Potential of weed species applied to remediation of soils contaminated with heavy metals

To screen out a series of ideal plants that can effectively remedy contaminated soils by heavy metals is the main groundwork of phytoremediation engineering and the first step of its commercial application on a large scale. In this study, accumulation and endurance of 45 weed species in 16 families from an agricultural site were in situ examined by using the pot-culture field experiment, and the remediation potential of some weed species with high accumulation of heavy metals was assayed. The results showed that Solanum nigrum and Conyza canadensis can not only accumulate high concentration of Cd, but also strongly endure to single Cd and Cd-Pb-Cu-Zn combined pollution. Thus 2 weed species can be regarded as good hyperaccumulators for the remediation of Cd-contaminated soils. Although there were high Cd-accumulation in Artemigia selengensis, Znula britannica and Cephalanoplos setosum, their biomass was adversely affected due to action of heavy metals in the soils. If the problem of low endurance to heavy metals can be solved by a reinforcer, 3 weed species can be perhaps applied commercially.

REE Geochemistry of Sulfides from the Huize Zn-Pb Ore Field, Yunnan Province: Implication for the Sources of Ore-forming Metals

REE abundances in sulfides from the Huize Zn-Pb ore field were determined with the ICPMS after preconcentration. The REE abundances in 26 sulfide samples （including pyrite, galena and sphalerite） are very low, with the ~REE ranging from 1.6×10^-9 to 166.8×10^-9. Their LREE/HREE ratios range from 7.6 to 98, showing LREE enrichment relatively. The JEu values are below 1, indicating that they were deposited from an Eu-depleted and reducing fluid-system. Similar to the ore-hosting carbonate strata, calcite separates from carbonate veinlets filling in the fractures or faults crosscutting the carbonate strata also show clear Eu-depletion. This indicates that the carbonate veinlets and their parent fluid was possibly sourced from the strata and inherited the REE geochemical features of the strata. Therefore, REE-geochemical characteristics of both the sulfides and calcites, which were deposited from an ore-forming hydrothermal system, are similar to those of carbonate strata, and strongly suggest that the ore metals were mainly sourced from carbonate strata.

Effect of metallic phase species on the corrosion resistance of 17M/(10NiO-NiFe_2O_4) cermet inert anode of aluminum electrolysis

NiFe2O4-based cermet inert anodes with metallic phase compositions of Cu, Ni and 85Cu15Ni were prepared by cold pressing-sintering. Their corrosion resistance was also investigated in Na3AlF6-Al2O3 melts. The results show that the metallic phase species in cermets have no effect on the concentration of impurities in bath during electrolysis, the total steady-state concentration of impurities is almost the same, i.e. between 4.12×10 -4 4.80×10 -4 . There exists metal preferential corrosion for the cermet inert anode with metal Ni as metallic phase. For NiFe2O4-based cermets, the cermet with metal Cu as metallic phase exhibits better corrosion resistance than the others.

A New Type of Strong Metal-Support Interaction Caused by Antimony Species

Interactions between metals and supports are of fundamental interest in heterogeneous catalysis, Noble metal particles supported on transition metal oxides (TMO) may undergo a so-called strong metal-support interaction via encapsulation. This perspective addresses catalytic properties of the metal catalysts in the SMSI state which can be explained on the basis of complementary studies. The electronic geometric and bifunctional effects originating from strong metal-support interactions (SMSI) that are responsible for the catalyst’s activity, selectivity, and stability are key factors that determine performance. A series of Pd-Sb supported on different metal oxide (i.e. SiO2, γ-Al2O3, TiO2, and ZrO2) were prepared by the impregnation method. The catalysts were characterized by N2 adsorption (BET-SA and pore size distribution), TEM (transmission electron microscope), TPR (temperature-programmed reduction), CO-chemisorption, the structural characterization of Pd (dispersity, surface area), interaction between Pd and Sb2O3 and also the influence of the nature of the support were investigated. SiO2 supported Pd catalyst exhibited the highest surface area (192.6 m2/g) and pore volume (0.542 cm3/g) compared to the other supported oxides catalysts. The electron micrographs of these catalysts showed a narrow size particle distribution of Pd, but with varying sizes which in the range from 1 to 10 nm, depending on the type of support used. The results show almost completely suppressed of CO chemisorption when the catalysts were subjected to high temperature reduction (HTR), this suppression was overcome by oxidation of a reduced Pd/MeOx catalysts followed by re-reduction in hydrogen at 453 K low temperature reduction (LTR), almost completely restored the normal chemisorptive properties of the catalysts, this suppression was attributed by SbOx species by a typical SMSI effect as known for other reducible supports such as TiO2, ZrO2, CeO2, and Nb2O5.

The level and bioaccumulation of Cd, Cu, Cr and Zn in benthopelagic species from the Bering Sea

The Bering Sea is an area of high biological productivity, with large populations of sea-birds, demersal and pelagic fishes, so it seemed desirable to assess the bioaccumulation of trace metals in the marine organisms from this area. However, few data on trace metal concentrations are available for the benthopelagic organisms from the Bering Sea till now. Ten specimens of benthos （including 120 biological samples） were collected in the western Bering Sea in August 2008 during the 3rd Chinese National Arctic Research Expeditions, and the concentration of Cd, Cu, Cr and Zn determined using atomic absorption spectrometry. Zn, Cr and Cd concentrations in muscle tissues of the crab species were much higher than those from fish and cephalopod species, and the highest concentration of Cu was observed in the muscle tissues of Cylichna nucleoli. The results showed a similar hierarchy for Zn, Cr, Cd and Cu concentrations among different tissues as follows： hepatopancreas〉muscle tissue〉gonad. Bioconcentration factors indicated that benthic organisms had high accumulation abilities for Zn and Cu.

Mykert-Sanzheevka Field of Polycomponent Ores (Pb, Zn, Ag, Au, PGE): Geologic-Substance Characteristics and Formation Features of Ore-Forming System

The new results of geologic-structural, petrographic and mineralogic-geochemical researches of Mykert-Sanzheevka ore field—the Uda-Vitim mineragenic zone South-West ending of West Transbaikalia are given. Its main ore-controlling structure, represented by losange, consisting of rhombohedral and tetrahedral blocks-duplexes mosaic clusters, which are separated by narrow tectonic sutures, is specified. It is clarified that polycomponent ores clusters are confined with these small-block sutures, made by subvolcanic dykes of shoshonite-latite volcano-plutonic association (233 - 188 million years), apodyke dynamometamorphites (breccias, cataclasite, mylonites) and also mechanometasomatites. Four stages of the dynamometamorphites formation characterized by different species compositions of ore minerals appeared as a result of mechanochemical reactions are determined. A carbonyl model of mineral microaggregates formation with films containing noble metal nanoparticles is proposed. Ore-forming system features of Mykert-Sanzheevka field are considered.

Species- and tissue-specific mercury bioaccumulation in five fish species from Laizhou Bay in the Bohai Sea of China

Mercury (Hg) concentrations in the tissues (muscle, stomach, liver, gills, skin, and gonads) of five fish species (mullet Liza haematocheilus, flathead fish Platycephalus indicus, sea bass Lateolabrax japonicus, mackerel Scomberomorus niphonius and silver pomfret Pampus argenteus) collected from Laizhou Bay in the Bohai Sea of China were investigated. The results indicate that Hg bioaccumulation in the five fish was tissue- specific, with the highest levels in the muscle and liver, followed by the stomach and gonads. The lowest levels were found in the gills and skin. Fish at higher trophic levels (flathead fish and sea bass) exhibited higher Hg concentrations than consumers at lower trophic levels. Mercury bioaccumulation tended to be positively correlated with fish length in mullet, silver pomfret, mackerel, and flathead fish, but was negatively correlated with fish length in sea bass. The Hg concentrations in the muscles of all fish species in Laizhou Bay were within the permissible limits of food safety set by national and international criteria. However, the suggesting maximum consumption of sea bass is 263g per week for human health.

Species Transformation of Trace Elements and Their Distribution Prediction in Dyestuff Residue Incineration

The release of heavy metals from the combustion of hazardous wastes is an environmental issue of in-creasing concern.The species transformation characteristics of toxic heavy metals and their distribution are consid-ered to be a complex problem of mechanism.The behavior of hazardous dyestuff residue is investigated in a tubular furnace under the general condition of hazardous waste pyrolysis and gasfication.Data interpretation has been aided by parallel theoretical study based on a thermodynamic equilibrium model based on the principle of Gibbs free en-ergy minimization.The results show that Ni,Zn,Mn,and Cr are more enriched in dyestuff residue incineration than other heavy metals(Hg,As,and Se)subjected to volatilization.The thermodynamic model calculation is used for explaining the experiment data at 800℃ and analyzing species transformation of heavy metals.These results of species transformation are used to predict the distribution and emission characteristics of trace elements.Although most trace element predictions are validated by the measurements,cautions are in order due to the complexity of incineration systems.

绿洲城市交通干道绿化树种重金属富集特征及风险评价

选取张掖市交通道路绿地(试验区)和润泉湖公园绿地(对照区)中6种常见绿化树种为研究对象,运用电感耦合等离子体法(ICP)测定了绿化树种根、皮、叶重金属(Cr、Cd、Pb、Cu、Zn)含量,分析了绿化树种不同组织之间的重金属含量、富集系数(BCF)、转运系数(TF)、Muller地累积指数(Igeo)和富集因子(EF),结果表明:(1)不同绿化树种的重金属含量表现为Zn>Cr>Cu>Pb>Cd,Cr、Cu含量表现为树皮>树根>树叶,Zn含量表现为树皮>树叶>树根,Cd含量表现为树根>树皮>树叶。(2)青海云杉树根对Cd、树皮对Cr、Zn,白蜡树皮对Cu具有较强的富集能力。榆叶梅树叶和树皮对Cr、樟子松树叶和树皮对Zn的转运能力最强,绿化树种树皮对重金属的转运能力强于树叶。(3)交通道路旁表层土壤Cd属偏中度污染,且Cr超过了建设用地土壤污染风险筛选值和管控值。(4)Zn主要来源于人类活动,Pb、Cu的来源受到一定交通活动的影响。青海云杉、白蜡、榆叶梅可作为张掖市道路土壤重金属污染防治的首选绿化树种。

金属负载量对CuO/NiO-CeO_(2)催化CO-Prox性能的影响

为深度去除富氢气中的CO,制备CO-Prox催化性能较好的催化剂是目前的研究热点。采用分步浸渍法制备了CuO/NiO-CeO_(2)催化剂,通过XRD、BET、H_(2)-TPR、HR-TEM等手段对催化剂进行表征,探究了金属Cu+Ni的负载量(金属负载量)对催化剂结构、还原性能及其CO-Prox性能的影响。结果表明,CuO/NiO-CeO_(2)催化剂中均形成了Cu/Ni-O-Ce固溶体;催化活性主要与高度分散在载体表面的Cu物种和固溶体的浓度有关;当金属负载量为8%时,高度分散在载体表面的Cu物种和固溶体的浓度较高,催化剂表现出较好的催化活性;在CO/H_(2)/CO_(2)/O_(2)/Ar气氛下、反应温度为130℃、氧过量系数为1.2、质量空速为20266 mL/(g·h)的条件下,CO转化率为95.9%,CO氧化选择性为86.3%。

居住区内植物叶面尘中重金属累积特征

选取城区居住区内大叶女贞等7种绿化树种叶片为研究材料,测定其单位叶面积滞尘量、叶面尘中和叶内重金属含量,并分析两者的相关性,研究不同绿化树种对大气粉尘中各重金属的吸附滞留能力。结果表明,单位叶面积滞尘量大小表现为海桐(2.50 g/m^(2))>金森女贞(2.26 g/m^(2))>桂花(2.01 g/m^(2))>大叶女贞(1.50 g/m^(2))>广玉兰(1.20 g/m^(2))>香樟(1.11 g/m^(2))>大叶黄杨(0.97 g/m^(2))。叶片中重金属含量高低排序为Mn(49.026 mg/kg)>Cr(5.308 mg/kg)>Cu(5.138 mg/kg)>Ni(2.436 mg/kg)>Pb(1.986 mg/kg)>As(0.359 mg/kg)>Cd(0.063 mg/kg)。叶面尘中Cr-Ni、Cr-Cu、Mn-Ni、Mn-Cu、Mn-Cd、Ni-Cu、As-Pb以及叶内Cr-Ni、Mn-Cu、Cu-Cd之间均存在明显相关性(P<0.01);叶面尘中Cr-Mn、Cr-As、Ni-As、Cu-Cd以及叶内Cr-Cd、Cu-As存在相关关系(P<0.05)。海桐对大气粉尘的滞尘能力和吸附大气重金属能力较强,可作为城市绿化优选树种。

Insights into reactive oxygen species formation induced by water-soluble organic compounds and transition metals using spectroscopic method

Ambient particulate matter(PM)can cause adverse health effects via their ability to produce Reactive Oxygen Species(ROS).Water-Soluble Organic Compounds(WSOCs),a complex mixture of organic compounds which usually coexist with Transition Metals(TMs)in PM,have been found to contribute to ROS formation.However,the interaction between WSOCs and TMs and its effect on ROS generation are still unknown.In this study,we examined the ROS concentrations of V,Zn,Suwannee River Fulvic Acid(SRFA),Suwannee River Humic Acid(SRHA)and the mixtures of V/Zn and SRFA/SRHA by using a cell-free 2’,7’-Dichlorodihydrofluorescein(DCFH)assay.The results showed that V or Zn synergistically promoted ROS generated by SRFA,but had an antagonistic effect on ROS generated by SRHA.Fluorescence quenching experiments indicated that V and Zn were more prone to form stable complexes with aromatic humic acid-like component(C1)and fulvic acidlike component(C3)in SRFA and SRHA.Results suggested that the underlying mechanism involving the fulvic acid-like component in SRFA more tending to complex with TMs to facilitate ROS generation throughπelectron transfer.Our work showed that the complexing ability and complexing stability of atmospheric PM organics with metals could significantly affect ROS generation.It is recommended that the research deploying multiple analytical methods to quantify the impact of PM components on public health and environment is needed in the future.

Risk assessment of heavy metals in soils and vegetables around nonferrous metals mining and smelting sites,Baiyin,China

A field survey was conducted to investigate the metal and arsenic contamination in soils and vegetables on four villages （Shuichuan （SCH）, Beiwan （BWA）, Dongwan （DWA） and Wufe （WFE）） located along, Baiyin, China, and to evaluate the possible health risks to local population through foodchain. Results show that the most significantly contaminated soils occurred upstream at SCH where Cd, Cu and As concentrations exceeded maximum allowable concentrations for Chinese agricultural soil. Further downstream the degree of contamination semi-systematically decreased in concentrations of metal. Generally, the leafy vegetables were more heavily contaminated than non-leafy vegetables. Chinese cabbage is the most severely contaminated, the concentrations of Cd exceeded the maximum permit levels （0.05 mg/kg） by 4.5 times. Bio-accumulate factor also shows that an entry of Cd to food chain plants is the greatest potential. Furthermore, the estimated daily intake amounts of the considered toxic elements （Cd, Pb and Cu） from the vegetables grown at SCH and BWA and DWA have exceeded the recommended dietary allowance levels. Thus, the vegetables grown in three villages above, which affected by Baiyin mining and smelting have a health hazard for human consumption.

An experimental study on metal precipitation driven by fluid mixing: implications for genesis of carbonate-hosted lead–zinc ore deposits

A type of carbonate-hosted lead–zinc(Pb–Zn)ore deposits, known as Mississippi Valley Type(MVT)deposits, constitutes an important category of lead–zinc ore deposits. Previous studies proposed a fluid-mixing model to account for metal precipitation mechanism of the MVT ore deposits, in which fluids with metal-chloride complexes happen to mix with fluids with reduced sulfur, producing metal sulfide deposition. In this hypothesis, however, the detailed chemical kinetic process of mixing reactions, and especially the controlling factors on the metal precipitation are not yet clearly stated. In this paper, a series of mixing experiments under ambient temperature and pressure conditions were conducted to simulate the fluid mixing process, by titrating the metal-chloride solutions, doping withor without dolomite, and using NaHS solution. Experimental results, combined with the thermodynamic calculations, suggest that H_2S, rather than HS^-or S^(2-),dominated the reactions of Pb and/or Zn precipitation during the fluid mixing process, in which metal precipitation was influenced by the stability of metal complexes and the pH. Given the constant concentrations of metal and total S in fluids, the pH was a primary factor controlling the Pb and/or Zn metal precipitation. This is because neutralizing or neutralized processes for the ore-forming fluids can cause instabilities of Pb and/or Zn chloride complexes and re-distribution of sulfur species, and thus can facilitate the hydrolysis of Pb and Zn ions and precipitation of sulfides. Therefore, a weakly acidic to neutral fluid environment is most favorable for the precipitation of Pb and Zn sulfides associated with the carbonate-hosted Pb–Zn deposits.

Comprehensive Investigation and Assessment of Nutrient and Heavy Metal Contamination in the Surface Water of Coastal Bohai Sea in China

With the rapid development of industrialization and urbanization of coastal regions,eutrophication and metal pollution have caused serious environmental problems in China.To better understand the potential environmental risks associated with nutrients and heavy metals,the surface water was comprehensively investigated in the coastal Bohai Sea.A total of 150 sites were sampled from seven coastal regions,and the concentrations of nutrients(DIN and DIP)and metals(Cd,Pb,Zn,Cu,Cr,As and Hg)in the surface seawater were measured.The results showed that the DIN concentration of about 50%sites exceeded the Grade-I of Seawater Quality Standard of China.Due to high concentrations of DIN,the status of eutrophication was serious in the Bohai Bay and Shuangtaizi Estuary.According to Seawater Quality Standard of China,Pb,Zn,Hg and Cu were the main metal pollutants in the coastal Bohai Sea.There was generally low ecological risk caused by heavy metals,but certain hotspots existed near Shuangtaizi Estuary and Changxingdao Island.

Visible-Light-Active Noble-Metal Photocatalysts for Water Disinfection: A Review

The sanitary and environmental challenges posed by an ever growing economically and geographically diverse human population include the need for sustainable, inexpensive, scalable, and decentralized water treatment technologies that can supplement or replace conventional treatment methods. These challenges can be met by semiconductor photocatalysis, especially if the process is driven by visible light energy. Visible-light active (VLA) photocatalysis, as opposed to traditional energy-intensive and chemically driven disinfection methods such as ozonation, UV irradiation and chlorination, has the potential for achieving high disinfection efficiency with low energy consumption and no harmful by-products. This technology generates in-situ reactive oxygen species (ROS) such as H2O2, and?, without the need for chemicals addition. In turn, ROS are capable of penetrating cell walls and membranes of microorganisms, effectively inactivating them. Although multiple types of VLA photocatalysts have been used experimentally for disinfection of water, noble-metal-based photocatalysts have gained the most interest due to their surface plasma resonance (SPR) effect, which acts synergistically to increase the disinfection potential of the photocatalytic process. This paper is a review of the different types of noble-metal-based VLA photocatalysts used for water disinfection in different experimental settings, their synthesis procedures and disinfection mechanisms. It also discusses innovative approaches to overcome a major hurdle in photocatalysis, that is, the rapid recombination of the electron and hole pair, by including specific dopants into the structure of the photocatalyst.

Ore Forming Systems (Fe, Ti, Ni, Pb, Zn, Noble Metals) of the Transbaikalia Neoproterozoic Greenstone Belts

It is shown that the ore-forming systems (OFS) of the Vendian-Riphean Greenstone belts (GSB) in the Transbaikalia region were formed in a wide age range: from the Riphean to the Cenozoic. They are grouped into 6 metallogenic types. The noble metal type is divided into 6 metallogenic subtypes differed in time duration intervals of functioning. OFS evolution wore multistage nature inherited from the composition of the GSB primary rocks, with a tendency of the ore generating processes remobilization and regeneration (dynamometamorphism) changing over time by rejuvenation (shoshonite latite and picrobasalt magmatism, mud volcanism).

腐蚀微生物种类及腐蚀机理研究进展

目前微生物腐蚀(MIC)在工业环境中已成为普遍存在的严重问题,其是造成腐蚀损坏、设备故障和经济损失的主要原因之一.虽然部分经典的腐蚀理论能够解释一些微生物腐蚀的现象,但这些机理的片面性也逐渐暴露出来.随着对腐蚀菌种类的研究越来越多,人们对微生物腐蚀机理的认识也更加全面深入.本文重点介绍了易导致腐蚀的微生物种类及特征,如硫酸盐还原菌、硝酸盐还原菌和铁氧化菌等,并总结了微生物腐蚀机理中基于生物能学和生物电化学的最新研究进展,包括微生物胞外电子传递过程、代谢产物腐蚀和浓差电池作用等理论,为工业中厌氧及好氧条件下微生物腐蚀的诊断、预测及防治提供了理论指导.