Characteristics of Breccias and C-O-Sr-S Isotope Geochemistry of the Duocaima Pb-Zn Deposit in Tuotuohe, Qinghai Province: Implications for the Ore-forming Process

The Duocaima carbonate-hosted Pb-Zn deposit is a newly found large deposit in the southern area of Qinghai Province.In this paper, the characteristics, genesis, significance to Pb-Zn mineralization of the widely developed breccias, and the ore-forming process have been carefully studied based on geological documentation of drilling holes, microscopic observations of petrography and microstructure and some stable isotope measurements.Based on the compositions of the clast and matrix, the breccias can be classified into three types： limestone clasts cemented by marl; limestone clasts with fine-grained calcareous materials; and limestone clasts cemented by hydrothermal calcite.The mineralization in the first type of breccia is weak, whereas it is strong in the latter two types of breccias.According to the locations of occurrence and structural characteristics of the breccias along with the relationship between the breccias and mineralization, part of the limestone clasts that are cemented by marl and outcrop in the contact zone between the Wudaoliang Formation（Nw） and the underlying Jiushidaoban Formation（Pj） are attributed to synsedimentary fault-genetic breccia, whereas the last of the limestone clasts that are cemented by marl and developed in the Jiushidaoban Formation（Pj） are attributed to the breccia generated by karst cave collapse; the limestone clasts with fine-grained calcareous materials and the limestone clasts cemented by hydrothermal calcite are attributed to breccia formed by hydrothermal dissolution.The breccia formed by karst collapse had consistently evolved for a long period of time, while the breccias with other origins were formed around the period of mineralization（i.e., about or slightly later than 20–16 Ma）.The breccia generated by karst cave collapse and hydrothermal dissolution are somewhat related; the formation of the breccia from karst cave collapse provided open space for the later mineralization and reaction between hydrothermal fluids and host rocks, and the subsequent strong dissolution by hydrothermal fluids transformed some of the breccia formed earlier by karst cave collapse.Meanwhile, carbonate host rocks with breccias and brecciaed mineralization can be a potential sign of Mississippi Valley Type（MVT） deposits and important indicators for regional mineral exploration.The δ13CV-PDB, δ18OVSMOW, and 87Sr/86 Sr values of hydrothermal calcite in the Duocaima deposit range from 4.3‰ to 7.1‰, 14.9‰ to 20.1‰, and 0.707494 to 0.708185, respectively; the δ13CV-PDB, δ18OV-SMOW, and 87Sr/86 Sr values of the host limestones of the Jiushidaoban Formation range from 3.6‰ to 5.3‰, 18.0‰ to 20.5‰, and 0.707372 to 0.707945, respectively.The δ13CV-PDB and 87Sr/86 Sr values of hydrothermal calcite and limestone are similar, indicating single sources of C and Sr in this deposit, with the likely source being the limestone of the Jiushidaoban Formation.The minor scattering of the δ18OV-SMOW values suggests that different O isotope fluids underwent the isotope exchange reaction.The C-O-Sr isotope characteristics indicate that the host limestones experienced a dissolution and precipitation process during mineralization, which is beneficial to improving the porosity of host rocks and promoting the precipitation of metal sulfides.The δ34SV-CDT value of the breccia-type mineralization sulfides ranges from-30.4‰ to-0.3‰; that is, the δ34SV-CDT value is negative with considerable variation, illustrating that during the breccia-type mineralization process, the bacteriogenic reduction of sulfates provided the vast majority of sulfur, whereas the thermochemical reduction of sulfates was relatively unimportant.The brecciation that occurred as a result of karst cave collapse was mainly generated by the dissolution of groundwater; however, the brecciation related to hydrothermal dissolution and mineralization processes were caused by mixing of different fluids.

Ore-bearing Formations and Mineral Resource Prospects of the Peripheral Areas of the Tarim Block

The tectonic development of the Tarim block has experienced four stages, i. e. Earth's core accretion and block formation in the Precambrian, margin splitting, opening-closing and piecing up in the Early Palaeozoic, rift formation and plate unification in the Late Palaeozoic, and basin-mountain coupling and landform shaping in the Meso-Cenozoic, forming six ore-bearing formations and ore deposits of various genetic types in the Tianshan Mountains, Kunlun Mountains and Altun Mountains. In the peripheral areas of Tarim there are four giant intercontinental metallogenic belts passing through, the Central Tianshan and southwestern Tianshan belts in the former USSR and the Qinling-Qilian-Kunlun and Palaeo-Tethys belts in China. According to the macro-analysis on the nearly one thousand known deposits (occurrences) and geophysical-geochemical anomalies, and the information from reconnaissance in some areas, the region has very good prospects for mineral resources. Some of the metallogenic belts may well become the reserve bases for exploration of mineral resources in China.

Ore-Bearing Formations of the Precambrian in South China and Their Prospects

In the Precambrian System of the Yangtze and Cathaysian plates six ore-bearing formations can be identified: the Cu-Pb-Zn-bearing formations in volcanic rocks of marine facies of the Neoarchean-Paleoproterozoic, Cu-Au-bearing formations and Pb-Zn-bearing formations in volcanic rocks of marine facies of the Mesoproterozoic, Pb-Zn-bearing formations in volcaniclastic rock and carbonate rock of the Neoproterozoic, Fe-Mn-bearing formations in the volcaniclastic rock of the Neoproterozoic, and Ni-Cr-serpentine-bearing formations in ophiolite and ultrabasic rock of the Meso- and Neoproterozoic. They were mostly formed in the marginal rift valleys of the Yangtze and Cathaysian plates, where occur stratabound and stratiform ore deposits, thermal deposits and porphyry polymetallic deposits. The six regions with ore-bearing formations have good prospects for ore deposits.

New Zircon U-Pb Age of the Ore-bearing Porphyry from the Kuga Copper Deposit in the Eastern Bangongco–Nujiang Matallogenic Belt, Tibet

Objective As the third most important copper polymetallic metallogenic belt in Tibet, the Bangongco-Nujiang metallogenic belt （BNMB） has attracted much attention among geoscientists all over the world （Lin Bin et al., 2017a）. There are two ore clusters in the westem of BNMB, the Duolong giant porphyry-epitherrnal Cu （Au, Ag） ore cluster and the Ga＇erqiong-Galalelarge porphyry- skarn Cu （Au） ore cluster （Lin Bin et al., 2017a; 2017b）. Now, the latest exploration advances show that the Kuga project is the first economic porphyry-skam copper deposit in the eastern of BNMB, with over 0.4 Mt melt copper （333＋334） @ 0.9%. However, the Kuga deposit is poorly studied about its diagenetic age. In this study, we present a zircon U-Pb LA-ICP-MS dating of ore-bearing biotite granite, in order to identify the time of the ore- related magmatism and reveal the relationship with the westem of BNMB.

Geochronology and geochemistry of the ore-bearing intrusion in the Longgen Lead-Zinc deposit in Tibet and its geological significance

1 Introduction The Longgen Lead-Zinc deposit is located in the southern Gangdise-Nyainqentantanglha plate and belongs to the western section of the Nyainqentantanglha copper-lead-zinc-silver metallogenic belt.In this paper,

GEOTECTONIC BACKGROUND OF PYROPHYLLITE MINERALIZATION AND ORE-BEARING VOLCANIC FORMATION IN SOUTHEASTERN COASTAL AREAS,CHINA

GEOTECTONIC BACKGROUND OF PYROPHYLLITE MINERALIZATIONAND ORE-BEARING VOLCANICFORMATION IN SOUTHEASTERNCOASTAL AREAS, CHINAWang Ling(Changsha Institute of Geotectonics, Academia Sinica, Changsha, 410013, Hunan, China)Liu Dongshen (Geologic Institute, National Construction Material Industry Bureau, 100010, Beijing, China)pyrophyllite, Diwa structure, nonmetallic metailogeny, ore-bearing forma-tion , the Sountheastern Coastal Areas, ChinaThe volcanic gas-liguid type of pyrophyllite deposits in the SoutheasternCoastal areas, China are the product of tectono-magama-volcanism in Diwa regions. The pyro-phyllite ore-bearing volcanic formation were formed in the maximum-mobility period of Diwa, which are mainly the Late Jurassic strata and are secondly the Early Cretaceous volcanic-sedi-mentary rock series strata. The lithology of the host rock is mainly rhyolitic crystal-vitric tuff, and the chemical composition is characterized by high silicon rich alumium and low iron, be-longing to the

Tellurium-Gold Mineralization Related to Cryptoexplosive Breccias within Volcanic Pipe in Zhuojiazhuang Gold Deposit,Shandong Province, China

Zhuojiazhuang gold deposit (ZGD) is the most enriched breccia pipe type gold deposit in East China, resulted from cryptoexplosion related to alkalinic magmatism and orebearing fluid filling. The ZGD is a small-sized mine with over 5 tons of gold reserves and grade of 156g/t in average and the highest 2 728 g/t as known. In addition, tellurium and silver are also valuable.The mineralized breccia pipe is cylinder-like in shape with 15 m long and 10 m wide and controlled by intersection ofNW and EW trend faults. Mining level has reached 170 m below the surface, but the whole pipe mineralization is still stable. Mineralization commonly occurs within the cements of breccias. Gold ores consist of hydrothermal breccia ore, shatteredbreccia ore and cataclastic ore. From the center of the ore body outwards, there is the transition from hydrothermal breccia toshattered breccia and then to cataclastic ores. According to composition and amount of the cements, the hydrothermal brecciaores can further be divided into three subtypes: sulfides cemented, hydrothermal mineral cemented and magma cemented.The content of gold is closely related to the types of the cements. The grade of the sulfide cemented breccia is the highestone, usually more than 1 000 g/t, and the known maximum grade is 2 728 g/t. The composition of the shattered breccia ismainly dioritic porphyrite and cemented by hydrothermal minerals, the grade ranges from ten to several tens g/t. The catsclastic ores are mainly composed of dioritic porphyrite, syenitic porphyry, as well as carbonate with mineralized veins, and the grade is only 35 g/t.Major ore minerals consist of pyrite, native tellurium, sphalerite, with minor calaverite, galena and altaite. Gangueminerals are composed of microcrystalline quartz, decktite and fluorite, with minor sericite and calcite. Brecciated and disseminited structures are main structures of ores. Four ore-forming stages are defined: microcrystalline quartz-pyrite stage,microcrystalline quartz-polymetal sulfides stage, quartz-adular stage and dickite stage. Wall rock alteration is characterized bysilicification, sericitization, adularization and fluoritization.The enrichment of tellurium may indicate that the ore-forming fluid was of a deep origin from upper mantle or lower crust. Mineral assemblage of microcrystalline quartz, fluorite, adularia and dickite suggest a relatively low-temperature forming condition. An extensive suite of elements, including Au, Ag, Te, Hg, Sb, As, Mo, F, Zn, and Tl, is significantly enriched in mineralized rocks. They can be geochemical indicators for exploration in the study area.Comprehensive studies show that the Zhuojiazhuang gold deposit is a type of sericite-adular gold deposit, belongs to epithermal gold deposits, or can be classified into alkali gold deposit series.

准噶尔盆地红车断裂带石炭系重新认识及油气成藏特征

准噶尔盆地红车断裂带石炭系岩性、内幕结构及接触关系复杂,为建立其地层层序,以野外露头建立的石炭系地层系统为基础,通过岩性、电性和地震属性精细地层标定,依据岩性组合特征、地震波组特征和地层接触关系进行综合分析,将西北缘后山石炭系地层系统引入盆内进行井下地层对比,建立石炭系层序剖面并开展精细地层划分与对比,在石炭系地层格架基础上开展优势岩相分析。结果表明:(1)准噶尔盆地盆内井下钻揭地层为上石炭统,由新到老依次为阿腊德依克赛组、哈拉阿拉特组和成吉思汗山组,整体向西超覆抬升,呈现“东西分带、南北分块”构造格局。(2)成吉思汗山组主要发育爆发相火山角砾岩,受推覆作用影响,阿腊德依克赛组和哈拉阿拉特组超覆尖灭,南部爆发相剥蚀减少,主体发育火山沉积相和碎屑岩沉积相。(3)主要含油层为成吉思汗山组和哈拉阿拉特组,南部火山角砾岩及局部安山玄武岩为油气有利指向区。

贵州省天柱县大河边地区寒武系乌训组滑塌建造的物源及其意义

沉积岩中普遍发育滑塌滑移建造。贵州天柱大河边地区寒武系第二统乌训组即普遍发育滑塌滑移建造,通过地质调查分析,可见滑塌滑移角砾岩建造、瘤状灰岩建造、散布于炭质粘土岩中的“钙质结核”和灰岩中的泥岩脉,以及一系列滑移褶皱褶曲等软沉积物变形构造等类型。根据滑塌滑移角砾岩建造中的鲕粒灰岩角砾和乌训组沉积建造处于大陆斜坡环境的古地理背景分析,滑塌滑移角砾岩建造中的鲕粒灰岩角砾应来源于乌训组北西侧处于台地边缘相的清虚洞组,结合灰岩中的泥岩脉即典型震积泥岩脉现象,综合认为,乌训组普遍发育的各种类型滑塌滑移角砾岩建造和其它变形建造,系地震营力及其导致的滑塌滑移事件作用的结果。

液压成因含矿构造主要特征——以华南热液钨矿和铀矿为例

液压致裂是整个地壳−岩石圈范围内一种重要的变形破裂方式,也是一些热液矿床的重要含矿构造。通过分析液压致裂构造的形成机制和液压成因含矿构造的类型(液压致裂型和液压撑开型),以华南地区典型热液钨、铀矿为例,基于野外精细调查,明确了包括石门寺钨矿、行洛坑钨矿和邹家山铀矿等的液压成因含矿构造的基本特征。新生性液压致裂含矿构造的主要特征表现为形态复杂(有弧形、分叉树枝形、放射状、菊花形和蟹腿状等)、规模较小、宏观力学性质以张性破裂为主、走向和倾向多变、方向性不明显、仅局部区域发育优势方位、常伴生有热液隐爆角砾岩;因此,可以从弧形分叉或不规则形态、总体较小规模、产状多向性、分布不均匀性和伴生热液隐爆角砾岩这5个标志来识别液压致裂含矿构造。对比分析液压致裂含矿构造与应力致裂含矿构造的差异认为,液压致裂含矿构造发育比较局限,而液压撑开型含矿构造相对普遍,热液蚀变分带与该含矿构造是液压致裂还是应力致裂无明显相关性;压性成因构造在成矿期表现出的张性力学性质有些是成矿流体超压作用的结果,而并非区域构造应力场的改变;液压致裂导致的断裂末端的扩展破裂与成矿流体的耦合作用为成矿末端效应的构造控制机制。

云南开远市吉德金矿地质特征及成矿模式

吉德金矿矿体主要呈似层状、透镜状产于峨眉山玄武岩与下伏灰岩岩溶不整合面、玄武质火山碎屑岩夹层及次级构造破碎带中,有红土型和岩溶角砾岩型两种类型,金以微粒自然金为主,目前矿床规模较小、地质研究程度较低。通过总结成矿规律、构建成矿模式,对矿区及外围寻找红土型和岩溶角砾岩型金矿具有指导作用。

广西水汶盆地晚白垩世火山角砾岩锆石U-Pb年代学及其地质意义

利用锆石U-Pb年代学和岩相学对广西水汶盆地上白垩统西垌组下段火山角砾岩的形成时代、锆石特征和角砾来源进行了研究,并探讨了它们的地质意义。该火山角砾岩主要由大量砂岩和变质砂岩角砾、浆屑、玻璃质和细小长英质矿物组成。锆石U-Pb定年结果主要集中在418~469 Ma,较年轻的为107、104和90 Ma;锆石Th/U值均大于0.1,且稀土元素球粒陨石标准化配分模式具有明显的Ce正异常和Eu负异常,表明其为岩浆成因锆石。锆石形态研究显示,年龄老的锆石磨圆度较好,环带不清晰;年龄新的锆石磨圆度较差,环带较发育。区域地质资料显示,原来划分为新元古界的变质砂岩获得的碎屑锆石U-Pb年龄为393~456 Ma。因此,本文认为上白垩统西垌组下段火山角砾岩中418~469 Ma的年龄不是该火山角砾岩的成岩年龄,该年龄段的锆石可能来自早白垩世砂岩角砾,也可能来自曾被认为是新元古界的变质砂岩角砾。90 Ma的锆石年龄代表了上白垩统西垌组下段火山角砾岩形成之前,深部岩浆喷发活动的年龄,该岩浆活动时限比上段的石英斑岩早约7 Ma。

鲁西归来庄金矿断裂构造控矿规律研究

鲁西地区位于华北克拉通中部,晚中生代受到强烈的克拉通破坏-金成矿作用影响,归来庄金矿是该区内产出最大的低温热液构造-隐爆角砾岩型金矿床。笔者对归来庄金矿主控矿断裂F1的空间变化,从不同标高、不同勘探线统计其走向和倾向上控矿的规律、F1断面产状变化规律、断裂-隐爆角砾岩体中角砾大小和形态的变化规律,对成矿期的构造应力场及其控矿作用展开剖析,查明了成矿期该断裂受左行张剪性应力作用,南部上盘向东下方滑落,北部下盘向西上方移动,具有陡倾面受张开启,缓倾面受压闭合的特点;沿F1断裂的NE上方-SW下方,矿体和蚀变带由浅入深、由陡而缓,角砾粒径逐渐变大,金含量逐渐下降。

西藏拿若铜(金)矿床隐爆角砾岩对成矿时代的约束

【研究目的】拿若矿床是多龙矿集区4个超大型矿床之一,由斑岩型和角砾岩型矿体组成。斑岩型矿体研究资料丰富,角砾岩矿体研究程度较浅,隐爆作用与成矿作用的时代关系还缺乏详细的研究。隐爆角砾岩整体呈筒状产出,角砾成分为长石石英砂岩和花岗闪长斑岩,胶结物成分主要为岩粉。【研究方法】本次研究旨在通过年代学证据探讨隐爆角砾岩形成与成矿的时代关系。【研究结果】锆石矿物学显示花岗闪长斑岩(NR1)锆石边部发生溶蚀边,震荡环带减弱,未彻底重结晶;胶结物(NR2)锆石结晶较好,震荡环带清晰。两种样品的锆石微量元素特征显示,两期岩浆源区均为陆壳环境;稀土配分曲线均较陡,富集重稀土,亏损轻稀土;具有显著的正Ce异常和负Eu异常。LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb定年结果显示,花岗闪长斑岩的锆石206Pb/238U年龄为117.3~125.4 Ma,加权平均年龄为(120.8±1.4)Ma,成岩时间在120.8 Ma左右;胶结物的锆石206Pb/238U年龄为113.5~119.9 Ma,加权平均年龄为(116.4±1.2)Ma,隐爆时代在116.4 Ma左右。【结论】拿若矿床共发生两期成岩作用,分别为~120 Ma和~117Ma。拿若矿床成矿作用发生在116~117 Ma,而非~120 Ma。根据年代学证据认为,成矿作用和隐爆作用受同期岩浆作用控制,隐爆作用在前而成矿作用在后,岩浆演化在时间和空间上存在差异。

安徽淮南舜耕山奥陶系古溶洞发育特征及成因

古溶洞对隐伏地区岩溶地下水储存与运移至关重要,查明其形态及内部结构特征对于认识隐伏煤田岩溶形成过程及矿山岩溶水害防治具有一定的指导意义。近年来,通过对华北板块南缘安徽淮南舜耕山地区奥陶系岩溶野外露头详细的地质勘查,在奥陶系发现1处典型古溶洞。采用野外观测、显微鉴定、古水文和古构造等方法,对古溶洞几何形态特征、内部结构进行系统分析,该溶洞发育于奥陶系古溶洞沿马家沟组和萧县组的沉积层面间,洞体形态宽窄不一,西侧较宽、东侧较窄,最大层间高度达9.8 m,洞体长度为125 m。洞顶面保留古水流冲刷溶蚀痕迹,洞体内存在多处因重力作用垮落坍塌充填物,按其成因,可分为碎屑垮落充填、化学充填以及混合充填等,充填岩屑以灰岩、白云岩类为主,其矿物成分为方解石、白云石、隐晶硅质等。结合区域地质构造演化史,古溶洞形成于加里东运动抬升阶段,经过了裂隙发育、层面岩溶形成、层面间溶洞生长以及崩塌跨落充填压实4个阶段,主要受层面裂隙、侵蚀流体以及岩溶垂向分带控制。研究成果可为淮南煤田乃至华北煤田古岩溶突水防治提供有益参考。

Triaxial mechanical properties and precursors of instability damage in rocks with different laminar dip angles

To investigate the mechanical failure characteristics of volcanic breccia with different bedding dip angles in deep layers,triaxial compression experiments were conducted on specimens taken from volcanic rock layers in the Junggar Basin,Xinjiang.By changing the confining pressure,we compared the mechanical properties,acoustic emission characteristics,and fractal features of the acoustic emission sequence for volcanic breccia with different bedding dip angles.The research results indicate that as the bedding dip angle increases,peak strength,internal friction angle,and cohesion exhibit a“U-shaped”variation pattern.The correlation dimension of the acoustic emission amplitude was calculated using the G-P algorithm,revealing that volcanic breccia exhibits fractal characteristics.Furthermore,a positive correlation between the correlation dimension and the bedding dip angle was observed.When the stress of the test specimen reaches 0.8σ_(c),there is a significant decrease in the fractal dimension,serving as a criterion for predicting the failure of the specimen.By analyzing the changes in fractal dimension at different stress levels,the slope of the fractal dimension△D<-0.5 can be used as a precursor to failure for test specimens with a bedding dip angle of 15°≤β≤45°.Similarly,when the bedding dip angle of the specimen is 0°≤β<15°or 45°<β≤90°,△D<0 can be considered as a precursor to specimen failure.This study provides theoretical references for understanding the failure patterns of volcanic rock.

Geology, Geochemistry and Origin of the Hongshan Porphyry-Cryptoexplosive Breccia Type Copper Deposit in Huichang County, Jiangxi Prvince

The Hongshan porphyry-cryptoexplosive breccia type copper deposit occurs in a metamorphic rock series of the Mesoproterozoic Zhongcun Group. Orebodies are distributed inside and outside porphyry-cryptoexplosive breccia pipes. The deposit involves five ore-forming types, i.e the porphyry type, cryptoexplosive breccia type, contact-zone veinlet-disseminated type, in-pipe fracture-zone filling-replacement type and out-of-pipe fracture-zone filling-replacement type, forming an ore-forming system of “five ore-forming types within a single rock body”. Fluid inclusion and isotope geochemical studies indicate the following: S, Pb, O and Sr were derived from the lower crust, Nd was derived from the continental crust or depleted mantle and rare earth elements (REE) and trace elements have the crustal source characters; fluids consist dominantly of formation water, metamorphic water and ***meteoric water with a part of magmatic mater, heat came from porphyry while the latter originated from partial melting caused by shear heating in the lower crust and upper mantle. According to its origin the deposit is classified as the hypabyssal and near-surface, meso- and hypothermal copper deposit associated with the late Yanshanian porphyry-cryptoexplosive breccia.

Fluidization: An Important Process in the Formation of the Qiyugou Au-bearing Breccia Pipes in Central China

Fluidization processes based on experiments are reviewed to gain some useful insights and comparisons with those that occur in hydrothermal systems. Field and petrographic work, and microscope observation were carried out on samples from the Qiyugou Au-bearing breccia pipes from the East Qinling region, Henan Province. Evidence from macro- and micro-textures suggests that the style of breccias in the Qiyugou area can be grouped into three types： （1） jigsaw fit-stockwork texture, in which the interval between clasts is marked by fractures or filled with calcite or quartz veins; （2） larger breccias that are supported by smaller breccias, rock flour and alteration materials; in this type clasts moved over short distances, creating open spaces; （3） fluidized texture, where the clasts of different lithologies have rounded shapes. These observations are compared with those resulting from experiments on fluidization processes. The results of this comparison suggest that fluidization is an important geological process in the formation of the Qiyugou Au-bearing breccia pipes and gold mineralization. In addition, fluidization processes such as expansion, bubbling, slugging, channeling and spouting must have contributed to the formation of the pipes and were conducive to the development of gold mineralization. In the Qiyugou breccia pipes, gold mineralization occurs as disseminations, in stockwork veins, and open space infills. The ore zones form subparallel sheets that are nearly perpendicular to the walls of the pipes.

Adsorption difference of Pb^(2+) and Zn^(2+) in sandstone and breccia

The adsorption difference of Pb^2_+ and Zn^2+ in sandstone andbreccia of Pb-Zn Mine of Yunnan Province was studied by using moderninstrument analysis method and fractal geometry theory. The resultsshow that the adsorption capacity (Q) of Pb^2+ in this two rocks isbigger than that of Zn^2_+, and Q in various initial concentrationsolutions obeys Freundlich experiential formula. The value of 1/n onthe adsorption PB^2+ and Zn^2+ and Zn^2+ in sandstone hardly has anydifference, But the value of k differs observably.