Organ donation in China:the major progress and the continuing problem

China has banned harvesting organs from executed prisoners since January 1st, 2015, making voluntary donation the only legitimate venue for organ transplant. It is a critical move to settle all the controversies about China＇s organ transplant process by making a loud and strong statement worldwide that the Chinese government respects human rights and is streamlining its organ transplant process to conform with internationally accepted standards on organ transplantation. This regulation removes one major obstacle of organ transplant in China; however, China still faces the other maior obstacle of critical organ shortage.

Influence of Position and Radiation Technique on Organs at Risk in Radiotherapy of Rectal Cancer

The influence of the position and radiation technique on the organs at risk（OARs） in radiotherapy of rectal cancer was evaluated. The relationship between the volume of irradiated small bowel（VSB） and acute bowel toxicity was determined. A total of 97 cases of rectal cancer were retrospectively randomized to receive radiotherapy with the designated treatment positions and radiation plans. Among 64 patients in the supine position, 32 patients were given three-dimensional conformal radiotherapy（3DCR） and 32 patients were subjected to intensity-modulated radiation therapy（IMRT） respectively. The rest 33 patients were treated with 3DCRT in the prone position with a belly board. The VSB was calculated for doses from 5 to 45 Gy at an interval of 5 Gy. With prescription dose in planned target volume（PTV） of 50 Gy, the dose distribution, conformal index for PTV（CIPTV）, dose-volume histogram（DVH） of OARs, the correlation of VSB and the acute toxicity were compared. The results were shown as follows：（1） Among the 3 methods, there were no differences in PTV＇s converge including V95 and D95;（2） For IMRT under a supine position, CIPTV was closest to 1, the mean dose of small bowel decreased（P〈0.05）, and the mean VSB from V30 to V45 significantly decreased（P〈0.05）.（3） For 3DCRT with a belly board under a prone position, the mean dose and the mean VSB from 40 to 45 Gy were less than those for 3DCRT under a supine position（P〈0.05）;（4） Mean proportion of VSB was significantly greater in the patients experiencing diarrhea grade 2-4 than in those with diarrhea grade 0-1 at dose levels from V30 to V45（P〈0.05）. It was concluded that for the radiotherapy of rectal cancer, IMRT technique might decrease the high-dose VSB to reduce the risk of acute injury. 3DCRT with a belly board under a prone position is superior to 3DCRT under a supine position, which could be a second choice for radiation of rectal cancer.

Helical supramolecular nanorods via sequential meticulous tailoring of noncovalent interaction and light irradiation

Polymers are widely recognized to entail random conformations in good solvent governed by the need for achieving the highest entropy to reach thermodynamic equilibrium.In this context,it remains grand challenging to directly arrange them into ordered conformation as building blocks for further self-assembling into hierarchal structures.Herein,we report a simple yet viable strategy to progressively assemble rationally designed azobenzene-containing alternating copolymer(i.e.,poly(binaphthylspacer-azobenzene-alt-hexaethylene glycol),denoting P(BNPSAzo-alt-EG_(6))_(24))into helical supramolecular nanorods.Specifically,P(BNPSAzo-alt-EG_(6))_(24) chains in good solvent are firstly self-assembled into helical single molecular micelles in good solvent via intramolecular π-π interaction between binaphthyl groups as well as between azobenzene moieties.Subsequently,by simply introducing water into the solution that is allowed to dwell for a certain period of time,single molecular micelles are selfassembled into well-defined vesicles.Finally,these isotropic vesicles could be further transformed into anisotropic helical supramolecular nanorods with enhanced aggregate-induced emission(AIE)capability driven by repeated,light-triggered cistrans isomerization of azobenzene moieties with the retention of π-π interacted binaphthyl groups.This study highlights a facile route to yielding morphology-rich,functional assemblies from a single polymer via judiciously exploiting non-covalent interaction and light of different wavelength as highly effective trigger in a non-invasive manner for potential applications in controlled release and fluorescent labelling.