Nozzle test system for droplet deposition characteristics of orchard air-assisted sprayer and its application

In order to obtain nozzle droplet deposition characteristics for sprayer mechanical design and variable spraying control algorithms,a nozzle droplet deposition characteristics test system for air-assisted spraying was designed.The test system can supply a stable wind site with precisely controlled air speed whose speed control ranges from 2 m/s to 16 m/s with maximum relative error of 4.5%.It can spray out a certain amount of liquid pesticide with adjustable spraying pressure which can be controlled with high precision while the maximum relative error is only 1.33%.The distribution of droplet deposition can be collected and measured by using the acquisition device and a pesticide deposition optical measurement system.The experiment of two-dimensional nozzle flow measurement was carried out.The results show that nozzle flow distribution is uniform and symmetric with“double-hump”shape in the spray range.Multi-nozzle overlapped droplet deposition ranges from 85%to 116%relative to the average.The nozzle droplet deposition experiment was completed.The experiment results show that in air-assisted spraying,the higher the wind speed,the less droplet deposition is affected by gravity.When the wind speed is higher than 12 m/s and spraying distance is 0.80 m,droplet deposition is concentrated on the originally designated point and hardly affected by gravity.The horizontal spray width becomes smaller with higher wind speed.When the wind speed is high,it can be considered that nozzle deposition only focuses on the nozzle center,if the position requirement is not very high in orchard spraying.

Evaluation on Application and Spraying Effect of Air-Assisted Sprayer in Apple Orchard with Dwarfing Rootstocks

The application and spraying effect of 3 WG-1200 A air-assisted sprayer in dwarfing rootstock apple orchard were evaluated by investigating the droplet density, coverage and volume median diameter(VMD) in different canopy layers(2.0, 1.5, 1.0 m) and five directions(east, south, west, north and middle) of apple trees. The results showed that the droplet density was 166.99 per square centimeter, the coverage was 48.23%, and the VMD was 138.63 μm. The droplet density in different canopy layers of the trees had consistent trend with the coverage. The droplet density and coverage in the upper and middle canopy(2.0 m and 1.5 m) had no significant difference, but they were both higher than those in the lower canopy, while the VMD in different canopy layers showed an opposite trend. The change trends of the coverage and VMD in the five directions were consistent, and the values in the middle and east were the highest, followed by the north, south and west, respectively. The results indicated that droplet characteristics of the 3 WG-1200 A air-assisted sprayer met the basic requirements for pest and pathogen control. This study provides a theoretical basis and data support for the application and improvement of orchard application equipments in dwarfing rootstock apple orchard.

Effects of leaf response velocity on spray deposition with an air-assisted orchard sprayer

The interaction between leaves and airflow has a direct effect on the droplet deposition characteristics of the leaf canopy.In order to make clear the mechanism of droplet deposition in terms of the interaction between the droplets and leaves from the point of the leaf aerodynamic response velocity,the leaf movement under different airflow velocities and the influence of the leaf aerodynamic response on droplet coverage ratio were investigated.The effect of the aerodynamic response velocity of a leaf on the droplet deposition of the leaf surface was investigated.The aerodynamic characteristics of the leaf were analyzed theoretically.Boundary layer theory from fluid mechanics was used to develop a model of the leaf aerodynamic response velocity to nonperiodic excitations based on a convolution integral method.Target leaf aerodynamic velocities were detected using a high-speed camera,and the results indicated that the modeled leaf aerodynamic response velocity matched the measured values.At given conditions of spray liquid and leaf surface texture,the spray test showed that the droplet coverage ratio was influenced by the leaf aerodynamic response velocity,the droplet coverage ratio increased and then decreased with the leaf response velocity.Through analyze four droplets deposition state,the highest droplet deposition ratio and best deposition state on the leaf surface occur when the leaf aerodynamic response velocity was less than 0.14 m/s.According to the analysis of droplet deposition states,the uniformity of the droplet size and quantity distribution of droplets on the leaf surface related to the leaf aerodynamic response velocity.The results can provide a basis for the design and optimization of orchard air sprayers.

自走式果园喷雾机设计与试验

针对新疆果园喷雾施药作业劳动强度大、雾滴穿透性差、机具适用范围小等问题,结合果园农机农艺及病虫害防治要求,设计了一款自走式果园喷雾机,主要由履带式行走系统、喷雾系统和远程控制系统等组成。通过计算分析确定各部分主要结构参数,并通过有限元模拟分析机架结构合理性。为验证喷雾机作业性能,以喷头流量为试验因素,以喷雾附着率与喷雾穿透性为试验指标,针对整机喷杆喷雾装置与风送喷雾装置开展田间试验。结果表明:在相同工作条件下,喷杆式喷雾装置平均喷雾附着率高于风送式喷雾装置,两种喷雾装置平均喷雾附着率分别为71.99%与66.35%,均能满足喷雾附着要求。在穿透性试验中,风送式喷雾装置内外冠层药液沉积变异系数平均比喷杆式喷雾装置小14%,风送式喷雾装置穿透性明显强于喷杆式喷雾装置。喷雾机两种喷雾装置在附着率与穿透性上都有较好的作业效果,可根据果树不同生长时期以及不同农艺需求选择适合的喷雾方式,来达到更好的喷雾效果。

果园风送式喷雾机在现代矮砧苹果园的喷施效果评价

【目的】探究风送式塔型喷雾机在矮砧宽行密植苹果园中的施药效果,优化施药参数,为现代矮砧苹果园农药施用“减量增效”提供理论参考。【方法】以5年生烟富3苹果为试验材料,采用水敏纸雾滴测试卡测定3WF-1000风送式塔型喷雾机雾滴粒径、雾滴密度与覆盖率,并利用示踪剂诱惑红测定喷雾机的药液沉积量及地面沉积量。【结果】在5年生现代矮砧宽行密植苹果园中,喷雾机在不同牵引速度下的雾滴特性差异显著,与牵引速度为1.16 m·s^(-1)(4.18 km·h^(-1))时相比,牵引速度为1.77 m·s-(16.37 km·h^(-1))时的雾滴覆盖率和雾滴粒径由62.19%和142.67μm下降到57.03%和131.67μm,而雾滴密度由141.72点·cm^(-2)增加到179.86点·cm^(-2);牵引速度为1.77 m·s^(-1)时的叶面平均沉积量、地面沉积量和农药利用率分别为0.24μg·cm^(-2)、0.55μg·cm^(-2)和47.1%,均高于1.16 m·s^(-1)时(分别为0.22μg·cm^(-2)、0.43μg·cm^(-2)和43.7%)。【结论】3WF-1000型风送式喷雾机两个牵引速度(1.16 m·s^(-1)和1.77 m·s^(-1))的雾滴特性均能满足矮砧宽行密植苹果园病虫害的防治要求,喷雾机在牵引速度1.77 m·s^(-1)时农药利用率更高,但易导致土壤流失率增高。

果园喷雾机施药管路压降特性仿真与分析

为探究仿树形喷杆喷雾机施药管内部液流运动情况,利用SolidWorks软件设计了喷头模型,并通过压力-流量关系验证了喷头模型的准确性;绘制施药管路模型并对不同结构的竖直施药管仿真,分析了喷杆放置倾角、喷口数量、喷杆长度和喷口位置等对管路内部压力的影响效果。仿真试验数据表明:在单喷管上喷口数量较少、喷杆趋近水平放置、喷口均布于喷杆末端时,施药管内部压降小,压力稳定。利用三因素三水平的BBD试验对施药管转角处压降进行分析表明:施药管内径对转角压降的影响呈极显著相关(P<0.01),转角角度、转角半径对转角压降呈显著相关(0.01<P<0.05);当施药管内径为13.2mm、转角角度为98.6°、转角半径为101.2mm时,转角压降数值最低,为98713Pa。研究结果可为仿形喷雾机施药管结构的设计提供一定的理论依据及参考。

CFD simulation and experiment on the flow field of air-assisted ultra-low-volume sprayers in facilities

In order to explore the performance of the B-ULV-616A knapsack sprayer,computational fluid dynamics(CFD)was used to simulate the B-ULV-616A knapsack air-assisted device,which features an ultra-low-volume electric sprayer.Field experiments were carried out to test the spraying effects,and the KANOMAX anemometer was used to verify the simulated results.First,the internal and external flow fields and droplet deposition distribution of the ultra-low-volume sprayer were established.The results showed that the air-assisted spray device can change the airflow speed and direction and produce a high-speed swirling airflow at the outlet of the air-assisted spray device.The high-speed airflow(maximum of 83.5 m/s)generates negative pressure(minimum of 0.099 MPa)and causes a rapid increase in the droplet velocity and a secondary droplets spray,allowing droplets to reach a longer distance.Then,the maximum relative error was 20.14%,and its average value was 9.59%,indicating that the CFD method is suitable for the flow field analysis of the air-assisted spray device.Finally,based on the greenhouse experiment,the knapsack air-assisted ultra-low-volume electric sprayer was found to effectively improve the deposition on the rear of the crop,increase the droplet density(maximum of 81/cm2;droplet density of conventional electric sprayer is 64/cm2),and reduce the deposition amount and coefficient of variation(below 20%)within and between regions.Further,it managed to reduce pesticide use(by 69.85%)and rural non-point source pollution.

果树农药精确喷雾技术

精确喷雾是以最低农药喷施成本和对环境的最小影响实现田间生态平衡。该文从基于地图和传感器以及机器视觉和图像处理三个方面综述了这一技术的研究进展。由传感器构成的喷雾控制器和果园喷雾机组成果园果树精确喷雾系统,在果园喷雾中调整喷雾参数,根据特定果树树冠的位置、形状针对性喷雾,实现对农药喷雾量的控制。近些年来,果树农药精确喷雾技术有较大的发展和各种不同形式应用。文章介绍了各项技术发展和实际应用效果。

基于CFD的果园风送式喷雾机雾滴分布特性分析

基于CFD技术建立了Hardi LB-255型果园风送式喷雾机雾滴沉积分布模型。根据实测的喷雾机相关参数,确定了二维流场的边界条件及模型参数,得到了约束条件下的雾滴沉积轨迹及不同层面上的沉积比率。设计了与模拟条件相同的验证试验,对模拟结果进行了验证分析。研究表明,在距风扇中心小于240 cm的区域内,所建模型模拟结果能较准确描述雾滴沉积规律。

果园喷雾机自动对靶喷雾控制系统研制与试验

为提高农药利用率，减少环境污染，该文针对中国果园机械化作业条件差和传统果园喷雾机连续喷雾时存在果树间空隙无效喷雾的特点，设计了自动对靶喷雾控制系统，该系统以GY8履带自走式果园喷雾机为载体，采用传感器测距方式探测果树，实现自动对靶喷雾。通过对超声波、红外和激光3种传感器进行性能比较，及对超声波和激光2种传感器进行静态识别间距测试与分析，红外传感器受光强影响较大，超声波传感器识别间距超过800 mm，均不满足果园精确对靶喷雾控制要求，激光传感器静态识别间距只有20 mm，具有工作稳定、响应快速、方向性好等特点，故将激光传感器选为自动对靶喷雾机探测装置，并将激光传感器安装于喷头组件前方220 mm。采用连续3次检测靶标判别法设计了自动对靶喷雾系统，该系统可有效避免因激光光束较细而导致的将树冠内空洞、枝间间隙等误判为果树间空隙而出现的电磁阀频繁启闭动作。行驶速度为0.5 m/s时，自动对靶喷雾控制系统的动态靶标识别间距介于100～150 mm之间，行驶速度1.0 m/s时，动态靶标识别间距为200～250 mm。此外，该系统还具有提前及延后喷雾功能，自动对靶喷雾系统提前靶标95.0～157.5 mm距离开始喷雾，离开靶标100 mm距离停止喷雾，使喷雾完全覆盖整个树冠。与连续喷雾相比，对靶喷雾可有效节省施药量，对于空隙比为20.0%、35.2%、52.9%靶标行枣树，行驶速度为0.5 m/s时省药率分别达27.9%、53.7%、76.9%，行驶速度为1.0 m/s时省药率分别达27.3%、54.5%、81.0%。因此，该自动对靶喷雾系统对稀疏果园的精确对靶病虫害防治具有较好的实用价值。

3MG30型果园弥雾机的研制与试验

研制了一种与小四轮拖拉机配套的、适用于标准化果园植保作业的机载果园型弥雾机 ,对该机各项性能指标进行了试验与分析。试验结果表明 ,与其他类型喷头相比 ,按一定排列组合的空心雾锥喷头在与风机配合使用进行药液的 2次雾化时具有更好的喷雾量分布和雾滴分布均匀性 ;小于 35 m / s的风机出口风速所产生的梯度气流使枝叶扭转与退让 ,并使雾滴的穿透性和树内沉积量增加 。

果园变量喷雾技术研究现状与前景分析

果园变量喷雾是提高农药有效利用率、提升果品品质的重要手段之一,已经成为国内外学者研究的热点课题。为明确果园变量喷雾技术与装备已处的研究阶段、所面临的挑战和未来发展的方向,该文从果园变量喷雾技术中冠层结构探测与重构、施药智能决策和变量喷雾执行系统3个主要环节,重点概述了冠层结构探测的主要技术手段及其优缺点,认为机器视觉技术、超声波传感技术、LIDAR(light detection and ranging)探测技术及其相互之间的组合传感技术是未来最主要发展的冠层结构探测技术;综述了当前所采用的基于果园面积GA(ground area)模型、基于冠层高度的LWH(leaf wall height)模型、基于树体面积的LWA(leaf wall area)模型和基于冠层体积的TRV(tree row volum)模型,在此基础上阐述了这4种模型之间的内在联系;在分析了对靶开关决策、离散型决策和连续型决策模型的现状和特点的基础上,提出基于模糊算法的施药量智能连续决策是未来重要的发展方向;从果园变量喷雾机所采用的传感技术、决策模型和所取得的技术指标方面论述了当前世界最典型的装备现状,进一步分析了施药量调控系统、风量调控系统和喷雾位置调控系统的研究现状,提出了风量快速调控系统和喷雾位置快速响应系统的发展方向,以期为果园变量喷雾技术与装备研究提供参考。

3WZ-700型自走式果园风送定向喷雾机

针对现代果园低矮密植的种植特点,设计了3WZ-700型自走式果园风送定向喷雾机。通过理论计算和虚拟样机技术,完成整机结构设计和各关键部件技术参数的确定。设计了适应于低矮密植果园的圆环双流道风送雾化装置,确定叶轮直径0.7 m、出风口宽度0.13 m。实现风机转速0～2 000 r/min的无级变速。田间试验结果表明,树膛内部枝叶正、反面雾滴附着率分别为61.22%、20.90%;树膛外部枝叶正、反面雾滴附着率分别为77.22%、37.17%;作业效率为1.02 hm2/h。

果园自动对靶静电喷雾机设计与试验研究

为适应果园病虫害防治的需要 ,研制了一种轻便、高效、省药、能减少对环境的污染、与国产小中型拖拉机配套的果园自动对靶静电喷雾机。通过多次结构改进和各种试验 ,采用基于红外传感探测技术 ,探测靶标的有无 ,将传统的连续喷雾改变为自动对靶控制喷雾 ,与风送式果园喷雾机连续喷雾相比 ,可以节省药液 5 0 %～ 75 %以上 ,同时还解决了风送式低量与静电喷雾等关键技术问题。

果园喷雾机风速对雾滴的沉积分布影响研究

果园喷雾机利用风机产生的气流将雾滴输送至靶标 ,携带有细小雾滴的气流驱动果树叶片翻动 ,使叶面的正、反面都能着药 ,大大提高了药液在靶标上的覆盖密度和均匀度 ,可使药液的利用率达到 30 %以上。雾滴在果树上的沉积分布主要受果园风送式喷雾机风机风速的影响 ,而风机的风速主要由风量来决定。该文通过改变风机风量 ,探讨了树冠内风速的变化规律对农药在靶标上沉积量的影响 。

3WGZ-500型喷雾机对靶喷雾系统设计与试验

为了提高果园喷雾的农药利用率,减少因农药地面流失而造成的环境污染,针对果园传统连续喷雾作业时存在过量喷洒和树间无效喷雾的特点,基于3WGZ-500型风送自走式喷雾机设计了自动对靶喷雾系统。该系统采用超声波传感器测距方式探测果树（传感器量程为0.35～2 m,发射角为60°,喷药机两侧分别以15°均布5个）。根据传感器信号,控制与相应位置喷头对应的上、中、下3组管路电磁阀的开合,实现自动对靶喷雾。以5 a树龄的苹果园为试验对象,在喷雾压力0.5 MPa时,开展不同作业速度（1.3、1.7、4.5、7.2 km/h）下果树冠层的有、无对靶喷雾试验,并与传统喷雾机喷药对照,结果表明：作业速度对3WGZ-500型喷雾机有、无对靶喷雾时的农药利用率影响不大,自动对靶喷雾系统开启时的农药利用率为35.8%,比关闭时的27.6%提高了29.7%,较传统喷雾机18.7%的农药利用率提高了91.4%,可大幅减少农药用量;3WGZ-500型喷雾机在不同作业速度的农药地面流失率十分接近,有对靶时地面流失率平均13.3%,相对无对靶时的18.86%降低了42%,说明对靶喷雾系统有效降低了对生态环境的污染。

果园风送式喷雾机防治效果试验

为明确风送条件下不同农药制剂浓度对病虫害防治效果的影响,以虫口减退率和病情指数为指标,测试2种农药对梨蚜虫、梨黑斑病的田间防治效果;同时利用荧光试剂研究雾滴在冠层内的沉积分布,提出适应风送式施药的药液质量浓度范围。结果表明：果园风送喷雾机行驶速度1 m/s、风机转速1 200 r/min、单侧流量7.2 L/min工作条件下,喷施药液量为0.24 L/棵,比人工喷施减少药量33.3%。风送式喷施0.4 g/L的10%吡虫啉防治梨蚜虫,14 d后防效可以达到人工喷施0.8 g/L农药防治效果,药剂质量为0.096 g/棵,为人工施药的1/3。风送式喷雾防治效果随药液质量浓度增加而提高。风送式喷施0.75 g/L、1.0 g/L、1.5 g/L 3种质量浓度的75%百菌清防治梨黑斑病,第14天防效为46.52%、44.46%、55.63%,防效均显著优于人工喷施1.0 g/L质量浓度的农药。喷施0.75 g/L农药的药剂用量为0.18 g/棵,为人工施药时的1/2。风送式施药雾滴空间分布情况更好,可以参考人工作业减少1/3药液喷施量,同时适当增加药液质量浓度以求达到更好防效,实际喷施药剂量建议为人工作业的1/3-1/2。

果园喷雾机圆环双流道风机的设计与试验

为了解决低矮密植型果园施药机械作业范围窄、作业效率低的问题,该文设计了一种轴向进风、径向出风的圆环双流道风机,根据农艺特征,结合流体力学和施药技术,完成风机结构设计和各关键部件技术参数的确定。风机结构为R+S级型式,叶片数为9,后导轮叶片数为11。风道弯角半径为155mm,导流板弯角半径为87.55mm。对风机不同转速下的功率、风量、风速、风压、风场分布进行了测试,绘制了风机的性能曲线图。试验结果表明,该风机各项性能参数满足设计要求,效率值可以达到75%以上,风机转速在1400r/min时的最佳作业幅宽为5m。

果园多风管风送喷雾机风量调控系统设计与试验

目前国内大多数果园风送喷雾机多通过控制风机转速或出风口截面积调整风量,依据果树冠层特征实时变量调控风量的相关研究较少,针对上述问题,本文提出了一种基于果树冠层特征实时调整风量的单风机多风管旁路调风技术。分析对比了节流调风和旁路调风两方案风速调节能力和风场风速空间变化特性,旁路调风结构风速与蝶阀开度线性变化关系更明显,利于风量及风速的控制,因而选择旁路调风方案。该方案基于果树分割冠层层数设置相应数量的扇形出风口,构建了基于果树分割冠层特征的蝶阀开度模型,并依据该模型计算各出风口处蝶阀的理论开度,结合PID变量调控技术控制蝶阀实现各出风口风量实时调控进行变量喷雾。选择普通风送喷雾、自动对靶变量喷雾和变风量喷雾3种模式,以雾滴沉积量和药液飘逸损失为指标,对3种作业模式进行喷雾性能试验,试验结果表明:普通风送喷雾模式下农药飘移量及地面流失量最大;变风量喷雾表面冠层的沉积量比自动对靶风送喷雾模式提高了17.3%,变异系数降低了10.29个百分点,且果树冠层下、果树间的地面沉积量分别降低了26.1%和40.7%,飘移量相比于其他2种喷雾模式分别降低了69.9%和50.9%。

3WZ-700型果园喷雾机通过性能分析

针对现代果园低矮密植的园艺特征和果园喷雾机重心动态变化特点,通过试验和建立数学模型对大容量药箱的果园喷雾机的通过性能进行分析,得出药量与越障高度的关系曲线。在0～200 L药量区间内前轮越障由200 mm下降到84 mm;在200～400 L药量区间内前轮越障高度随药量变化缓慢,由84 mm下降到53 mm;后轮越障高度与喷雾机参数无关。实地测试表明,试验均值与理论值基本一致,喷雾机通过性能较好。