite orthogonal states.Although the OAM research began in the 1990s,the developing trends,current status,issues and characteristics through a systematic observation have not yet been performed.This paper presents a knowledge-based evolution of OAM research published in the Web of Science(WoS)from 2011 to 2021 using bibliometric analysis in Citepspace.The results demonstrate that the bandwidth,efficiency,gain,divergence,phase quantization,bulky and complex feeding structures,misalignment,distortion,interferences atmospheric turbulence and diffraction were the key issues found in the OAM technology.The main research hotspots and categories,influential authors,leading journals,best institutions of OAM show a strong bias in favor of their functions and technology developments.The research on OAM was mainly performed by the counties that have developed the 5G and now moving towards 6G communications like China,USA and South Korea.This study would serve as an inclusive guide on the future research trends and status especially for the OAM researchers.

Beam alignments based on the spectrum decomposition of orbital angular momentums for acoustic-vortex communications

Given the enhanced channel capacity of wave chirality,acoustic communications based on the orbital angular momentum(OAM)of acoustic-vortex(AV)beams are of significant interest for underwater data transmissions.However,the stringent beam alignment is required for the coaxial arrangement of transceiver arrays to ensure the accuracy and reliability of OAM decoding.To avoid the required multiple measurements of the traditional orthogonality based algorithm,the beam alignment algorithm based on the OAM spectrum decomposition is proposed for AV communications by using simplified ring-arrays.Numerical studies of the single-OAM and OAM-multiplexed AV beams show that the error of the OAM spectrum increases with the translation distance and the deflection angle of the transceiver arrays.To achieve an ideal arrangement,two methods of the single-array translation alignment and the dual-array deflection alignment are developed based on the least standard deviation of the OAM spectrum(SD-OAM).By decreasing the SD-OAM towards zero using transceiver arrays of 16 transmitters and 16 receivers,accurate beam alignments are accomplished by multiple adjustments in three dimensions.The proposed method is also demonstrated by experimental measurements of the OAM dispersion and the SD-OAM for misaligned beams.The results demonstrate the feasibility of the rapid beam alignment based on the OAM spectrum decomposition by using simplified transceiver ring-arrays,and suggest more application potentials for acoustic communications.

Theoretical analysis and comparison of OAM waves generated by three kinds of antenna array

Antenna array is one of the methods which can generate Orbital Angular Momentum(OAM)waves.However,OAM waves generated by different antenna arrays have different characteristics of Electric-field(E-field)com-ponents'distribution and radiation patterns.In order to solve this problem,we derive E-feld formulas of OAM waves generated by different kinds of dipole antenna array in this paper.The dipole antenna arrays are arranged by three methods:1)antenna elements are in the same direction of y axis,2)antenna elements are in the radial direction and 3)antenna elements are in the azimuthal direction.Results show that x components,y components and z components carry different OAM modes under the three conditions.Simulation results show that the same direction antenna array produces the best OAM waves because the y component is dominated by OAM mode l and RHCP/LHCP waves are negligible in energy,while the pure OAM waves carried by the z components generated by the other two antenna arrays have little energy.In addition,only the radiation pattern ofl=0 produced by the same direction antenna array does not have a null zone in the propagation direction.Radiation patterns of l=±1 do not have null zones in the propagation direction generated by other two antenna arrays.

Improved Directivity of an OAM Antenna by a Fabry-Perot Cavity: An Experimental Study

The circular phased antenna array is commonly used for generating waves bearing Orbital Angular Momentum (OAM) in the radio frequency band, but it achieves a relatively low directivity. To overcome this drawback, we present here a method to improve the directivity of an OAM circular phased antenna array by embedding it inside a Fabry-Perot cavity. The Fabry-Perot cavity contains three main parts: a partially reflecting surface (PRS), an air cavity and a ground plane. Simulation data show that the directivity of this new OAM antenna achieves an improvement of 8.2 dB over the original array. A prototype is realized and characterized. The simulated and measured characteristics are in good agreement.

OAM光通信技术研究进展

涡旋光束携带的轨道角动量(OAM)为光波的空间域提供了新的维度资源,吸引了越来越多研究人员的关注。由于具有不同OAM模式值的涡旋光束相互正交,因此将OAM模式引入传统光通信领域,衍生出两种新的应用机制--OAM键控(OAM-SK)与OAM复用(OAM-DM),这为未来实现高速、大容量及高频谱效率的光通信技术提供了潜在的解决方案。本文将从OAM光束的类别和产生方法等基本概念理论出发,对这两种通信应用机制相关的典型研究案例做简要概述,并重点论述三种关键技术,包括OAM光束复用技术、OAM光束解调技术以及OAM光通信的大气湍流效应抑制技术。最后,对OAM光通信技术的未来发展趋势及其前景进行了分析与展望。

基于多模态OAM涡旋电磁波的L波段宽频阵列天线设计

频谱资源紧缺已成为无线通信技术发展的瓶颈.本文通过控制阵元间馈电相位差将轨道角动量(orbital angular momentum)技术应用于阵列天线中,利用L型探针馈电微带贴片天线沿圆周等距排列设计出一种工作频段在1.35GHz^1.86GHz,相对带宽达到31.8%的8阵元涡旋电磁波宽频微带天线.仿真实验表明,该天线可以产生具有多模态轨道角动量的涡旋电磁波,当用于移动通信系统的发射端,它能够实现在同一时间、同一频率下的多路信号传输,提高了系统的容量和传输速率.

一种基于多模态OAM波束的目标特征智能识别方法

高效率目标探测需要借助探测信号的低相关性空间调制,调制数量大且具有时间独立性。携带轨道角动量(OAM)的涡旋波束具有无穷多种模态且不同模态之间相互正交,借助强色散材料可以实现频率域的多模态OAM波束产生。该文首先对OAM的传播特性进行推导,给出了符合探测需求的多模态OAM波束源特征;在此基础上,研究了不同模态的OAM波束在3种不同应用场景下目标反射回波信号特性,采用卷积神经网络对不同反射场景下的数据特征进行提取,实现了对未知场景的判断及场景内的目标识别,并进行了抗噪性能分析。实验结果表明:理想状态下,网络对目标场景判断的准确率可达97:5%;各反射场景中的两个相邻目标的间隔大于某一阈值时,网络对目标位置的识别准确率均高于80%。但目标识别效果有环境依赖性,当SNR<20 dB时,3种场景内的目标识别准确率均大幅降低。

OAM光通信路由器件研究

随着轨道角动量(OAM)光通信技术的研究不断深入,OAM路由器件在提升通信系统的灵活性和实用性方面扮演着重要的角色,近些年,具有特定功能的OAM路由器件的研究得到了飞速发展。基于此,对近些年OAM路由器件的研究成果进行了概述,对其中可实现信道切换、多播、滤波、添加/提取、跳变和模式划分6类OAM路由器件的原理、研究方法及优缺点进行了讨论与总结,同时对OAM路由器件未来的发展趋势进行了展望。

应用PO-AI方法分析加罩OAM天线的辐射特性

应用物理光学-口面积分(PO-AI)方法,数值分析加载天线罩的轨道角动量(OAM)波天线的辐射特性,评判介质天线罩对各阶模式OAM波的辐射特性、幅相分布以及模式纯度的影响程度。通过与现有文献中天线罩实例的测试值相对比,验证了算法的正确性和有效性;考察了开口波导环形阵列OAM波天线工作于不同的模式阶数时,半球形天线罩所引起的空间场幅-相分布的变化。在此基础上,计算了一个正切卵形、多层介质天线罩情况,验证了PO-AI算法对复杂结构的适应性。从数值结果可见,天线罩对高阶OAM辐射波的幅值分布影响较大。数值计算也证实该算法可以快速预估介质罩存在时OAM波形的畸变程度,有助于实现对天线罩各参数的快速优化。

一种旋转圆极化阵元产生OAM波束的圆形阵设计方法

根据电磁理论推导提出了一种依次旋转天线阵中的圆极化阵元产生OAM波束的方法。然后,给出了一个八单元宽频带圆极化圆形阵的设计实例。在设计实例中,通过对所有阵元沿顺时针(或逆时针方向)依次旋转一定角度,可以生成模式数l=0,±1,±2,±3的OAM波束。与现有文献采用的控制阵元间馈电相位差来产生OAM波束的方法不同,本方法中所有阵元馈电相位相同,这不仅有利于OAM天线系统简化馈电网络设计,而且避免了由阵元间相移器引入的相位误差。

一种用于产生OAM波束的集成圆极化天线阵列

提出了一种在S波段内产生轨道角动量(OAM)波束的集成圆极化微带天线阵列.天线采用同轴馈电的方式.为了获得良好的圆极化特性,利用CST软件对天线结构参数进行了仿真优化分析,最终确定天线整体尺寸为0.416λ0×0.416λ0×0.026λ0,3-dB轴比带宽为3.79~3.85 GHz,S11<-10 dB的工作带宽为3.74~3.96 GHz.该天线结构简单紧凑,易于实现.天线阵列由6个相同的圆极化天线组成,相邻阵列单元沿顺时针方向旋转60°,通过仿真和实验结果得知,在对阵元进行等幅、等相位的馈电的条件下,该天线阵列能够产生模态l=-1的OAM波束,这能够有效避免复杂馈电网络结构的设计.

相控阵天线的OAM模式纯度研究

本文通过对产生轨道角动量(Orbital Angular Momentum,OAM)相控圆阵天线的研究,将电场中不同模式的轨道角动量分解出来,从而提出了OAM天线中纯度的定义和公式。基于此纯度理论,推导出均匀圆形相控阵的纯度公式及不同参数对纯度的影响,为比较轨道角动量的天线性能提供了一个直观的、可量化的维度。