Ultrathin polyamide nanofiltration membrane prepared by triazine-based porous organic polymer as interlayer for dye removal

Separation membrane with high flux is generally encouraged in industrial application,because of the tremendous needs for decreasing membrane areas,usage costs and space requirements.The most effective and direct method for obtaining the high flux is to decrease membrane thickness.Polyamide(PA)nanofiltration membrane is conventionally prepared by the direct interfacial polymerization(IP)on substrate surface,and results in a thick PA layer.In this work,we proposed a strategy that constructing triazine-based porous organic polymer(TRZ-POP)as the interlayer to prepare the ultrathin PA nanofiltration membranes.TRZ-POP is firstly deposited on the polyethersulfone substrate,and then the formed TRZ-POP provides more adhesion sites towards PA based on its high specific surface areas.The chemical bonding between terminal amine group of TRZ-POP and the amide group of PA further improves the binding force,and strengthens the stability of PA layer.More importantly,the high porosity of TRZPOP layer causes the higher polymerization of initial PA owning to the stored sufficient amino monomer;and H-bonding interaction between amine groups of TRZ-POP and piperazine(PIP)can astrict the release of PIP.Thus,IP process is controlled,and the thinnest thickness of prepared PA layer is only<15 nm.As expected,PA/TRZ-POP membrane shows a more excellent water flux of 1414 L·m^(-2)·h^(-1)·MPa^(-1)than that of the state-of-the-art nanofiltration membranes,and without sacrificing dye rejection.The build of TRZPOP interlayer develops a new method for obtaining a high-flux nanofiltration membrane.

Recent progress in porous organic polymers and their application for CO_(2) capture

Carbon capture,storage,and utilization(CCSU)is recognized as an effective method to reduce the excessive emission of CO_(2).Absorption by amine aqueous solutions is considered highly efficient for CO_(2) capture from the flue gas because of the large CO_(2) capture capacity and high selectivity.However,it is often limited by the equipment corrosion and the high desorption energy consumption,and adsorption of CO_(2) using solid adsorbents has been receiving more attention in recent years due to its simplicity and high efficiency.More recently,a great number of porous organic polymers(POPs)have been designed and constructed for CO_(2) capture,and they are proven promising solid adsorbents for CO_(2) capture due to their high Brunauer-Emmett-Teller(BET)surface area(SBET),adjustable pore size and easy functionalization.In particular,they usually have rigid skeleton,permanent porosity,and good physiochemical stability.In this review,we have a detailed review for the different POPs developed in recent years,not only the design strategy,but also the special structure for CO_(2) capture.The outlook of the opportunities and challenges of the POPs is also proposed.

Post-synthesis modification of porous organic polymers with amine： a task-specific microenvironment for CO2 capture

A porous organic polymer named FC-POP was facilely synthesized with extraordinary porosity and excellent stability. Further covalent incorporation of various amines including single amine group, multi-amine groups of diethylenediamine （DETA）, and poly-amine groups of polyethylenimine （PEI） to the network gave rise to task-specific modification of the microenvironments to make them more suitable for CO2 capture. As a result, significant boost of CO2 adsorption capacity of 4.5 mmol/g （for FC-POP-CH2DETA, 273 K, 1 bar） and the CO2/N2 selectivity of 736.1 （for FC- POP-CH2PEI） were observed after the post-synthesis amine modifications. Furthermore, these materials can be regener- ated in elevated temperature under vacuum without apparent loss of CO2 adsorption capacity.

Rational design of new in situ reduction of Ni(II)catalytic system for low-cost and large-scale preparation of porous aromatic frameworks

Porous aromatic framework 1(PAF-1)is an extremely representative nanoporous organic framework owing to its high stability and exceptionally high surface area.Currently,the synthesis of PAF-1 is catalyzed by the Ni(COD)2/COD/bpy system,suffering from great instability and high cost.Herein,we developed an in situ reduction of the Ni(II)catalytic system to synthesize PAF-1 in low cost and high yield.The active Ni(0)species produced from the NiCl_(2)/bpy/NaI/Mg catalyst system can effectively catalyze homocoupling of tetrakis(4-bromophenyl)methane at the room temperature to form PAF-1 with high Brunauer-Emmett-Teller(BET)-specific surface area up to 4948 m^(2) g^(−1)(Langmuir surface area,6785 m2 g−1).The possible halogen exchange and dehalogenation coupling mechanisms for this new catalytic process in PAF's synthesis are discussed in detail.The efficiency and universality of this innovative catalyst system have also been demonstrated in other PAFs'synthesis.This work provides a cheap,facile,and efficient method for scalable synthesis of PAFs and explores their application for high-pressure storage of Xe and Kr.

Boosting selective C_(2)H_(2)/CH_(4),C_(2)H_(4)/CH_(4) and CO_(2)/CH_(4) adsorption performance via 1,2,3-triazole functionalized triazine-based porous organic polymers

Nitrogen-rich porous organic polymers have shown great potentials in gas adsorption/separation,photocatalysis,electrochemistry,sensing and so on.Herein,1,2,3-triazole functionalized triazine-based porous organic polymers(TT-POPs)have been synthesized by the copper-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition(Cu-AAC)polymerization reactions of 1,3,5-tris(4-azidophenyl)-triazine with 1,4-diacetylene benzene and 1,3,5-triacetylenebenzene,respectively.The characterizations of N2 adsorption at 77 K show TTPOPs possess permanent porosity with BET surface areas of 666 m^(2)·g^(-1)(TT-POP-1)and 406 m^(2)·g^(-1)(TT-POP-2).The adsorption capacities of TT-POPs for CO_(2),CH4,C2H2 and C2H4,as well as the selective separation abilities of CO_(2)/N2,CO_(2)/CH_(4),C_(2)H_(2)/CH_(4) and C_(2)H_(4)/CH_(4) were evaluated.The gas selective separation ratio of TT-POPs was calculated by the ideal adsorbed solution theory(IAST)method,wherein the selective separation ratios of C_(2)H_(2)/CH_(4) and C_(2)H_(4)/CH_(4) of TT-POP-2 was 48.4 and 13.6(298 K,0.1 MPa),which is comparable to other adsorbents(5.6–120.6 for C_(2)H_(2)/CH_(4),10–26 for C_(2)H_(4)/CH_(4)).This work shows that the 1,2,3-triazole functionalized triazine-based porous organic polymer has a good application prospect in natural gas purification.

A Pd-metalated porous organic polymer as a highly efficient heterogeneous catalyst for C–C couplings

An efficient catalyst system based on a Pd-metalated porous organic polymer bearing phenanthroline ligands was designed and synthesized.This catalyst was applied to various C–C bond-forming reactions,including the Suzuki,Heck and Sonogashira couplings,and afforded the corresponding products while exhibiting excellent activities and selectivities.More importantly,this catalyst can be readily recycled.These features show that such catalysts have significant potential applications in the future.

Polarization engineering in porous organic polymers for charge separation efficiency and its applications in photocatalytic aerobic oxidations

Photocatalytic aerobic oxidation reactions are largely governed by the efficiency of charge separation and subsequent reactive oxygen species(ROS) generation. Herein, we report a polarization engineering strategy to promote the charge separation and ROS generation efficiency by substituting the benzene unit with furan/thiophene in porous organic polymers(POPs). Benefiting from the extent of local polarization, the thiophene-containing POP(JNU-218) exhibits the best photocatalytic performance in aerobic oxidation reactions, with a yield much higher than those for the furan-containing POP(JNU-217) and the benzenecontaining POP(JNU-216). Experimental studies and theoretical calculations reveal that the increase of local polarization can indeed reduce the exciton binding energy, and therefore facilitate the separation of electron-hole pairs. This work demonstrates a viable strategy to tune charge separation and ROS generation efficiency by modulating the dipole moments of the building blocks in porous polymeric organic semiconductors.

Porous Rh/BINAP polymers as efficient heterogeneous catalysts for asymmetric hydroformylation of styrene:Enhanced enantioselectivity realized by flexible chiral nanopockets

A new chiral monomer,(S)‐5,5′‐divinyl‐BINAP,was successfully synthesized and embedded intotwo different porous organic polymers(Poly‐1and Poly‐2).After loading a Rh species,the catalystswere applied for the heterogeneous asymmetric hydroformylation of styrene.Compared with thehomogeneous BINAP analogue,the enantioselectivity of Rh/Poly‐1catalyst was drastically increasedby approximately70%.The improved enantioselectivity of the porous Rh/BINAP polymerswas attributed to the presence of flexible chiral nanopockets resulting from the increased bulk ofthe R groups near the catalytic center.

Chiral BINAP-based hierarchical porous polymers as platforms for efficient heterogeneous asymmetric catalysis

Two vinyl‐functionalized chiral2,2'‐bis(diphenylphosphino)‐1,1'‐binaphthyl(BINAP)ligands,(S)‐4,4'‐divinyl‐BINAP and(S)‐5,5'‐divinyl‐BINAP,were successfully synthesized.Chiral BINAP‐based porous organic polymers(POPs),denoted as4‐BINAP@POPs and5‐BINAP@POPs,were efficiently prepared via the copolymerization of vinyl‐functionalized BINAP with divinyl benzene under solvothermal conditions.Thorough characterization using nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy,thermogravimetric analysis,extended X‐ray absorption fine structure analysis,and high‐angle annular dark‐field scanning transmission electron microscopy,we confirmed that chiral BINAP groups were successfully incorporated into the structure of the materials considered to contain hierarchical pores.Ru was introduced as a catalytic species into the POPs using different synthetic routes.Systematic investigation of the resultant chiral Ru/POP catalysts for heterogeneous asymmetric hydrogenation ofβ‐keto esters revealed their excellent chiral inducibility as well as high activity and stability.Our work thereby paves a path towards the use of advanced hierarchical porous polymers as solid chiral platforms for heterogeneous asymmetric catalysis.

Ferrocenyl building block constructing porous organic polymer for gas capture and methyl violet adsorption

Ferrocene-based porous organic polymer(FcPOP) was constructed with ferrocene and porphyrin derivatives as building blocks via Schiff-base coupling. FcPOP was well characterized, and exhibited good thermal stability, high porosity, microporous structure, and homogeneous pore size distribution. Ferrocene blocks with highly electron-rich characteristics endowed Fc POP with excellent adsorption capacity of CO2 and methyl violet. The kinetic study indicated adsorption of methyl violet onto FcPOP mainly complied with pesudo-second order model. The maximum adsorption capacity of FcPOP derived from Langmuir isotherm model reached up to 516 mg/g. More importantly, FcPOP could be easily regenerated and repeatedly employed for removal of methyl violet with high efficiency. Overall, FcPOP in the present study highlighted prospective applications in the field of gas capture and dyeing wastewater treatment.

Insertion of pillar[5]arene into Troger’s base-derived porous organic polymer for promoted heterogeneous catalytic performance in Knoevenagel condensation and CO_(2)fixation

Development of new metal-free heterogeneous catalysts has long been the focus of intense research interest.The integration of multifunctional monomers into the skeletons of porous organic polymers(POPs)provides an efficient pathway to achieve this goal.Herein,we rationally designed and successfully prepared a new Troger’s base(TB)-derived POPs by insertion of pillar[5]arene macrocycle as a positively auxiliary group.Combined the both merits of pillar[5]arene macrocycle and TB moiety,the as-prepared polymer was further explored as an effective metal-free heterogeneous catalyst and exhibited promoted catalytic performance in Knoevenagel condensation and CO_(2)conversion.This work provides a new strategy to fabricate metal-free heterogeneous catalysts based on macrocyclic POPs.

Controlled Synthesis of Proton-Conductive Porous Organic Polymer Gels via Electrostatically Stabilized Colloidal Formation

Porous organic polymers(POPs)have attracted extensive interest due to their structural diversity and predesigned functionality.However,the majority of POPs are synthesized as insoluble and unprocessable powders,which greatly impede their advanced applications because of limited mass transport and inadaptation for device integration.Herein,we report a controlled synthetic strategy of macroscopic POP gels by a cation-stabilized colloidal formation mechanism,which is widely adaptable to a large variety of tetra-/tri-amino build blocks for the synthesis of Tröger’s base-linked POP gels,aerogels,and ionic gels.The POP gels combined the integrated advantages of hierarchically porous structures and tailorable mechanical stiffness,whereas they could load substantial amounts of phosphoric acids and construct unimpeded transport pathways for proton conduction,exhibiting unprecedented proton conductivity at subzero temperatures.Our strategy offers a new solution to the intractable processing issues of POPs toward device applications with cutting-edge performances.

Pyrylium-based porous organic polymers via Knoevenagel condensation for efficient visible-light-driven heterogeneous photodegradation

Pyrylium salts are a type of representative and convincing example of versatility and variety not only as a nodal point in organic transformations but also as an attractive building block in functional organic materials. Herein, we report an effective synthetic protocol to fabricate a new pyrylium-containing porous organic polymers(POPs), named TMP-P, via Knoevenagel condensation with 2,4,6-trimethylpyrylium salt(TMP) as the key building block and 1,4-phthalaldehyde as the linker. The resulting ionic polymer TMPP exhibited efficient visible-light-driven heterogeneous photodegradation of Rhodamine B, owing to the presence of wide visible light absorption and a narrow optical band gap triggered pyrylium core in the framework.

(Catecholate)Cu^(I)_(2)-Displayed Porous Organic Polymers as Efficient Heterogeneous Catalysts for the Mild and Selective Aerobic Oxidation of Alcohols

Porous organic polymers(POPs)containing catalytically active sites are of paramount importance for heterogeneous catalysis.However,the catalytically active sites of reported POPs are mostly limited to mononuclear metal species.Herein,we report the reaction between catechol-containing POPs(Cat-POPs)and[CuIMes]n to afford the corresponding Cu^(I)_(2)-CatPOPs with a putative vicinal binuclear(catecholate)Cu^(I)_(2)moiety.The resulting Cu^(I)_(2)-CatPOPs exhibit high Brunauer–Emmett–Teller surface areas,good stability,and excellent catalytic activity toward the aerobic oxidation of a broad range of primary and secondary alcohols under mild conditions,with either 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidinyl-N-oxyl or 9-azabicyclo[3.3.0]nonane-N-oxyl as the cocatalyst.As green aerobic oxidation catalysts,the Cu^(I)_(2)-CatPOPs are much more active than the correspondingmononuclear CuIICatPOPs,where each catecholate moiety only supports one CuII center;CuI-ConPOPs,where the binding sites for CuI is a nonvicinal 1,4-dihydroxybenzene moiety;and the homogeneous analogue(3,6-di-tert-butyl catecholate)Cu^(I)_(2).These results are consistent with a proposed vicinal binuclear Cu^(I)_(2)structure that can efficiently activate molecular oxygen for the aerobic oxidation of alcohols,mechanistically similar to that observed in dicopper-containing oxygenases.Our results demonstrate the facile preparation of POPs with binuclear catalytically active sites that function as green heterogeneous catalysts for efficient oxidation of alcohols.

Combination of binary active sites into heterogeneous porous polymer catalysts for efficient transformation of CO_(2) under mild conditions

The transformation of CO_(2)into cyclic carbonates via atom-economical cycloadditions with epoxides has recently attracted tremendous attention.On one hand,though many heterogeneous catalysts have been developed for this reaction,they typically suffer from disadvantages such as the need for severe reaction conditions,catalyst loss,and large amounts of soluble co-catalysts.On the other hand,the development of heterogeneous catalysts featuring multiple and cooperative active sites,remains challenging and desirable.In this study,we prepared a series of porous organic catalysts(POP-PBnCl-TPPMg-x)via the copolymerization metal-porphyrin compounds and phosphonium salt monomers in various ratios.The resulting materials contain both Lewis-acidic and Lewis-basic active sites.The molecular-level combination of these sites in the same polymer allows these active sites to work synergistically,giving rise to excellent performance in the cycloaddition reaction of CO_(2)with epoxides,under mild conditions(40℃ and 1 atm CO_(2))in the absence of soluble co-catalysts.POP-PBnCl-TPPMg-12 can also efficiently fixate CO_(2)under low-CO_(2)-concentration(15%v/v N2)conditions representative of typical CO_(2)compositions in industrial exhaust gases.More importantly,this catalyst shows excellent recyclability and can easily be separated and reused at least five times while maintaining its activity.In view of their heterogeneous nature and excellent catalytic performance,the obtained catalysts are promising candidates for the transformation of industrially generated CO_(2)into high value-added chemicals.

Nitrogen-rich isoindoline-based porous polymer: Promoting knoevenagel reaction at room temperature

Nitrogen-rich porous organic polymers(POPs)with basic features have already shown promising performance in various organic reactions.But the harsh conditions,tedious synthetic methods and the requirement of specific monomers impede their further application.Herein,we introduce isoindoline chemistry into POP community.An isoindoline formation process between aniline and bromomethylbenzenedcoupling nucleophilic substitution,HBr elimination,and intramolecular cyclization in one pot,is utilized for POPs synthesis.Nitrogen-rich isoindolinebased porous polymers(IPPs)were obtained with specific surface areas up to 408 m^(2) g^(-1).Unexpectedly,mechanochemistry could enable the rapid(3 h)and solid-state synthesis of IPP catalysts.Moreover,this nitrogen-rich catalyst presents excellent activity(isolated yield:99%),scalable ability(up to 14 g per run)and recyclability(five runs)towards the Knoevenagel condensation reaction under mild reaction conditions(water as solvent at room temperature).

Highly active and stable porous polymer heterogenous catalysts for decomposition of formic acid to produce H_2

Formic acid(FA)has attracted extensive attention as a hydrogen storage material.Here,we develop two heterogeneous catalysts based on porous organic polymers(POPs).After loading the Ru species,the catalyst bearing the triphenylphosphine ligand showed excellent performance in terms of activity and stability for the decomposition of FA to produce hydrogen.

Ru complex and N,P-containing polymers confined within mesoporous hollow carbon spheres for hydrogenation of CO_(2)to formate

The development of reliable catalysts with both excellent activity and recyclability for carbon dioxide(CO_(2))hydrogenation is challenging.Herein,a ternary hybrid heterogeneous catalyst,involving mononuclear Ru complex,N,P-containing porous organic polymers(POPs),and mesoporous hollow carbon spheres(Ru^(3+)-POPs@MHCS)is reported for CO_(2)hydrogenation to formate.Based on comprehensive structural analyses,we demonstrated that Ru^(3+)-POPs were successfully immobilized within MHCS.The optimized Ru^(3+)-0.5POPs@MHCS catalyst,which was obtained with about 5 wt.%Ru^(3+)and 0.5 mmol POPs polymers confined into 0.3 g MHCS,exhibited high catalytic activity for CO_(2)hydrogenation to formate(turnover number(TON)>1,200 for 24 h under mild reaction conditions(4.0 MPa,120℃))and improved durability,compared to Ru^(3+)catalysts without POPs polymers(Ru^(3+)-MHCS)and unencapsulated MHCS(Ru^(3+)-0.5POPs)catalysts.The improved catalytic performance is attributed to the high surface area and large pore volume of MHCS which favors dispersion and stabilization of Ru^(3+)-POPs.Furthermore,the MHCS and POPs showed high CO_(2)adsorption ability.Ru^(3+)-POPs encapsulated into MHCS reduces the activation energy barrier for CO_(2)hydrogenation to formate.

Engineering porous organic polymers for carbon dioxide capture

As atmospheric CO_2 levels rise, the development of physical or chemical adsorbents for CO_2 capture and separation is of great importance on the way towards a sustainable low-carbon future. Porous organic polymers are promising candidates for CO_2 capture materials owing to their structural flexibility, high surface area, and high stability. In this review, we highlight high-performance porous organic polymers for CO_2 capture and summarize the strategies to enhance CO_2 uptake and selectivity, such as increasing surface area, increasing interaction between porous organic polymers and CO_2, and pore surface functionalization.

Potential applications of porous organic polymers as adsorbent for the adsorption of volatile organic compounds

Volatile organic compounds(VOCs)with high toxicity and carcinogenicity are emitted from kinds of industries,which endanger human health and the environment.Adsorption is a promising method for the treatment of VOCs due to its low cost and high efficiency.In recent years,activated carbons,zeolites,and mesoporous materials are widely used to remove VOCs because of their high specific surface area and abundant porosity.However,the hydrophilic nature and low desorption rate of those materials limit their commercial application.Furthermore,the adsorption capacities of VOCs still need to be improved.Porous organic polymers(POPs)with extremely high porosity,structural diversity,and hydrophobic have been considered as one of the most promising candidates for VOCs adsorption.This review generalized the superiority of POPs for VOCs adsorption compared to other porous materials and summarized the studies of VOCs adsorption on different types of POPs.Moreover,the mechanism of competitive adsorption between water and VOCs on the POPs was discussed.Finally,a concise outlook for utilizing POPs for VOCs adsorption was discussed,noting areas in which further work is needed to develop the next-generation POPs for practical applications.