The remarkable effect of organic salts on 1,3,5-trioxane synthesis

The effects of organic salts on 1,3,5-trioxane synthesis were investigated through batch reaction and continuous production experiments. The organic salts used include sodium methanesulfonate（CH3NaO3S）, sodium benzenesulfonate（C6H5NaO3S）, sodium 4-methylbenzenesulfonate（C7H7NaO3S）, and sodium 3-nitrobenzene sulfonate（C6H4NNaO5S）. It was shown that the effects of organic salts on the yield of 1,3,5-trioxane in reaction solution and distillate follow the order CH3NaO3S ／C6H5NaO3S／C7H7NaO3S／C6H4NNaO5S, which is inversely related to the charge density of the anions of the organic salts. In comparison with Cl–-based salts such as magnesium chloride, organic salts have the advantages of less formic acid generation and low corrosion. Studies on water activity revealed that the effect of organic salts on the activity of water was quite small at low concentration of organic salts. UV–visible spectroscopy and vapor–liquid equilibrium experiments were performed to uncover the mechanisms that govern such effects. The results showed that the effect of organic salts on the yield of 1,3,5-trioxane relies primarily on their ability to increase the catalytic activity of sulfuric acid and increase the relative volatilities of 1,3,5-trioxane and water and of 1,3,5-trioxane and oligomers.

Water vapor adsorption in activated carbon modified with hydrophilic organic salts

Five different kinds of hydrophilic organic salts were used to modify commercial activated carbon in order to prepare hydrophilic carbon materials. Properties of the samples were analyzed by surface area analyzer and SEM-EDX. The hydrophilic organic salts with different properties were introduced into activated carbon and significantly affected the properties of the samples.During adsorption experiments, the water vapor adsorption amount in modified samples increases by 0.57-17.12 times in temperature range from 303 to 323 K and at relative pressure below 0.50. Water molecules combined with surface hydrophilic groups through H-bonding exhibit good thermo stability. The effects of temperature, oxygen content and properties of the hydrophilic organic salts on water vapor adsorption were studied. It is indicated that water vapor adsorption in modified samples is mainly affected by the surface oxygen content. The carboxylate radicals in the hydrophilic organic salts greatly affect the micropore structure of the modified samples, while the metal ions in them exhibit limited influence. Different adsorption capacity of modified samples can be explained with the electronegativity of elements presented by Pauling.

Soil Organic Carbon Contents and Stocks in Coastal Salt Marshes with Spartina alterniflora Following an Invasion Chronosequence in the Yellow River Delta,China

Plant invasion alters the fundamental structure and function of native ecosystems by affecting the biogeochemical pools and fluxes of materials and energy. Native(Suaeda salsa) and invasive(Spartina alterniflora) salt marshes were selected to study the effects of Spartina alterniflora invasion on soil organic carbon(SOC) contents and stocks in the Yellow River Delta. Results showed that the SOC contents(g/kg) and stocks(kg/m^2) were significantly increased(P < 0.05) after Spartina alterniflora invasion of seven years, especially for the surface soil layer(0–20 cm). The SOC contents exhibited an even distribution along the soil profiles in native salt marshes, while the SOC contents were gradually decreased with depth after Spartina alterniflora invasion of seven years. The natural ln response ratios(Ln RR) were applied to identify the effects of short-term Spartina alterniflora invasion on the SOC stocks. We also found that Spartina alterniflora invasion might cause soil organic carbon losses in a short-term phase(2–4 years in this study) due to the negative Ln RR values, especially for 20–60 cm depth. And the SOCD in surface layer(0–20 cm) do not increase linearly with the invasive age. Spearman correlation analysis revealed that silt + clay content was exponentially related with SOC in surface layer(Adjusted R^2 = 0.43, P < 0.001), suggesting that soil texture could play a key role in SOC sequestration of coastal salt marshes.

Synthesis and Crystal Structure of Organic Salt (H_2Bpy)(cda)_2 (cda = Carbamyldicyano-methanide Anion; H_2bpy = Hydrogen 4,4'-Bipyridyl Divalent Cation)

The organic salt, (H2Bpy)(cda)2, was synthesized by the reaction of sodium car- bamyldicyanomethanide, 4,4-bipyridyl and manganese(II) perchlorate in water solution. The crystal belongs to monoclinic, space group C2/c with a = 20.333(7), b = 6.177(2), c = 15.566(5) ? b = 116.860(5), V = 1744(1) ?, Z = 4, C18H14N8O2 (Mr = 374.37), Dc = 1.426 g/cm3, F(000) = 776, m = 0.100 mm-1 and l = 0.71073 ? The structure was refined to R = 0.0560 and wR = 0.1072 for 590 observed reflections (I > 2s(I)). Two nitrogen atoms of the 4,4?bipyridyl molecule bonded to two hydrogen ions, resulting this neutral molecule into a divalent cation. Through the interaction of colorless H2bpy cation and colorless cda anion the red neutral organic salt was formed.

Solvent-free mechanochemical synthesis of organic proton conducting salts incorporating imidazole and dicarboxylic acids

Solventless mechanochemical synthesis by manual grinding was applied to grow organic proton conducting salts,imidazole-succinic acid(C_(3)H_(4)N_(2)-HOOC(CH_(2))_(2)COOH)and imidazole-glutaric acid(C_(3)H_(4)N_(2)-HOOC(CH_(2))_(3)COOH).This synthesis method induces crystallization and provides the phase-pure compounds.The compounds exhibit different electric conducting behavior and activation energies Ea compared with the reported single crystals obtained from the solution method.The difference in conducting property can be related to intrinsic defects and structural disorder introduced by mechanochemical grinding,indicating that the mechanochemical method bears strong capability for tuning conductivities.Moreover,complete deuteration of the organic salts is achieved by the method.The mechanochemical synthesis of organic salts also holds high potential for the actual industrialized large-scale production.

Organic ferroelastic enantiomers with high Tc and large dielectric switching ratio triggered by order-disorder and displacive phase transition

Molecular-based ferroelastics with dielectric switching properties are highly desirable for their applications on microelectronic dielectric switches,sensors,data storage,and so on.However,the current reports mostly focus on organic-inorganic hybrids containing toxic heavy metal atoms,and the relatively low phase transition temperature limits their application.In this paper,low-toxic organic salt ferroelastic enantiomers(R/S)-4-fluoro-1-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octonium chloride[(R/S)-F-321]were designed and synthesized under the introducing chirality strategy.They undergo a 432F422-type ferroelastic phase transition with a high Curie temperature(Tc)of 470 K,simultaneously exhibiting excellent dielectric switching characteristics.In addition to the ordered-disordered movement of cations,the significant displacement of anions is also responsible for such high Tc and large dielectric switching ratios,which is very rare in molecular-based switching materials.This work enriches the development of molecular ferroelastic switching materials and gives inspiration for the exploration of environmentally friendly high Tc organic salt ferroelastics with prominent switching performances.

Lifetime-tunable organic persistent roomtemperature phosphorescent salts for large-area security printing

Organic persistent room-temperature phosphorescent(RTP)materials are promising for applications requiring the secure recording and anti-counterfeiting features owing to their appealing optical properties.Several critical challenges,such as the difficulty to obtain high-quality patterns over large areas and low security levels,need to be addressed to meet the requirements for commercial purpose.Here,we prepared a series of quaternary phosphonium salts with different alkyl chains,which showed interesting organic persistent RTP.The ionic characteristics and the alkyl chains of these molecules impart abundant weak intermolecular interactions.This confers the molecules a high crystallinity,which helps to preserve the persistent RTP properties and cover large areas.Moreover,the RTP lifetime of these organic salts varies over a wide range(1.27 to 884.71 ms)and can be tuned by simply changing the alkyl chain length and counterions,which opens new possibilities in multi-level information encryption applications.It is believed that the engineering of organic salts with tunable persistent RTP lifetimes and large-area printing can promote early-stage demonstrations of security applications into mature commercialization.

Design and evaluation of a novel transdermal patch containing diclofenac and teriflunomide for rheumatoid arthritis therapy

The aim of this study was to design a compound transdermal patch containing diclofenac(DA)and teriflunomide(TEF)for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis(RA).The various organic amines salts of DA were prepared and their forming was confirmed using DSC and FTIR.The percutaneous permeation of organic amines salt of DA was investigated in vitro using a two-chamber diffusion cell with excised rabbit skin as transdermal barrier.The formulation of the patch was optimized in terms of the concentration of percutaneous permeation enhancer and the loading dose of drugs.The pharmacokinetic behavior of the optimal formulation was studies in rabbits and the anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects of the optimal patch were evaluated with the adjuvant arthritis model in rats and the pain model in mice,respectively.The result showed that skin penetration of diclofenactriethylamine(DA-TEtA)salt was better than other organic amine salts.Based on previous study of our laboratory,teriflunomide-triethylamine(TEF-TEtA)significantly enhanced the skin permeation of TEF.10%of azone(AZ)was the best enhancer for the two drugs.The optimal patch formulation was composed of 2%of TEF-TEtA,6%of DA-TEtA and 10%of AZ.The cumulative permeated amount of DA-TEtA in vitro was comparable with that of the commercial diclofenac-diethylamine(DA-DEtA)patch.The absolute bioavailability of TEFTEtA was 42%,which could achieve the therapeutic drug levels.In animal study,the optimized compound patch containing DA-TEtA and TEF-TEtA displayed significant antiinflammatory and analgesic effect,which indicated the potential of the compound patch.

The Research of Chinese Salt Lake Organisms:History,Status and Expectation

The research status and the future study prospect of salt lake organisms of Chinese salt lakes were elaborated in this paper.Many saline lakes occur widely in arid and semiarid areas of China,and more than half of the total

Water uptake of multicomponent organic mixtures and their influence on hygroscopicity of inorganic salts

The hygroscopic behaviors of atmospherically relevant multicomponent water soluble organic compounds（WSOCs） and their effects on ammonium sulfate（AS） and sodium chloride were investigated using a hygroscopicity tandem differential mobility analyzer（HTDMA） in the relative humidity（RH） range of 5%–90%. The measured hygroscopic growth was compared with predictions from the Extended-Aerosol Inorganics Model（E-AIM） and Zdanovskii–Stokes–Robinson（ZSR） method. The equal mass multicomponent WSOCs mixture containing levoglucosan, succinic acid, phthalic acid and humic acid showed gradual water uptake without obvious phase change over the whole RH range. It was found that the organic content played an important role in the water uptake of mixed particles.When organic content was dominant in the mixture（75%）, the measured hygroscopic growth was higher than predictions from the E-AIM or ZSR relation, especially under high RH conditions. For mass fractions of organics not larger than 50%, the hygroscopic growth of mixtures was in good agreement with model predictions. The influence of interactions between inorganic and organic components on the hygroscopicity of mixed particles was related to the salt type and organic content. These results could contribute to understanding of the hygroscopic behaviors of multicomponent aerosol particles.

Multi-component Hydrogen-bonding Organic Salts Formed from 1-Methylpiperazine with Aromatic Carboxylic Acids： Synthons Cooperation and Crystal Structures

1-Methylpiperazine was employed to crystallize with 2,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid and 1,8-naphthalene acid, affording two multi-component hydrogen-bonding salts [（C5H14N2）^2＋-（C7H5O4）2^·H2O]（1） and [（C5H14N2）^2＋（C12H6O4）^2-.2H2O]（2）. These two forms of salts are both monoclinic systems with space group P21/c（14）. The lattice parameters of salts 1 and 2 are a=1.32666（10） nm, b=0.90527（7） nm, c=1.67107（13） nm, β=103.125（1）° and a=1.4950（2） nm, b=0.75242（15） nm, c=1.6563（3） nm, β=92.834（2）°, respectively. Expected classical hydrogen bonds N-H...O and O-H...O appear in the chargetransfer salts, and asymmetric units of these two forms both contain water molecules which play a significant role in building novel supramolecular architectures. Robust hydrogen-bond interactions between 1-methylpiperazine and aromatic acid provide sufficient driving force to direct the two crystals to three-dimensional structures. Weak interactions C-H-O emerging in salts 1 and 2 further enhance their crystal structures. As a consequence, hydrogen-bonding interactions in these compounds afford diverse 3D net supramolecular architectures. Thermal stability of these compounds was investigated by thermogravimetric analysis（TGA）.

Surface modulation of halide perovskite films for efficient and stable solar cells

As the main distribution place of deep-level defects and the entrance of water, the interface is critical to determining both the power conversion efficiency(PCE) and the stability of perovskite solar cells(PSCs). Suitable interface design can dramatically passivate interface defects and optimize energy level alignment for suppressing the nonradiative recombination and effectively extracting the photogenerated carriers towards higher PCE. Meanwhile, a proper interface design can also block the interface diffusion of ions for high operational stability. Therefore, interface modification is of great significance to make the PSCs more efficient and stable. Upon optimized material choices, the three-dimensional halide perovskite graded junction layer, low-dimensional halide perovskite interface layer and organic salt passivation layer have been constructed on perovskite films for superior PSCs, yet a systematic review of them is missing. Thus, a guide and summary of recent advances in modulating the perovskite films interface is necessary for the further development of more efficient interface modification.

Introduction of H2SO4 and H3PO4 into Crystalline Porous Organic Salts(CPOS-1)for Outstanding Proton Conductivity

To improve the proton conduction of crystalline porous organic salts(CPOS-l),H2SO4 and H3PO4 were introduced into the channel to obtain H2SO4@CPOS-1 and H3PO4@CPOS-1.Compared to CPOS-1,the proton conductivities of H2SO4@CPOS-1 and H3PO4@CPOS-1 increased two orders of magnitude and one order of magnitude at 303 K and 100%RH,respectively.It can be attributed to the increasing concentration of the protons,which disso ciates trom the acids.

The Preparation and Characterization of Vermiculite Hydrosol

The dispersibility of vermiculite is the key factor that affects the application of vermiculite.In this paper,the milled natural vermiculite was pillared by organic quaternary ammonium salts.Then the pillared vermiculite was ground and homogenized under the existence of dispersive agent to form a stable vermiculite hydrosol system.Small angle X-ray diffraction(SA-XRD),fourier transform infrared spectroscopy(FTIR),and thermogravimetric analyses(TGA)were used to characterize the structure and thermal property of the vermiculite.The results indicate that the exfoliated vermiculite is successfully obtained.The analyses of laser particle size analyzer,transmission electron microscope(TEM),and Tyndall phenomenon analyzer demonstrate that the vermiculite hydrosol prepared is a stable hydrosol system.

Phase transitions in two organic salts based on 1,5-naphthalenedisulfonate

Two phase transition compounds,diethylammonium 1,5-naphthalenedisulfonate(1)and cyclohexylammonium 1,5-naphthalenedisulfonate(2),were screened from a series of organic salts based on 1,5-naphthalenedisulfonate.The phase transition behaviors were studied by differential scanning calorimetry,single-crystal X-ray analysis and dielectric measurements.Compounds 1 and 2 undergo phase transitions at about 202 and 148 K,respectively,accompanied by distinct dielectric changes.The origin of the phase transitions was ascribed to motional changes of the cations in the crystal lattices.

Polycations. 23. Antimicrobial Surfaces for Prevention of Pathogen Transmission

The continued evolution of bacterial and fungal species poses a significant difficulty for the treatment of disease of microbial origin. Given this situation, the prevention of transmission of such microbial diseases becomes of increasing importance. Efforts of this laboratory have been directed toward the destruction of microbial species on environmental surfaces as a prophylaxis toward infection, and we herein report on the efficacy of a system that demonstrates activity against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, as well as fungi. We report specifically herein on the use of fabric materials so activated for the destruction of these microbial species, useful for a variety of surfaces within hospital and related settings wherein transmission of microbial disease is a major problem, while these approaches are also applicable for a variety of other types of surfaces.

Building the bridge of small organic molecules to porous carbons via ionic solid principle

Replacing traditional polymer-based precursors with small molecules is a promising pathway toward facile and controllable preparation of porous carbons but remains a prohibitive challenge because of the high volatility of small molecules.Herein,a simple,general,and controllable method is reported to prepare porous carbons by converting small organic molecules into organic molecular salts followed by pyrolysis.The robust electrostatic force holding organic molecular salts together leads to negligible volatility and thus ensures the formation of carbons under high-temperature pyrolysis.Meanwhile,metal moieties in organic molecular salts can be evolved into in-situ templates or activators during pyrolysis to create nanopores.The modular nature of organic molecular salts allows easy control of the porosity and chemical doping of carbons at a molecular level.The sulfur-doped carbon prepared by the ionic solid strategy can serve as robust support to prepare small-sized intermetallic PtCo catalysts,which exhibit a high mass activity of 1.62 A·mgPt^(−1)in catalyzing oxygen reduction reaction for fuel cell applications.

Pitting Corrosion of 13Cr Steel in Oxygen-free Completion Fluids of Organic Salt

Corrosion behavior of 13Cr steel in oxygen-free completion fluids of the organic salt at 180℃ was studied. Cross-sectional morphologies of the corrosion products were observed by scanning electron microscopy. Energy dispersive spectrum （EDS） was used to study the element distribution of the corrosion product inside and outside the pits. The results show that the organic salt causes severe pitting corrosion of 13Cr steel. The width and depth of the pits increase simultaneously when the test duration prolongs, and potassium enriches inside the pits.

Multi-component hydrogen-bonding salts formed between imidazole and aromatic acids:Synthons cooperation and crystal structures

Imidazole base was crystallized with different aromatic carboxylic acids 2,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid, 5-chlorosalicylic acid, and 1,8-naphthalic acid, affording three new binary molecular organic salts of [(C 3 H 5 N 2 + )·(C 7 H 5 O 4 )] (1), [(C 3 H 5 N 2 + )·(C 7 H 4 O 3 Cl )] C 7 H 5 O 3 Cl (2), and [(C 3 H 5 N 2 + ) (C 12 H 7 O 4 )] (3). Proton transfer occurs from the COOH of carboxylic acid to nitrogen of imidazole in all complexes (1-3), leading to the hydrogen bond N-H…O in all structures. To our knowledge, the recognition pattern between the carboxylic acid group and imidazole (acid-imidazole synthon) is less well-studied so far. The cooperation among COOH, COO and imidazolium cation functional groups for the observed hydrogen bond synthons is examined in the three structures. Generally, the strong N-H…O and O-H…O hydrogen bonds define supramolecular architecture and connectivity within chains, while weaker C-H…O hydrogen bonds play the dominant role in controlling the interactions between layers in these novel organic salts. Thermal stability of these compounds has been investigated by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) of mass loss.

Organic salt-assisted liquid-phase shear exfoliation of expanded graphite into graphene nanosheets

How to improve the efficiency of liquid-phase shear exfoliation(LPSE)for mass production of large-size graphene nanosheets still remains an ongoing challenge.In this work,we have developed a LPSE method using a rotor-stator mixer.It is quite simple and efficient by exfoliation of expanded graphite(EG)in Nmethyl-2-pyrrolidone(NMP)with the assistance of organic salts including sodium citrate,potassium citrate and sodium tartrate.The LPSE of EG in NMP can provide improved yields,up to 6 times as high as values from exfoliation of natural flake graphite(NFG).The additive of organic salts in NMP can make a further improvement in graphene yields,1.5 times higher than that obtained only in NMP.Remarkably,the yields of the as-exfoliated graphene are as high as 10%under optimal conditions,and up to 50%after multiple-cycle exfoliation.Organic salts in LPSE act as analogue grinding aids enhancing the applied shear forces and thus contributing to the improved efficiency of LPSE,but they do not intercalate into the interplanar spaces of graphite.This facile LPSE method should have excellent potential in the large scale production of graphene nanosheets for numerous applications.