Quantitative prediction of channel sand bodies based on seismic peak attributes in the frequency domain and its application

The boundary identification and quantitative thickness prediction of channel sand bodies are always difficult in seismic exploration.We present a new method for boundary identification and quantitative thickness prediction of channel sand bodies based on seismic peak attributes in the frequency domain.Using seismic forward modeling of a typical thin channel sand body,a new seismic attribute-the ratio of peak frequency to amplitude was constructed.Theoretical study demonstrated that seismic peak frequency is sensitive to the thickness of the channel sand bodies,while the amplitude attribute is sensitive to the strata lithology.The ratio of the two attributes can highlight the boundaries of the channel sand body.Moreover,the thickness of the thin channel sand bodies can be determined using the relationship between seismic peak frequency and thin layer thickness.Practical applications have demonstrated that the seismic peak frequency attribute can depict the horizontal distribution characteristics of channels very well.The ratio of peak frequency to amplitude attribute can improve the identification ability of channel sand body boundaries.Quantitative prediction and boundary identification of channel sand bodies with seismic peak attributes in the frequency domain are feasible.

Composite Sand Bodies Architecture of Deep-Water Turbidite Channels in the Niger Delta Basin

Deep-water turbidite channels have attracted much attention as a focused issue in petroleum exploration and development. Extensive studies have been performed on the architecture of turbidite channels, and most researches have focused on their geometric shapes, sedimentary processes and controlling factors. However, little attention has been paid to the distribution patterns, distribution laws and quantitative studies of composite sand bodies of turbidite channels. Taken one slope area of the Niger Delta Basin as an example, this study conducted a semi-quantitative to quantitative analysis on architecture of composite sand bodies of turbidite channels based on cores, well logging and seismic surveys. It is shown that turbidite channel systems can be classified as confined and unconfined channel systems. For confined channel systems, the vertical evolution process involves four stages. The sinuosity of a channel system is controlled by slope, with a negative power function relationship between them. When slope gradient reaches four degrees, the channel system is nearly straight. Based on the migration direction and migration amount of single channels within channel complexes, channel composite patterns can be divided into four classes（the lateral composite, en-echelon composite, swing composite and vertical composite） and several subclasses. Various channel composite patterns show specific distribution laws spatially. For meandering channel complexes at the middle-late evolution stage of confined channel systems, the lateral migration amongst single channels shows the features of integrity and succession. The sinuosity of single channels in the late period is greater than that in the early period, and cut-offs may occur locally when the sinuosity is larger than five degrees. This study provides a better understanding for the geological theory of deep-water sedimentary, and also improves exploitation benefits of this type of reservoirs.

Side lobes of wavelets impact identification of thin sand bodies

Recently, we found that side lobes of wavelets have a large impact on the identification of thin sand reservoirs when studying some gas fields in a basin in Northwest China. Reflections from the top of the H Formation, in which there are gas-bearing thin sand bodies, have the main wavelet lobe between two weak peak side lobes. The lower one always mixes with another peak reflected from the top of a thin sand reservoir. That makes it difficult to identify the sand reservoir. In order to solve this, many forward models were set up using typical well logs. 2D synthetic profiles were produced using Ricker wavelets to study the relationships between the effects of wavelet side lobes and thin sand position and frequency and between amplitude and the thin sand body. We developed the following conclusions： First, it is easier to identify thin sands in a shallower position. Second, a good way to tell sand body reflections from side lobes is by comparing profiles with different frequency windows. Third, it is helpful and effective to describe sand extent using amplitude attributes.

Braided river and distribution patterns of sand bodies of Jurassic Badaowan formation in Block T13 of Junggar basin

In order to determine the planar and volume distribution of sand bodies of the Jurassic Badaowan formation in Block T13 of Junggar basin,we used analysis of field outcrop and 3D seismic data,which play an essential role in areas of sparse well coverage.We describe sedimentary facies characteristics,sand body planforms,width and connectivity patterns of sand bodies,and vertical associations and successions by acoustic impedance inversion technology and sedimentological theory.Results of our study show braided fluvial strata deposits in the Jurassic Badaowan formation.Each sand body is approximately lenticular in shape.The width of each sand body falls in the range 100～800 m,with most between 200 and 400 m.The sand bodies vary in thickness from 4 to 13 m,with most below 9 m.The width/thickness ratios lie in the range 20～55.The connectivity of braided fluvial channel sand bodies is controlled by changes of accommodation space.One fining-upward sedimentary cycle of base-level rise is recognized in Badaowan formation,representing an upward rise of base level.The connectivity of sand bodies was found to be greatest in the early stage of base-level rise,becoming progressively worse with increasing base-level rise.

Effect of Sand Body Enrichment Under the Restriction of a Tectonic Transfer Zone: A Case Study on the Pinghu Formation in the Kongqueting Region on the Pinghu Slope

Results of long-term explorations in the Kongqueting region,located in an East China Sea depression,suggest that the strong fault activity during the sedimentary period of the Pinghu formation significantly influenced the development of the sedimentary system.However,the aggregation and enrichment of the sand body under a tectonic background has become a problem that requires an immediate solution.Considering research outcomes of previous studies,this study used three-dimensional seismic and logging data to identify Y-or H-type and the en echelon distribution patterns of the fault plane,as well as identify the locations wherein the fault growth index value is greater than 1 in the study region,indicating the tectonic background of the fault transfer zone in the region.Second,the development type of the fault transfer zone was studied,and the sand body enrichment site was identified based on seismic inversion data and the development position of the fault transfer point.This helps clarify the evolution of sedimentary facies of the Pinghu formation combined with the sedimentary environment of the braided-river delta.Finally,after summarizing the coupling relationship between the synsedimentary fault systems and the sand body enrichment patterns,three sand-control models were determined,namely,the flexural-parallel,the en echelon collinear,and the torsional-reformed superimposed transfer zones.The findings of this study lay a foundation for the subsequent search of tectonic lithologic oil and gas reservoirs.

Distribution of shallow water delta sand bodies and the genesis of thick layer sand bodies of the Triassic Yanchang Formation, Longdong Area, Ordos Basin

Based on the cores from 47 wells and logging data of 130 wells,the main types of sand bodies in the shallow water delta of the Chang 8_(2) sub-member in the Triassic Yanchang Formation,Longdong Area,Ordos Basin were comprehensively analyzed,the distribution characteristics of sand bodies more than 20 m thick were identified,and the genetic types of the thick sand bodies were sorted out.In this region,thick-bed sand bodies can be divided into two types according to the shape and position:type 1 is the sand body in wide strip and is distributed between the average high water mark and the average low water mark;type 2 is distributed on both sides of the average low water mark and is in irregular lump shape.Based on the principle of the volume distribution of sediments and the change rule of accommodation space,the genetic models of two types of thick-bed sand bodies in the Chang 8_(2) sub-member are superimposed distributary channel sand bodies in high accommodation space and superimposed composite sand bodies in low accommodation space.

Vertical structure and dominating factors of sand body during Late Triassic Chang 9 time of Yanchang Formation in Ordos Basin, NW China

Based on a synthetic geological study of drilling, well logging and core observations, two main genetic types of Chang 9sand body in Odors Basin were recognized, which included two effects, that is, delta environment and tractive current effects that lead to the development of mouth bar, distal bar, sheet sand and other sand bodies of subaerial and subaqueous distributary channel,natural levee, flood fan and delta front, and shore-shallow lake environment and lake flow transformation effects that result in the development of sandy beach bar, sheet sand and other sand bodies. Chang 9 sand body mainly developed five basic vertical structures, namely box shape, campaniform, infundibuliform, finger and dentoid. The vertical stacking patterns of multilayer sand body was complex, and the common shapes included box shape + box shape, campaniform + campaniform, campaniform + box shape, infundibuliform + infundibuliform, campaniform + infundibuliform, box shape + campaniform, box shape + infundibuliform,and finger + finger. Based on the analysis on major dominating factors of vertical structure of sand body, sedimentary environment,sedimentary facies and rise, fall and cycle of base level are identified as the major geological factors that control the vertical structure of single sand body as well as vertical stacking patterns and distribution of multistory sand bodies.

鄂尔多斯盆地大牛地气田二叠系山西组砂体叠置模式及油气开发意义

河流相砂体储层构型对致密砂岩中相对优质储层的分布规律和天然气开发具有重要意义。通过野外地质剖面和钻井岩心观察,结合测井、录井和岩心分析测试资料,对鄂尔多斯盆地大牛地气田大12井区二叠系山西组致密砂岩的砂体构型要素、叠置模式及油气开发意义进行了研究。研究结果表明:(1)鄂尔多斯盆地大牛地气田大12井区二叠系山西组发育六级复合辫流带和五级单一辫流带,其中单一辫流带包括河床(分流河道)和河漫共2个四级构型单元,河道内单个心滩沉积包含有三级增生体和落淤层;(2)辫状河三角洲平原五级单一辫流带中的四级泛滥平原沉积较辫状河河漫沉积更加发育,辫状河心滩沉积中落淤层欠发育;(3)山西组上部山2-2亚段辫状河单一辫流带内砂体呈“河道-心滩”连续沉积,泥质不发育,砂体叠置程度高(多呈复合式叠置)、连通性好,优质储层多;(4)山西组中下部山1段和山2-1亚段三角洲平原沉积中,西部河道连片性好,砂体以复合式和侧拼式叠置样式为主,连通性和生产效果均较好,东部砂体多为孤立式和侧接式,砂体钻遇率低,单井产量差。

泌阳凹陷下二门地区生长断层控砂作用研究

泌阳凹陷下二门地区油气资源丰富,油藏类型以断层-岩性油气藏为主,断裂特征与砂体展布的配置关系是该区油气勘探的主控因素。笔者综合3D地震、钻测井、岩心资料,以古近系核桃园组三段Ⅳ油组1小层(Eh3Ⅳ1)为例,通过精细构造解析、断层活动性定量分析和砂体展布特征刻画,从构造活动-沉积响应的角度分析生长断层对辫状河三角洲砂体展布的控制作用。结果表明,下二门地区主要发育一系列SW-NE转近E-W走向的北倾生长正断层,剖面形态呈阶梯状断层组合,各条断层沿走向活动性差异明显。研究区主要发育侯庄辫状河三角洲前缘亚相和前三角洲亚相,平面上来自北部的水下分流河道砂体在断层转换带或同一断层活动性较弱部位易通过,而在活动性较强部位受到限制或转向。垂向上,通过活动性较弱区域砂体垂向连续叠置、加厚发育,通过活动性较强区域砂体垂向间歇分散、减薄发育。该研究可为东部断陷盆地低序级生长断层发育区砂体展布规律认识和断层-岩性油气藏勘探开发提供一定借鉴。

鄂尔多斯盆地本溪组碎屑障壁海岸砂体微相南北变化

在延长探区近1500口钻井资料的基础上,进行大量岩心和薄片观察以及砂厚和砂地比统计,探究鄂尔多斯盆地本溪组的砂体微相类型、平面形态和分布的沿岸变化及其控制因素。结果表明,延长气田本溪组总体均为中小潮差环境下的陆源碎屑障壁海岸沉积,但南部的甘泉—富县地区波浪作用较弱,形成了典型的障壁砂坝和障壁后沉积。北部延安—靖边南地区波浪作用较强,形成了改造障壁、浅滩和下切谷充填潮道3种主要微相砂体。障壁砂体呈平行岸线的带状或串珠状排列,近源和近岸分布;浅滩砂体呈多个分散的卵圆形远源远岸分布;潮道带砂体充填则受控于古地貌凹槽。该研究结果对延长气田和类似环境的储层识别和评价具有重要的指导意义。

CSAMT在松辽盆地梅里斯地区铀矿勘查中的应用

上白垩统四方台组是松辽盆地北部铀矿找矿的主要层位之一,其铀矿化主要受控于上白垩纪曲流河三角洲沉积体系,工业铀矿体主要在底部砂岩层富集,多呈板状、透镜状,矿体规模与砂体规模、层数等密切相关,砂体规模越大,矿化层越多,矿体规模越大,反之则规模越小。但是上白垩统四方台组底部砂体在松辽盆地西部超覆带内梅里斯地区发育情况尚不明确。以可控源音频大地电磁测深(CSAMT)为手段,利用Occam算法反演得到研究区电阻率断面,结合研究区内各地层岩石电阻率特征,分析了研究区内盖层结构,尤其是找矿目的层上白垩统四方台组的空间分布特征,同时还推断了基底起伏特征以及断裂走向、倾向及其延深情况。研究结果显示:研究区内四方台组河流相砂体主要分布于研究区的东南部,多呈透镜状,整体表现为自南东向北西呈逐渐尖灭的特征,厚度一般不超过180 m。研究成果为钻探工程的部署提供了依据。

基于密井网和井间示踪剂资料的浅水三角洲单砂体沉积构型研究——以东营凹陷胜坨油田二区沙二段1-2砂组为例

浅水三角洲分流河道和河口坝砂体平面上常呈连片状,难以准确划分其单砂体,限制了剩余油分布的精准预测,制约了油田采收率的进一步提高。基于岩心和测井等资料,借助密井网和井间示踪剂数据,系统表征东营凹陷胜坨油田二区沙二段1-2砂组浅水三角洲单砂体沉积构型特征。研究结果表明:胜坨油田二区沙二段1-2砂组发育浅水三角洲沉积,包括浅水三角洲平原亚相和浅水三角洲前缘亚相,发育分流河道、溢岸、河口坝、滩坝等微相。浅水三角洲砂体划分为4个构型级次(5~8级),本次研究的单砂体属于8级构型单元。综合利用密井网和井间示踪剂数据,识别了单砂体的6种侧向接触样式:河道-溢岸-河道拼接式、河道-河道切叠式、滩坝-滩坝拼接式、河口坝-河口坝拼接式、坝上河道切割河口坝式和泥岩分隔式。井间示踪剂资料显示,坝上河道切割河口坝式侧向接触样式砂体连通性最好,其次为河道-河道切叠式、河口坝-河口坝拼接式和滩坝-滩坝拼接式,最差为河道-溢岸-河道拼接式。建立了研究区浅水三角洲单砂体沉积构型模式,其中浅水三角洲平原微相类型主要为分流河道和溢岸,单一分流河道砂体间接触样式主要有侧向切叠、侧向与溢岸砂体相连、垂向叠加和斜列叠加4类;浅水三角洲前缘微相类型主要为分流河道、河口坝和滩坝,单一河口坝砂体间接触样式有垂向叠加、侧向拼接、斜列叠加和泥岩分隔4类,单一滩坝砂体间有侧向拼接和垂向叠加2类样式。

白狼城地区长2辫状河砂体叠置样式与沉积特征

为研究白狼城地区延长组长2砂体叠置样式及沉积特征,利用野外露头、岩芯和测井相分析辫状河沉积相、砂体连通模式、砂体叠置和沉积模式等。结果表明:白狼城地区长2辫状河主要为河道、泛滥平原亚相,河道亚相可细分为心滩、水道2种沉积微相,发育槽状交错层理、板状交错层理、平行层理、块状层理等;辫状河砂体为叠覆泛砂体,分布范围广、厚度大、连续性强、物性好、非均质性强,心滩与水道相间分布,具有“滩道相间、宽滩窄道”的特征;辫状河河道亚相是辫状河沉积砂体主要区域,水道砂体与心滩砂体相互叠置,两侧泛滥平原亚相为良好的隔夹层,为油气成藏提供良好的盖层。研究结果对白狼城地区辫状河沉积特征及砂体构型具有指导意义,对不同盆地的辫状河沉积研究具有借鉴意义。

走航式电阻率法探测平原水库库底砂体效果分析及应用

平原水库库底沉积层中的砂体会对水库运行以及穿过库底地下空间工程建设的安全造成不可忽视的影响,一种快速且准确识别库底砂体空间位置的探测手段可为破解以上问题提供技术支持。本文以位于黄河流域的济南鹊山水库为研究区,基于数值模拟与原位探测结果,分析评价了走航式电阻率法识别平原水库库底砂体的最优装置参数和能力,并将所得结论在原位探测中应用、验证。研究结果表明,选用通用走航探测航速(航速2.5 m/s)对平原水库(水深6 m)进行探测时,走航式电阻率法对埋深浅(埋深<30 m)、厚度大(厚度>6 m)的砂体有较好的理论分辨能力。对于薄层深埋砂体(厚度<2 m,埋深>10 m)则难以识别;砂体探测顶、底界位置与实际顶、底界位置间的偏移距离与砂体顶界埋深、砂体长度呈正相关关系。砂体厚度增大会提高不同顶界埋深条件下砂体界面偏移距离差异,偏移距离正相关于深埋砂体厚度,负相关于浅埋砂体厚度;建立了修正原位探测结果并识别砂体的方法。基于原位探测结果所识别的砂体形态并不精确,其厚度普遍厚于实际砂体厚度约0~3 m。厚度小于3 m的薄砂体则难以被该方法识别。

一种薄互层条件下致密砂体展布地震综合预测的策略

松辽盆地北部上白垩统高台子油层发育典型的致密砂岩储层,属于三角洲前缘沉积环境,该套地层从上至下有三套主力砂层组,每套砂层组均为砂泥岩薄互层,单层砂岩厚度超薄,一般为2 m~3 m。寻找区域内砂体比高的砂层组并刻画砂组内部单砂体空间分布是致密油勘探开发的关键所在。而常规属性分析及地震反演储层预测效果差、精度低,为此提出了针对性的地震综合预测策略,除地震资料保真高分辨率处理和岩石物理分析外,主要包括砂层组级的多属性融合砂地比预测技术以及单砂体级的相控地质统计学反演技术。具体工作流程为:第一在地震属性归一化基础上,利用聚类分析方法将地震属性划分为三大类,每类挑选相关性最高的地震属性进行多元线性拟合,建立砂层组级的多属性融合砂地比预测模型;第二利用统计分析手段建立井点先验信息与砂地比对应关系,建立砂地比先验信息约束的单砂体级的相控地质统计学反演方法。松辽盆地北部某区块应用实例表明,综合预测策略在评价砂层组级的砂体发育情况、刻画砂层组内部薄砂体空间展布方面取得较好的效果,指导了水平井井组的部署方案优化设计。

辫状河—曲流河河型转换前后砂体差异性研究——以东营凹陷东辛地区东二段为例

不同河流相砂体形态特征和分布规律差异较大,河型的转换主控了不同时期砂体平面分布特征、几何参数及纵向叠置关系,进而决定了不同河流相类型储层的油气勘探与开发策略。基于东营凹陷东辛地区东二段岩心、测井曲线、三维地震等资料,借助定量岩心沉积构造、定量地震地貌等方法,得出以下结论:1)东二段4,3,2砂组主要发育辫状河沉积,1砂组主要发育曲流河沉积。2)东二段4,3,2砂组辫状河平均河道深度分别为17~52,20~59,19~52 m,平均河道宽度分别为1589~11602,2154~14597,1862~11923 m,定量地震地貌分析指示河道带宽度介于1000~7000 m;1砂组曲流河平均河道深度为11~30 m,平均河道宽度为665~4221 m,定量地震地貌分析指示河道带宽度介于700~3000 m。3)东二段4,3,2砂组辫状河砂体垂向以接触叠置式、下切叠置式为主,横向以独立接触式、侧切接触式、对接接触式为主;1砂组曲流河砂体垂向以分隔叠置式为主,横向以独立接触式为主。明确砂体几何形态及时空切叠方式,为东辛地区东二段河流相砂岩储层的勘探与开发提供了实际支撑。

鄂尔多斯盆地苏里格气田西南部致密储层非均质性特征及对成藏的制约

致密砂岩气藏是我国非常规油气资源的重要组成,其储层非均质性严重影响了致密气成藏和甜点区优选,进而制约了气田高效开发。为进一步揭示储层非均质性成因及对致密气成藏的影响,选取鄂尔多斯盆地苏里格气田西南部山1段和盒8段致密储层为例,通过岩芯观察、扫描电镜、薄片鉴定、生产和测井分析等技术手段,研究储层非均质特征,探讨沉积作用和微观孔隙演化对非均质性和成藏的影响。结果表明,储层非均质性多表现为层内粒度的垂向韵律性、夹层的不均匀分布、渗透率的平面分布差异等;储层非均质性受沉积作用和成岩作用共同影响,沉积作用控制了水动力条件、砂体展布、厚度和砂体构型,储层微观非均质性受岩矿组构和孔隙演化影响;不同厚度和构型的复合砂体,多样的矿物组分、孔隙结构,致密气的选择性充注,共同造成了苏里格地区致密储层的非均质性及含气性差异。复合砂体的高孔渗部位是致密气开采的甜点区,但是在优选有利区时不应只关注这些厚层的高孔渗砂体,也应关注规模小、非均质性稍强的透镜状砂体,需要充分考虑到储层非均质性对致密气成藏的影响。

阿其图乌拉地区下白垩统赛汉组结构及其砂体特征研究

研究区位于腾格尔坳陷的北西部,区内铀矿化主要赋存于下白垩统赛汉组上段发育的古河道砂体中,因此,厘清找矿目的层赛汉组结构,尤其是砂体发育特征,有助于快速推进找矿工作进程,提升铀矿勘查效果。本文以研究区完成的可控源音频大地电磁(CSAMT)资料为基础,结合岩石电阻率特征及钻孔资料,对下白垩统赛汉组结构及其砂体发育特征进行了探究。研究结果表明:下白垩统赛汉组顶板埋深约150 m,由凸(隆)起向凹陷中心倾伏,都日木凹陷最大厚度约550 m,总体上为“泥—砂—泥”三层结构;其中上层泥岩厚度为80~100 m,中层主要发育辫状河及三角洲相砂体(主要分布于都日木凹陷),横向连续稳定,宽约8~13 km,厚度由北西向南东增厚至220 m,底层泥岩厚度为100~280 m。找矿目的层上述发育特征,为区内铀矿资源评价提供了地质—地球物理信息。

鄂尔多斯盆地北部直罗组古河道砂体分布区矿井涌水模式

近十几年来,鄂尔多斯盆地北部煤矿开采频频受到了直罗组地下水的威胁,甚至出现了突水事故。区内以直罗组地下水为充水水源的大水矿井连片分布,且与直罗组古河道砂体关系密切。为阐释神府南区直罗组古河道砂体分布区矿井涌水模式,在直罗组古河道砂体空间分布及其对地下水赋存控制作用研究的基础上,从研究区尺度、井田尺度和工作面尺度,分析了直罗组古河道砂体与矿井涌水的关系,提出了直罗组古河道砂体下矿井涌水模式。结果表明:神府南区直罗组古河道冲刷带沿红碱淖—尔林兔—锦界一线发育,冲刷带内延安组第5段几乎被冲刷剥蚀殆尽,在局部地区延安组第4段也遭受了冲刷。根据砂分散体系分析和隔水岩组发育特征,将冲刷带内充填沉积的古河道砂体分为3级。直罗组古河道砂体富水性的强弱主要受控于砂体规模、物性特征和风化作用,一级砂体(主河道)区域富水性强于二级砂体(分支河道)及三级砂体(三角洲间湾、分流间湾)区域,当砂体遭受风化后,其富水性将进一步增强。基于不同尺度下砂体分级、风化砂体厚度与矿井涌水关系的分析,提出了研究区东部现阶段古河道砂体下生产矿井的3种涌水模式。强涌水模式,主要位于一级砂体分布区,风化砂体厚度一般≥30 m。中等涌水模式,主要位于一级砂体的边缘或二级砂体区域,风化砂体厚度一般10~30 m。弱涌水模式,主要位于三级砂体区域,风化砂体厚度一般<10 m。