Power Generation Systems Using Continuous Blowdown Waste Heat from Drum Boilers Driving an Organic Rankine Cycle

提出了一种利用汽包锅炉排污系统余热的有机朗肯循环发电系统,有机工质回收扩容器疏水的热量,并通过气轮机发电。建立了系统的热力性能分析模型,并对R227ea、RC318、R236ea、R245fa、R245ca、R123和R113等7种工质的热力性能进行了优化。结果表明,临界温度高的工质,其o2循环的最佳主气温度（蒸发温度）反而低；亚临界循环采用干流体时,过热不利于余热的利用；超临界循环可以改善热源与工质间的温度匹配,有利于增大系统输出功,但是其运行压力高、大比热区的传热恶化等问题是实际运行和设计需要考虑的因素；R236ea的热力性能优于其余6种工质。

Simulation and performance analysis of organic Rankine cycle combined heat and power system

To improve the overall thermal efficiency of the organic Rankine cycle（ ORC）, a simulation study was carried out for a combined heat and power（ CHP） system, using the Redlich-Kuang-Soave（ RKS） equation of state. In the system,R245 fa was selected as the working fluid. A scroll expander was modeled with empirical isentropic expansion efficiency.Plate heat exchangers were selected as the evaporator and the condenser, and detailed heat transfer models were programmed for both one-phase and two-phase regions. Simulations were carried out at seven different heat source temperatures（ 80,90, 100, 110, 120, 130, 140 ℃） in combination with eight different heat sink temperatures（ 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50,55 ℃）. Results showthat in the ORC without an internal heat exchanger（ IHE）, the optimum cycle efficiencies are in the range of 7. 0% to 7. 3% when the temperature differences between the heat source and heat sink are in the range of 70 to90 ℃. Simulations on CHP reveal that domestic hot water can be produced when the heat sink inlet temperature is higher than40 ℃, and the corresponding exergy efficiency and overall thermal efficiency are 29% to 56% and 87% to 90% higher than those in the non-CHP ORC, respectively. It is found that the IHE has little effect on the improvement of work output and efficiencies for the CHP ORC.

Coupling effect of evaporation and condensation processes of organic Rankine cycle for geothermal power generation improvement

Organic Rankine cycle(ORC)is widely used for the low grade geothermal power generation.However,a large amount of irreversible loss results in poor technical and economic performance due to its poor matching between the heat source/sink and the working medium in the condenser and the evaporator.The condensing temperature,cooling water temperature difference and pinch point temperature difference are often fixed according to engineering experience.In order to optimize the ORC system comprehensively,the coupling effect of evaporation and condensation process was proposed in this paper.Based on the laws of thermodynamics,the energy analysis,exergy analysis and entropy analysis were adopted to investigate the ORC performance including net output power,thermal efficiency,exergy efficiency,thermal conductivity,irreversible loss,etc.,using geothermal water at a temperature of 120℃as the heat source and isobutane as the working fluid.The results show that there exists a pair of optimal evaporating temperature and condensing temperatures to maximize the system performance.The net power output and the system comprehensive performance achieve their highest values at the same evaporating temperature,but the system comprehensive performance corresponds to a lower condensing temperature than the net power output.

Dynamic test on waste heat recovery system with organic Rankine cycle

Dynamic performance is important to the controlling and monitoring of the organic Rankine cycle(ORC) system so to avoid the occurrence of unwanted conditions. A small scale waste heat recovery system with organic Rankine cycle was constructed and the dynamic behavior was presented. In the dynamic test, the pump was stopped and then started. In addition, there was a step change of the flue gas volume flow rate and the converter frequency of multistage pump, respectively. The results indicate that the working fluid flow rate has the shortest response time, followed by the expander inlet pressure and the expander inlet temperature.The operation frequency of pump is a key parameter for the ORC system. Due to a step change of pump frequency(39.49-35.24 Hz),the expander efficiency and thermal efficiency drop by 16% and 21% within 2 min, respectively. Besides, the saturated mixture can lead to an increase of the expander rotation speed.

Selection of organic Rankine cycle working fluid based on unit-heat-exchange-area net power

To improve energy conversion efficiency, optimization of the working fluids in organic Rankine cycles(ORCs) was explored in the range of low-temperature heat sources. The concept of unit-heat-exchange-area(UHEA) net power, embodying the cost/performance ratio of an ORC system, was proposed as a new indicator to judge the suitability of ORC working fluids on a given condition. The heat exchange area was computed by an improved evaporator model without fixing the minimum temperature difference between working fluid and hot fluid, and the flow pattern transition during heat exchange was also taken into account. The maximum UHEA net powers obtained show that dry organic fluids are more suitable for ORCs than wet organic fluids to recover low-temperature heat. The organic fluid 1-butene is recommended if the inlet temperature of hot fluid is 353.15-363.15 K or443.15-453.15 K, heptane is more suitable at 373.15-423.15 K, and R245 ca is a good option at 483.15-503.15 K.

Thermo-economic Investigation of an Enhanced Geothermal System Organic Rankine Cycle and Combined Heating and Power System

As a potentially viable renewable energy, Enhanced Geothermal Systems(EGSs) extract heat from hot dry rock(HDR) reservoirs to produce electricity and heat, which promotes the progress towards carbon peaking and carbon neutralization. The main challenge for EGSs is to reduce the investment cost. In the present study, thermo-economic investigations of EGS projects are conducted. The effects of geofluid mass flow rate, wellhead temperature and loss rate on the thermo-economic performance of the EGS organic Rankine cycle(ORC) are studied. A performance comparison between EGS-ORC and the EGS combined heating and power system(CHP) is presented. Considering the CO_(2)emission reduction benefits, the influence of carbon emission trading price on the levelized cost of energy(LCOE) is also presented. It is indicated that the geofluid mass flow rate is a critical parameter in dictating the success of a project. Under the assumed typical working conditions, the LCOE of EGS-ORC and EGS-CHP systems are 24.72 and 16.1 cents/k Wh, respectively. Compared with the EGS-ORC system, the LCOE of the EGS-CHP system is reduced by 35%. EGS-CHP systems have the potential to be economically viable in the future. With carbon emission trading prices of 12.76 USD/ton, the LCOE can be reduced by approximately 8.5%.

A Steady-State Evaluation of Simple Organic Rankine Cycle (SORC) with Low-Temperature Grade Waste Heat Source

The low-grade heat source recovery is usually constrained by the physical characteristics of the hot fluid medium. The present work focuses on the importance of energy recovery from low-temperature waste energy sources and its conversion to useful electrical power. The thermal performance analysis is based on the utilization of R-123, R-134a, R-290, R-245fa, R-1234ze-E, and R-1233zd-E fluids in a simple organic Rankine cycle (SORC). A waste energy source from an industrial sector is suggested to be available at a temperature greater than 110 °C. A hypothetical organic Rankine cycle of 10 kW nominal heat recovery was implemented to evaluate the cycle performance. It operates at evaporation and condensation temperatures of 90 °C and 45 °C, respectively. The selected vapor superheat degree at the expander entrance was 5 °C - 15 °C, and the liquid was subcooled by 5 °C at the discharge port of condenser. The estimated first law cycle thermal efficiency fell in the range of 6.4% - 7.7%. The results showed that the thermal efficiencies of R-134a, R-123, R-245fa, R-1233zd-E, and R-1234ze-E were higher than that of R-290 by 10% - 14%, 11% - 12%, 9% - 12%, 4% - 7% and 1% - 3%, respectively. R-1233zd-E, R-1234ze-E, and R-290 showed close thermal efficiency values, and it fell in the range of 6.7% - 7% for the (SORC) at a superheat degree of 15 °C. At the same superheat degree, the corresponding range of thermal efficiency for R-134a, R-123 and R-245fa fell within 7.5% - 7.7%. R-134a possessed the highest net power output of the (SORC);it reached a value of 0.91 kW as predicted at 15 °C superheat degree. Increasing the expander volumetric efficiency value by 10% improved the cycle thermal efficiency by 10% - 12%.

Exergy Analysis of Organic Rankine Cycles with Zeotropic Working Fluids

Waste heat recovery is one of the possible solutions to improve the efficiency of internal combustion engines.Instead of wasting the exhaust stream of an energy conversion system into the environment,its residual energy content can be usefully recovered,for example in Organic Rankine Cycles(ORC).This technology has been largely consolidated in stationary power plants but not yet for mobile applications,such as road transport,due to the limitations in the layout and to the constraints on the size and weight of the ORC system.An ORC system installed on the exhaust line of a bus powered by a natural gas spark ignition engine has been investigated.The thermal power available at engine exhaust has been evaluated by measuring gas temperature and mass flow rate during real driving operation.The waste thermal power has been considered as heat input for the ORC plant simulation.A detailed heat exchanger model has been developed because it is a crucial component for the ORC performance.The exergy analysis of the ORC was performed comparing different working fluids:R601,R1233zd(E)and two zeotropic blends of the two organic pure fluids.The model allowed the evaluation of the ORC produced energy over the driving cycle and the potential benefit on the engine efficiency.

Off-Design Simulation of a CSP Power Plant Integrated with aWaste Heat Recovery System

Concentrating Solar Power(CSP)plants offer a promising way to generate low-emission energy.However,these plants face challenges such as reduced sunlight during winter and cloudy days,despite being located in high solar radiation areas.Furthermore,their dispatch capacities and yields can be affected by high electricity consumption,particularly at night.The present work aims to develop an off-design model that evaluates the hourly and annual performances of a parabolic trough power plant(PTPP)equipped with a waste heat recovery system.The study aims to compare the performances of this new layout with those of the conventional Andasol 1 plant,with the aim of assessing the improvements achieved in the new design.Based on the results,it can be concluded that the new layout has increased the annual generated power to almost 183 GWh(an increase of about 7.60% is achieved compared to the Andasol 1 layout that generates 169 GWh annually).Additionally,the proposed installation has achieved an efficiency of 20.55%,which represents a 7.87% increase compared to the previous design(19.05%).The Levelized Cost of Electricity(LCOE)of the new layout has been reduced by more than 5.8% compared to the Andasol 1 plant.Specifically,it has decreased from 13.11 to 12.35 c/kWh.This reduction in LCOE highlights the improved cost-effectiveness of the newlayout,making it amore economically viable option for generating electricity compared to the conventional Andasol 1 plant.

Performance comparison and analysis of a combined power and cooling system based on organic Rankine cycle

A novel power and cooling system combined system which coupled organic Rankine cycle(ORC) with vapor compression refrigeration cycle(VCRC) was proposed. R245 fa and butane were selected as the working fluid for the power and refrigeration cycle, respectively. A performance comparison and analysis for the combined system was presented. The results show that dual-pressure ORC-VCRC system can achieve an increase of 7.1% in thermal efficiency and 6.7% in exergy efficiency than that of basic ORC-VCRC. Intermediate pressure is a key parameter to both net power and exergy efficiency of dual-pressure ORC-VCRC system. Combined system can produce maximum net power and exergy efficiency at 0.85 MPa for intermediate pressure and 2.4 MPa for high pressure, respectively. However, superheated temperature at expander inlet has little impact on the two indicators. It can achieve higher overall COP, net power and exergy efficiency at smaller difference between condensation temperature and evaporation temperature of VCRC.

Performance Analysis of an Organic Rankine Cycle with a Preheated Ejector

The so-called organic Rankine cycle(ORC)is an effective technology allowing heat recovery from lower temperature sources.In the present study,to improve its thermal efficiency,a preheated ejector using exhaust steam coming from the expander is integrated in the cycle(EPORC).Considering net power output,pump power,and thermal efficiency,the proposed system is compared with the basic ORC.The influence of the ejector ratio(ER)of the preheated ejector on the system performances is also investigated.Results show that the net power output of the EPORC is higher than that of the basic ORC due to the decreasing pump power.Under given working conditions,the average thermal efficiency of EPORC is 29%higher than that of ORC.The ER has a great impact on the performance of EPORC by adjusting the working fluid fed to the pump,leading to significant variations of the pump work Moreover,the ER has a remarkable effect on the working fluid temperature lift(TL)at the evaporator inlet,thus reducing the evaporator heat load.According to the results,the thermal efficiency of EPORC increases by 30%,when the ER increases from 0.05 to 0.4.

Simulation Analysis of Flue Gas Waste Heat Utilization Retrofit Based on ORC System

Recovery of waste heat from boiler flue gas is an effective way to improve energy utilization efficiency.Taking a heating station heating project as an example,the existing heating system of this heating station was analyzed for its underutilized flue gas waste heat and low energy utilization rate.Rankine cycle is an effective waste heat recovery method,and a steam boiler organic Rankine cycle(ORC)cogeneration waste heat utilization method is proposed.The system model simulation is constructed and verified.First,a thermodynamic model was constructed in MATLAB and five suitable work gases were selected to analyze the effects of evaporation temperature and condensation temperature on the network and thermal efficiency of the waste heat cycle power system.Secondly,the ORC model is invoked in TRNSYS to construct the improved cogeneration system,and the rationality of the remaining heat utilization methods is determined by calculating and analyzing the thermal performance,economy,and environmental protection of the improved system.The simulation results show that the system can generate about 552,000 kWh of electricity per year,and improving the energy utilization rate from 0.72 to 0.78.

Optimizing Grids Demand Reduction through Enhanced Heat Transfer in Low-Temperature Waste Heat Driven ORC Systems

With increasing awareness of energy conservation and environmental protection, the Organic Rankine Cycle (ORC) system has gained significant attention. This technology enables the recovery of industrial waste heat, waste incineration heat, and renewable energy sources such as geothermal heat, biomass energy, and solar energy at lower temperatures. However, the low-grade heat source utilized in ORC systems faces a challenge to achieving high power generation efficiency and output power. Therefore, enhancing the power generation capacity of ORC systems is a key research focus in this field. An entranced heat exchanger ORC system with the screw expander driven by the low-temperature heat source is established to investigate the relevant performance. Hot water temperature from 77°C to 132°C is adopted for performance analysis, while the environmental temperature is approximately 25°C. Refrigerant R245fa is selected as the working fluid, and the screw expander is employed for power generation. It is worth noting that the entranced heat exchanger ORC system has significant potential for low-temperature heat recovery. Experimental results indicate that the maximum power output is 12.83 kW, which is obtained at around 105°C hot water inlet temperature. Correspondingly, the average power output remains 11.75 kW, revealing the system’s high stability for power generation. The implementation of a plate heat exchanger for enhanced heat transfer has enabled a 50% reduction in system size compared to traditional shell-tube type ORC systems. Besides, economic calculations demonstrate substantial benefits associated with the ORC system. The calculations indicate an internal benefit of 560,000 RMB/year, accompanied by notable external benefits such as an energy saving and emission reduction potential of up to 784 t CO2 per year. Moreover, the payback period is 2.23 years. It shows a remarkable improvement in terms of performance and excellent economic benefits. As a result, the novel ORC presents a promising alternative for low-grade heat utilization as compared to conventional small-scale ORC systems.

An approach for IC engine coolant energy recovery based on low-temperature organic Rankine cycle

To promote the fuel utilization efficiency of IC engine, an approach was proposed for IC engine coolant energy recovery based on low-temperature organic Rankine cycle(ORC). The ORC system uses IC engine coolant as heat source, and it is coupled to the IC engine cooling system. After various kinds of organic working media were compared, R124 was selected as the ORC working medium. According to IC engine operating conditions and coolant energy characteristics, the major parameters of ORC system were preliminary designed. Then, the effects of various parameters on cycle performance and recovery potential of coolant energy were analyzed via cycle process calculation. The results indicate that cycle efficiency is mainly influenced by the working pressure of ORC, while the maximum working pressure is limited by IC engine coolant temperature. At the same working pressure, cycle efficiency is hardly affected by both the mass flow rate and temperature of working medium. When the bottom cycle working pressure arrives at the maximum allowable value of 1.6 MPa, the fuel utilization efficiency of IC engine could be improved by 12.1%.All these demonstrate that this low-temperature ORC is a useful energy-saving technology for IC engine.

Thermodynamic and Techno-economic Analysis of a Triple-pressure Organic Rankine Cycle: Comparison with Dual-pressure and Single-pressure ORCs

Investigation of a triple-pressure organic Rankine cycle(TPORC) using geothermal energy for power generation with the net power output of the TPORC analyzed by varying the evaporation pressures, pinch temperature differences(tpp) and degrees of superheat(tsup) aimed to find the optimum operation conditions of the system. The thermodynamic performance of the TPORC was compared with a dual-pressure organic Rankine cycle(DPORC) and a single-pressure ORC(SPORC) for geofluid temperatures ranging from 100°C to 200°C, with particular reference to the utilization of a hot dry rock(HDR) geothermal resource. Thermodynamic performances of the TPORC system using eight different organic working fluids have also been investigated in terms of the net power outputs. Results show that a higher geofluid mass flow rate can make a considerable contribution to shortening the payback period(PBP) as well as to decreasing the levelized electricity cost(LEC), especially when the geofluid temperature is low. For the temperature range investigated, the order from high to low based on thermodynamic and techno-economic performances is found to be TPORC > DPORC > SPORC. In terms of using geothermal resources within the given temperatures range(100°C–200°C), the TPORC system can be a better choice for geothermal power generation so long as the wellhead geofluid temperature is between 140°C and 180°C.

Effect of flue gas outlet temperature in evaporator on thermal economic performance of organic Rankine cycle system for sinter waste heat recovery

In order to improve the recovery and utilization rates of sinter waste heat effectively,the organic Rankine cycle(ORC)system with subcritical cycle was designed to recover the low-temperature sinter cooling flue gas waste heat in an annular cooler for power generation.The thermodynamic,economic and multi-objective optimization models of ORC system were established,and R600a was selected as the ORC working medium.Subsequently,the variations in system thermodynamic performance and economic performance with the ORC thermal parameters were discussed in detail,and the optimal ORC thermal parameters were determined.The results show that the system net output power increases with increasing the evaporation temperature and decreasing the condensation temperature and increases first and then,decreases with the increase in superheat degree for a given flue gas outlet temperature in the evaporator,while the heat transfer area per unit net output power appears different variation trends in various ranges of flue gas outlet temperature.Taking the sinter cooling flue gas waste heat of 160℃as the ORC heat source,the optimal thermal parameters of ORC system were the flue gas outlet temperature of 90℃,the evaporation temperature of 95℃,the superheat degree of 10℃,and the condensation temperature of 28℃.

The first power generation test of hot dry rock resources exploration and production demonstration project in the Gonghe Basin,Qinghai Province,China

Hot dry rock(HDR)is a kind of clean energy with significant potential.Since the 1970s,the United States,Japan,France,Australia,and other countries have attempted to conduct several HDR development research projects to extract thermal energy by breaking through key technologies.However,up to now,the development of HDR is still in the research,development,and demonstration stage.An HDR exploration borehole(with 236℃ at a depth of 3705 m)was drilled into Triassic granite in the Gonghe Basin in northwest China in 2017.Subsequently,China Geological Survey(CGS)launched the HDR resources exploration and production demonstration project in 2019.After three years of efforts,a sequence of significant technological breakthroughs have been made,including the genetic model of deep heat sources,directional drilling and well completion in high-temperature hard rock,large-scale reservoir stimulation,reservoir characterization,and productivity evaluation,reservoir connectivity and flow circulation,efficient thermoelectric conversion,monitoring,and geological risk assessment,etc.Then the whole-process technological system for HDR exploration and production has been preliminarily established accordingly.The first power generation test was completed in November 2021.The results of this project will provide scientific support for HDR development and utilization in the future.

Performance analysis and improvement of geothermal binary cycle power plant in oilfield

In order to improve the efficiency of a geothermal power plant, oil wells in the high water cut stage were used as geothermal wells, thereby improving the recovery ratio and economic benefit. A new function that reflects both the technical and economic performances was put forward and used as the objective function. An organic Rankine cycle (ORC) was analyzed through the energetic and exergetic analyses, and the reasons for low efficiency were pinpointed. Results indicate that geothermal water directly transferring heat to the working fluid reduces energy dissipation and increases cycle efficiencies. The net power output with an internal heat exchanger (IHE) is averagely 5.3% higher than that without an IHE. R601a and R601 can be used to replace R123 for geothermal water below 110℃. Moreover, the modified ORC dramatically outperforms the actual one.

Analysis on optimal working fluid flowrate and unstable power generation for miniaturized ORC systems

For efficient utilization of a limited geothermal resource in practical projects,the cycle parameters were comprehensively analyzed by combining with the heat transfer performance of the plate heat exchanger,with a variation of flowrate of R245 fa.The influence of working fluid flowrate on a 500 W ORC system was investigated.Adjusting the working fluid flowrate to an optimal value results in the most efficient heat transfer and hence the optimal heat transfer parameters of the plate heat exchanger can be determined.Therefore,for the ORC systems,optimal working fluid flowrate should be controlled.Using different temperature hot water as the heat source,it is found that the optimal flowrate increases by 6-10 L/h with 5 ℃ increment of hot water inlet temperature.During experiment,lower degree of superheat of the working fluid at the outlet the plate heat exchanger may lead to unstable power generation.It is considered that the plate heat exchanger has a compact construction which makes its bulk so small that liquid mixture causes the unstable power generation.To avoid this phenomenon,the flow area of plate heat exchanger should be larger than the designed one.Alternatively,installing a small shell and tube heat exchanger between the outlet of plate heat exchanger and the inlet of expander can be another solution.

计及氢能高效利用和热电灵活输出的综合能源系统源荷灵活运行策略

为进一步发挥氢能高效利用优势,构建绿色低碳能源系统,提出一种计及氢能高效利用和热电联产灵活输出的综合能源系统源荷灵活运行策略。首先,对源侧供能模型进行两方面改进:一是引入含风电制氢、燃气混氢、多能用氢和储氢的氢能利用模型,并考虑到电解水和甲烷化反应过程中的热量散失情况,引入热量回收装置,构建计及热量回收的氢能高效利用模型;二是针对常规热电联产灵活性不足的问题,构建含电锅炉和有机朗肯循环的热电灵活输出模型,以解耦常规热电联产“以热定电”和“以电定热”限制。其次,在荷侧引入含可转移、可削减和可平移的电、热柔性负荷,以缓解电、热负荷峰谷差,并与源侧相结合,形成源荷灵活运行模型。最后,综合考虑阶梯型碳交易成本、设备运行维护成本、弃风成本以及购能成本,建立综合能源系统源荷灵活优化运行模型。采用CPLEX求解器对所提综合能源系统源荷灵活运行模型进行求解,并设置不同场景进行对比。结果表明,相比常规氢能利用模型,考虑所提计及热量回收的氢能高效利用模型时,系统的总成本、碳排放量分别降低了1.92%、4.22%,并且引入热电联产改进模型后,其总成本、碳排放量可进一步降低4.08%、7.32%,实现系统低碳、经济和灵活运行。