Composite Sand Bodies Architecture of Deep-Water Turbidite Channels in the Niger Delta Basin

Deep-water turbidite channels have attracted much attention as a focused issue in petroleum exploration and development. Extensive studies have been performed on the architecture of turbidite channels, and most researches have focused on their geometric shapes, sedimentary processes and controlling factors. However, little attention has been paid to the distribution patterns, distribution laws and quantitative studies of composite sand bodies of turbidite channels. Taken one slope area of the Niger Delta Basin as an example, this study conducted a semi-quantitative to quantitative analysis on architecture of composite sand bodies of turbidite channels based on cores, well logging and seismic surveys. It is shown that turbidite channel systems can be classified as confined and unconfined channel systems. For confined channel systems, the vertical evolution process involves four stages. The sinuosity of a channel system is controlled by slope, with a negative power function relationship between them. When slope gradient reaches four degrees, the channel system is nearly straight. Based on the migration direction and migration amount of single channels within channel complexes, channel composite patterns can be divided into four classes（the lateral composite, en-echelon composite, swing composite and vertical composite） and several subclasses. Various channel composite patterns show specific distribution laws spatially. For meandering channel complexes at the middle-late evolution stage of confined channel systems, the lateral migration amongst single channels shows the features of integrity and succession. The sinuosity of single channels in the late period is greater than that in the early period, and cut-offs may occur locally when the sinuosity is larger than five degrees. This study provides a better understanding for the geological theory of deep-water sedimentary, and also improves exploitation benefits of this type of reservoirs.

Effect of Sand Body Enrichment Under the Restriction of a Tectonic Transfer Zone: A Case Study on the Pinghu Formation in the Kongqueting Region on the Pinghu Slope

Results of long-term explorations in the Kongqueting region,located in an East China Sea depression,suggest that the strong fault activity during the sedimentary period of the Pinghu formation significantly influenced the development of the sedimentary system.However,the aggregation and enrichment of the sand body under a tectonic background has become a problem that requires an immediate solution.Considering research outcomes of previous studies,this study used three-dimensional seismic and logging data to identify Y-or H-type and the en echelon distribution patterns of the fault plane,as well as identify the locations wherein the fault growth index value is greater than 1 in the study region,indicating the tectonic background of the fault transfer zone in the region.Second,the development type of the fault transfer zone was studied,and the sand body enrichment site was identified based on seismic inversion data and the development position of the fault transfer point.This helps clarify the evolution of sedimentary facies of the Pinghu formation combined with the sedimentary environment of the braided-river delta.Finally,after summarizing the coupling relationship between the synsedimentary fault systems and the sand body enrichment patterns,three sand-control models were determined,namely,the flexural-parallel,the en echelon collinear,and the torsional-reformed superimposed transfer zones.The findings of this study lay a foundation for the subsequent search of tectonic lithologic oil and gas reservoirs.

Side lobes of wavelets impact identification of thin sand bodies

最近，当在西北中国在盆学习一些煤气的领域时，我们发现小浪的方面脑叶在薄沙水库的鉴定上有大影响。从 H 形成，在有煤气忍受的薄沙身体的顶的思考，有在二片弱山峰方面脑叶之间的主要小浪脑叶。总是，有另一座山峰的混合从一座薄沙水库的顶反映了的更低的。那使识别沙水库困难。以便解决这，许多前面的模型用典型的井木头被建立。2D 合成侧面用 Ricker 小浪被生产学习在小浪方面脑叶和薄沙位置和频率的效果之间并且在振幅和薄沙身体之间的关系。我们开发了下列结论：首先，在一个更浅的位置识别薄沙更容易。第二，把沙身体思考与方面脑叶区别开来的一个好方法由把侧面与不同频率窗口作比较。第三，用振幅属性描述沙程度有用、有效。

Braided river and distribution patterns of sand bodies of Jurassic Badaowan formation in Block T13 of Junggar basin

In order to determine the planar and volume distribution of sand bodies of the Jurassic Badaowan formation in Block T13 of Junggar basin,we used analysis of field outcrop and 3D seismic data,which play an essential role in areas of sparse well coverage.We describe sedimentary facies characteristics,sand body planforms,width and connectivity patterns of sand bodies,and vertical associations and successions by acoustic impedance inversion technology and sedimentological theory.Results of our study show braided fluvial strata deposits in the Jurassic Badaowan formation.Each sand body is approximately lenticular in shape.The width of each sand body falls in the range 100～800 m,with most between 200 and 400 m.The sand bodies vary in thickness from 4 to 13 m,with most below 9 m.The width/thickness ratios lie in the range 20～55.The connectivity of braided fluvial channel sand bodies is controlled by changes of accommodation space.One fining-upward sedimentary cycle of base-level rise is recognized in Badaowan formation,representing an upward rise of base level.The connectivity of sand bodies was found to be greatest in the early stage of base-level rise,becoming progressively worse with increasing base-level rise.

Distribution of shallow water delta sand bodies and the genesis of thick layer sand bodies of the Triassic Yanchang Formation, Longdong Area, Ordos Basin

Based on the cores from 47 wells and logging data of 130 wells,the main types of sand bodies in the shallow water delta of the Chang 8_(2) sub-member in the Triassic Yanchang Formation,Longdong Area,Ordos Basin were comprehensively analyzed,the distribution characteristics of sand bodies more than 20 m thick were identified,and the genetic types of the thick sand bodies were sorted out.In this region,thick-bed sand bodies can be divided into two types according to the shape and position:type 1 is the sand body in wide strip and is distributed between the average high water mark and the average low water mark;type 2 is distributed on both sides of the average low water mark and is in irregular lump shape.Based on the principle of the volume distribution of sediments and the change rule of accommodation space,the genetic models of two types of thick-bed sand bodies in the Chang 8_(2) sub-member are superimposed distributary channel sand bodies in high accommodation space and superimposed composite sand bodies in low accommodation space.

Vertical structure and dominating factors of sand body during Late Triassic Chang 9 time of Yanchang Formation in Ordos Basin, NW China

Based on a synthetic geological study of drilling, well logging and core observations, two main genetic types of Chang 9sand body in Odors Basin were recognized, which included two effects, that is, delta environment and tractive current effects that lead to the development of mouth bar, distal bar, sheet sand and other sand bodies of subaerial and subaqueous distributary channel,natural levee, flood fan and delta front, and shore-shallow lake environment and lake flow transformation effects that result in the development of sandy beach bar, sheet sand and other sand bodies. Chang 9 sand body mainly developed five basic vertical structures, namely box shape, campaniform, infundibuliform, finger and dentoid. The vertical stacking patterns of multilayer sand body was complex, and the common shapes included box shape + box shape, campaniform + campaniform, campaniform + box shape, infundibuliform + infundibuliform, campaniform + infundibuliform, box shape + campaniform, box shape + infundibuliform,and finger + finger. Based on the analysis on major dominating factors of vertical structure of sand body, sedimentary environment,sedimentary facies and rise, fall and cycle of base level are identified as the major geological factors that control the vertical structure of single sand body as well as vertical stacking patterns and distribution of multistory sand bodies.

鄂尔多斯盆地大牛地气田二叠系山西组砂体叠置模式及油气开发意义

河流相砂体储层构型对致密砂岩中相对优质储层的分布规律和天然气开发具有重要意义。通过野外地质剖面和钻井岩心观察,结合测井、录井和岩心分析测试资料,对鄂尔多斯盆地大牛地气田大12井区二叠系山西组致密砂岩的砂体构型要素、叠置模式及油气开发意义进行了研究。研究结果表明:(1)鄂尔多斯盆地大牛地气田大12井区二叠系山西组发育六级复合辫流带和五级单一辫流带,其中单一辫流带包括河床(分流河道)和河漫共2个四级构型单元,河道内单个心滩沉积包含有三级增生体和落淤层;(2)辫状河三角洲平原五级单一辫流带中的四级泛滥平原沉积较辫状河河漫沉积更加发育,辫状河心滩沉积中落淤层欠发育;(3)山西组上部山2-2亚段辫状河单一辫流带内砂体呈“河道-心滩”连续沉积,泥质不发育,砂体叠置程度高(多呈复合式叠置)、连通性好,优质储层多;(4)山西组中下部山1段和山2-1亚段三角洲平原沉积中,西部河道连片性好,砂体以复合式和侧拼式叠置样式为主,连通性和生产效果均较好,东部砂体多为孤立式和侧接式,砂体钻遇率低,单井产量差。

泌阳凹陷下二门地区生长断层控砂作用研究

泌阳凹陷下二门地区油气资源丰富,油藏类型以断层-岩性油气藏为主,断裂特征与砂体展布的配置关系是该区油气勘探的主控因素。笔者综合3D地震、钻测井、岩心资料,以古近系核桃园组三段Ⅳ油组1小层(Eh3Ⅳ1)为例,通过精细构造解析、断层活动性定量分析和砂体展布特征刻画,从构造活动-沉积响应的角度分析生长断层对辫状河三角洲砂体展布的控制作用。结果表明,下二门地区主要发育一系列SW-NE转近E-W走向的北倾生长正断层,剖面形态呈阶梯状断层组合,各条断层沿走向活动性差异明显。研究区主要发育侯庄辫状河三角洲前缘亚相和前三角洲亚相,平面上来自北部的水下分流河道砂体在断层转换带或同一断层活动性较弱部位易通过,而在活动性较强部位受到限制或转向。垂向上,通过活动性较弱区域砂体垂向连续叠置、加厚发育,通过活动性较强区域砂体垂向间歇分散、减薄发育。该研究可为东部断陷盆地低序级生长断层发育区砂体展布规律认识和断层-岩性油气藏勘探开发提供一定借鉴。

鄂尔多斯盆地本溪组碎屑障壁海岸砂体微相南北变化

在延长探区近1500口钻井资料的基础上,进行大量岩心和薄片观察以及砂厚和砂地比统计,探究鄂尔多斯盆地本溪组的砂体微相类型、平面形态和分布的沿岸变化及其控制因素。结果表明,延长气田本溪组总体均为中小潮差环境下的陆源碎屑障壁海岸沉积,但南部的甘泉—富县地区波浪作用较弱,形成了典型的障壁砂坝和障壁后沉积。北部延安—靖边南地区波浪作用较强,形成了改造障壁、浅滩和下切谷充填潮道3种主要微相砂体。障壁砂体呈平行岸线的带状或串珠状排列,近源和近岸分布;浅滩砂体呈多个分散的卵圆形远源远岸分布;潮道带砂体充填则受控于古地貌凹槽。该研究结果对延长气田和类似环境的储层识别和评价具有重要的指导意义。

CSAMT在松辽盆地梅里斯地区铀矿勘查中的应用

上白垩统四方台组是松辽盆地北部铀矿找矿的主要层位之一,其铀矿化主要受控于上白垩纪曲流河三角洲沉积体系,工业铀矿体主要在底部砂岩层富集,多呈板状、透镜状,矿体规模与砂体规模、层数等密切相关,砂体规模越大,矿化层越多,矿体规模越大,反之则规模越小。但是上白垩统四方台组底部砂体在松辽盆地西部超覆带内梅里斯地区发育情况尚不明确。以可控源音频大地电磁测深(CSAMT)为手段,利用Occam算法反演得到研究区电阻率断面,结合研究区内各地层岩石电阻率特征,分析了研究区内盖层结构,尤其是找矿目的层上白垩统四方台组的空间分布特征,同时还推断了基底起伏特征以及断裂走向、倾向及其延深情况。研究结果显示:研究区内四方台组河流相砂体主要分布于研究区的东南部,多呈透镜状,整体表现为自南东向北西呈逐渐尖灭的特征,厚度一般不超过180 m。研究成果为钻探工程的部署提供了依据。

基于密井网和井间示踪剂资料的浅水三角洲单砂体沉积构型研究——以东营凹陷胜坨油田二区沙二段1-2砂组为例

浅水三角洲分流河道和河口坝砂体平面上常呈连片状,难以准确划分其单砂体,限制了剩余油分布的精准预测,制约了油田采收率的进一步提高。基于岩心和测井等资料,借助密井网和井间示踪剂数据,系统表征东营凹陷胜坨油田二区沙二段1-2砂组浅水三角洲单砂体沉积构型特征。研究结果表明:胜坨油田二区沙二段1-2砂组发育浅水三角洲沉积,包括浅水三角洲平原亚相和浅水三角洲前缘亚相,发育分流河道、溢岸、河口坝、滩坝等微相。浅水三角洲砂体划分为4个构型级次(5~8级),本次研究的单砂体属于8级构型单元。综合利用密井网和井间示踪剂数据,识别了单砂体的6种侧向接触样式:河道-溢岸-河道拼接式、河道-河道切叠式、滩坝-滩坝拼接式、河口坝-河口坝拼接式、坝上河道切割河口坝式和泥岩分隔式。井间示踪剂资料显示,坝上河道切割河口坝式侧向接触样式砂体连通性最好,其次为河道-河道切叠式、河口坝-河口坝拼接式和滩坝-滩坝拼接式,最差为河道-溢岸-河道拼接式。建立了研究区浅水三角洲单砂体沉积构型模式,其中浅水三角洲平原微相类型主要为分流河道和溢岸,单一分流河道砂体间接触样式主要有侧向切叠、侧向与溢岸砂体相连、垂向叠加和斜列叠加4类;浅水三角洲前缘微相类型主要为分流河道、河口坝和滩坝,单一河口坝砂体间接触样式有垂向叠加、侧向拼接、斜列叠加和泥岩分隔4类,单一滩坝砂体间有侧向拼接和垂向叠加2类样式。

辫状河—曲流河河型转换前后砂体差异性研究——以东营凹陷东辛地区东二段为例

不同河流相砂体形态特征和分布规律差异较大,河型的转换主控了不同时期砂体平面分布特征、几何参数及纵向叠置关系,进而决定了不同河流相类型储层的油气勘探与开发策略。基于东营凹陷东辛地区东二段岩心、测井曲线、三维地震等资料,借助定量岩心沉积构造、定量地震地貌等方法,得出以下结论:1)东二段4,3,2砂组主要发育辫状河沉积,1砂组主要发育曲流河沉积。2)东二段4,3,2砂组辫状河平均河道深度分别为17~52,20~59,19~52 m,平均河道宽度分别为1589~11602,2154~14597,1862~11923 m,定量地震地貌分析指示河道带宽度介于1000~7000 m;1砂组曲流河平均河道深度为11~30 m,平均河道宽度为665~4221 m,定量地震地貌分析指示河道带宽度介于700~3000 m。3)东二段4,3,2砂组辫状河砂体垂向以接触叠置式、下切叠置式为主,横向以独立接触式、侧切接触式、对接接触式为主;1砂组曲流河砂体垂向以分隔叠置式为主,横向以独立接触式为主。明确砂体几何形态及时空切叠方式,为东辛地区东二段河流相砂岩储层的勘探与开发提供了实际支撑。

阿其图乌拉地区下白垩统赛汉组结构及其砂体特征研究

研究区位于腾格尔坳陷的北西部,区内铀矿化主要赋存于下白垩统赛汉组上段发育的古河道砂体中,因此,厘清找矿目的层赛汉组结构,尤其是砂体发育特征,有助于快速推进找矿工作进程,提升铀矿勘查效果。本文以研究区完成的可控源音频大地电磁(CSAMT)资料为基础,结合岩石电阻率特征及钻孔资料,对下白垩统赛汉组结构及其砂体发育特征进行了探究。研究结果表明:下白垩统赛汉组顶板埋深约150 m,由凸(隆)起向凹陷中心倾伏,都日木凹陷最大厚度约550 m,总体上为“泥—砂—泥”三层结构;其中上层泥岩厚度为80~100 m,中层主要发育辫状河及三角洲相砂体(主要分布于都日木凹陷),横向连续稳定,宽约8~13 km,厚度由北西向南东增厚至220 m,底层泥岩厚度为100~280 m。找矿目的层上述发育特征,为区内铀矿资源评价提供了地质—地球物理信息。

鄂尔多斯盆地苏里格气田西南部致密储层非均质性特征及对成藏的制约

致密砂岩气藏是我国非常规油气资源的重要组成,其储层非均质性严重影响了致密气成藏和甜点区优选,进而制约了气田高效开发。为进一步揭示储层非均质性成因及对致密气成藏的影响,选取鄂尔多斯盆地苏里格气田西南部山1段和盒8段致密储层为例,通过岩芯观察、扫描电镜、薄片鉴定、生产和测井分析等技术手段,研究储层非均质特征,探讨沉积作用和微观孔隙演化对非均质性和成藏的影响。结果表明,储层非均质性多表现为层内粒度的垂向韵律性、夹层的不均匀分布、渗透率的平面分布差异等;储层非均质性受沉积作用和成岩作用共同影响,沉积作用控制了水动力条件、砂体展布、厚度和砂体构型,储层微观非均质性受岩矿组构和孔隙演化影响;不同厚度和构型的复合砂体,多样的矿物组分、孔隙结构,致密气的选择性充注,共同造成了苏里格地区致密储层的非均质性及含气性差异。复合砂体的高孔渗部位是致密气开采的甜点区,但是在优选有利区时不应只关注这些厚层的高孔渗砂体,也应关注规模小、非均质性稍强的透镜状砂体,需要充分考虑到储层非均质性对致密气成藏的影响。

鄂尔多斯盆地北部直罗组古河道砂体分布区矿井涌水模式

近十几年来,鄂尔多斯盆地北部煤矿开采频频受到了直罗组地下水的威胁,甚至出现了突水事故。区内以直罗组地下水为充水水源的大水矿井连片分布,且与直罗组古河道砂体关系密切。为阐释神府南区直罗组古河道砂体分布区矿井涌水模式,在直罗组古河道砂体空间分布及其对地下水赋存控制作用研究的基础上,从研究区尺度、井田尺度和工作面尺度,分析了直罗组古河道砂体与矿井涌水的关系,提出了直罗组古河道砂体下矿井涌水模式。结果表明:神府南区直罗组古河道冲刷带沿红碱淖—尔林兔—锦界一线发育,冲刷带内延安组第5段几乎被冲刷剥蚀殆尽,在局部地区延安组第4段也遭受了冲刷。根据砂分散体系分析和隔水岩组发育特征,将冲刷带内充填沉积的古河道砂体分为3级。直罗组古河道砂体富水性的强弱主要受控于砂体规模、物性特征和风化作用,一级砂体(主河道)区域富水性强于二级砂体(分支河道)及三级砂体(三角洲间湾、分流间湾)区域,当砂体遭受风化后,其富水性将进一步增强。基于不同尺度下砂体分级、风化砂体厚度与矿井涌水关系的分析,提出了研究区东部现阶段古河道砂体下生产矿井的3种涌水模式。强涌水模式,主要位于一级砂体分布区,风化砂体厚度一般≥30 m。中等涌水模式,主要位于一级砂体的边缘或二级砂体区域,风化砂体厚度一般10~30 m。弱涌水模式,主要位于三级砂体区域,风化砂体厚度一般<10 m。

浅水三角洲物源、砂体构型与储层特征研究——以准噶尔盆地永进—莫西庄地区侏罗系三工河组二段为例

针对准噶尔盆地腹部侏罗系三工河组物源、砂体构型及储层物性认识存在争议的问题,笔者等基于岩芯、录井、钻井等方面的资料,结合前人在准噶尔盆地周缘磷灰石及锆石年龄数据,运用沉积学、层序地层学、沉积盆地分析及储层沉积学的基本原理和方法对三工河组二段物源方向、远近和类型、沉积体系展布、砂体构型及储层物性之间的关系进行了系统的研究。研究表明,在敞流盆地快速抬升/缓慢沉降的构造背景下形成辫状河三角洲退积式沉积序列,在五级层序地层格架中,河道强冲刷叠置砂体见于第1、2砂组,三角洲退积,分支河道强烈冲刷,导致河道砂体叠置,微相类型单一,单砂体厚度向上变薄,砂体全区稳定分布,储集性较好。河道弱冲刷叠置砂体见于第3、5砂组,三角洲退积,分支河道冲刷不明显,形成河道“二元结构”,单砂体厚度向上变薄,粒度变细,储集性好;河口坝组合砂体见于第4砂组,在三角洲退积过程中,水下分流河道末端形成河口坝,总体岩性向上变细,砂体不连续,储集性好,远砂坝席状砂组合砂体见于第6、7砂组,砂体零星分布,储集性很差。在浅水、低可容纳空间、快速抬升/缓慢幕式沉降构造背景之下,浅水三角洲的物源的方向、远近及类型是影响沉积微相展布的关键因素,也是影响砂体构型及其储层物性的物质基础。

松辽盆地南部砂岩型铀矿储层结构与铀成矿作用

以松辽盆地南部DL地区砂岩型铀矿为目标,在沉积学背景研究的基础上,开展铀储层结构与铀成矿作用研究。通过钻孔数据统计及系统的取样分析并编制铀储层非均质性图件,精细地刻画了姚家组铀储层的几何形态和复杂结构,充分展示了铀储层的定量非均质性。结果显示,区内灰色砂体多为原生灰色砂体,而下氧化带在沉积期后经历了较强的表生流体改造,为后生氧化带,矿体主要分布于河道砂体分岔处,以及从无隔挡层到隔挡层突然变厚的河道砂体边缘而非河道中央,其形态受氧化还原界面控制以板状为主。综合分析认为,表生流体成矿作用经历了晚白垩世姚家组含矿主岩预富集与表生流体叠加改造成矿2个阶段。通过对比DL地区储层结构对铀成矿的控制作用,在BL地区优选出3片找矿靶区,为下一步的勘查工作提供理论依据。

基于叠覆朵体模式的厚层三角洲前缘砂体精细刻画——以大庆油田杏六中区PⅠ油层组为例

为了厘清大庆油田杏六中区PⅠ油层组厚层三角洲前缘砂体的内部结构特征,为剩余油开发提供地质支撑,文中针对按照水下分流河道模式无法精细刻画目标砂体的问题,引入叠覆朵体模式,提出六步剖析法,依据密井网资料,对目标砂体的内部结构进行了精细刻画。结果表明:1)按照叠覆朵体模式,能够较清楚地刻画目标砂体的内部结构特征。2)运用六步剖析法(即确定标志层,划分等时地层单元;进行底拉平处理,认识等时地层单元内砂体的内部结构特征;识别较大的沉积界面,区分并追踪复合朵体;在复合朵体内识别单朵体,刻画其分布;分析朵体间接触关系,确定朵体间连通性;结合生产动态资料,验证剖析结果的正确性),对目标砂体的刻画结果打破了三角洲前缘砂体呈层状结构的传统认识。3)目标砂体内部可以以进积、退积特征划分为一系列的沉积复合朵体和单朵体。按照叠覆朵体模式,运用六步剖析法对砂体内部结构的刻画结果,避免了传统的基于相带的砂体结构剖析法中跨沉积时间单元所造成的对砂体内部结构认识的偏差,为剩余油分析提供了可靠的依据。

渤海湾盆地埕北凹陷古近系沉积体系及砂体成因类型

埕北凹陷是渤海湾盆地渤中坳陷内部的次级构造,其勘探潜力一直受制于对区内砂体成因类型及储集层分布规律的认识。利用钻井岩心、测井曲线及地震反射剖面等资料,对该凹陷古近系沉积特征、砂体成因类型和分布规律进行分析。研究区古近系发育扇三角洲、辫状河三角洲和湖泊等沉积相,扇三角洲主要发育在凹陷东北侧的陡坡带,岩性以具块状构造的含砾粗砂岩为主,地震反射特征主要表现为楔状的前积退积和杂乱反射,测井相主要表现为低幅齿型、齿状箱型和钟型;辫状河三角洲主要发育在凹陷西南侧的缓坡带,岩性以具交错层理的砂岩为主,地震反射特征主要表现为S形前积和叠瓦状前积,测井相主要表现为箱型、钟型和漏斗型;湖底扇受重力流控制,主要发育在凹陷中心的半深湖-深湖区,地震反射特征主要表现为蠕虫状前积反射;滩坝主要发育在湖泊边缘或中央局部隆起区,因受波浪作用控制,沉积特征表现为席状砂质沉积被泥岩包围,地震反射特征主要表现为透镜状反射,测井相主要表现为指状和漏斗型。纵向上,沙三段以辫状河三角洲、扇三角洲和湖泊沉积相为主,沙一二段以辫状河三角洲、扇三角洲和湖泊沉积为主,东三段以辫状河三角洲、扇三角洲和湖泊沉积为主,东二段以辫状河三角洲和湖泊沉积为主,扇三角洲发育规模较小。埕北凹陷古近系砂体的生成和发育主要受构造活动、源区物源供给、微古地貌形态和湖平面变化等因素控制,主要发育扇三角洲砂体、辫状河三角洲砂体、湖底扇砂体和滩坝砂体。