An Explosive Organic/Inorganic Hybrid: Synthesis and Thermal Property of Octa(2,4-dinitrophenyl)silsesquioxane

Octaphenylsilsesquioxane(OPhS) was prepared by a modifying method and a new core-shell nanocomposite, octa(2,4-dinitrophenyl)silsesquioxane, [(R_2PhSiO_ 1.5)_8, R=—NO_2, ODNPhS], was synthesized by nitration of OPhS in a mixed acid solution of nitric and sulfuric acids at about 60 ℃. Their molecular structures were determined by DRIFTS, 1H NMR, 13C NMR spectra analysis. The thermal analysis shows that ODNPhS is an explosive that detonates at about 420 ℃.

Preparation and Conducting Behavior of Amphibious Organic/Inorganic Hybrid Proton Exchange Membranes Based on Benzyltetrazole

A series of novel amphibious organic/inorganic hybrid proton exchange membranes with H3PO4 doped which could be used under both wet and dry conditions was prepared through a sol-gel process based on acrylated triethoxysilane（A-TES） and benzyltetrazole-modified triethoxysilane（BT-TES）.The dual-curing approach including UV-curing and thermal curing was used to obtain the crosslinked membranes.Polyethylene glycol（400） diacrylate（PEGDA） was used as an oligomer to form the polymeric matrix.The molecular structures of precursors were characterized by 1 H,13 C and 29 Si NMR spectra.The thermogravimetric analysis（TGA） results show that the membranes exhibit acceptable thermal stability for their application at above 200 oC.The differential scanning calorimeter（DSC） determination indicates that the crosslinked membranes with the mass ratios of below 1.6 of BT-TES to A-TES and the same mass of H3PO4 doped as that of A-TES possess the-T g s,and the lowest T g（-28.9 ℃） exists for the membrane with double mass of H3PO4 doped as well.The high proton conductivity in a range of 9.4―17.3 mS/cm with the corresponding water uptake of 19.1%―32.8% of the membranes was detected at 90 oC under wet conditions.Meanwhile,the proton conductivity in a dry environment for the membrane with a mass ratio of 2.4 of BT-TES to A-TES and double H3PO4 loading increases from 4.89×10-2 mS/cm at 30 ℃ to 25.7 mS/cm at 140 ℃.The excellent proton transport ability under both hydrous and anhydrous conditions demonstrates a potential application in the polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells.

In Situ Formed Tribofilms as Efficient Organic/Inorganic Hybrid Interlayers for Stabilizing Lithium Metal Anodes

The practical application of Li metal anodes(LMAs)is limited by uncontrolled dendrite growth and side reactions.Herein,we propose a new friction-induced strategy to produce high-performance thin Li anode(Li@CFO).By virtue of the in situ friction reaction between fluoropolymer grease and Li strips during rolling,a robust organic/inorganic hybrid interlayer(lithiophilic LiF/LiC_(6)framework hybridized-CF_(2)-O-CF_(2)-chains)was formed atop Li metal.The derived interface contributes to reversible Li plating/stripping behaviors by mitigating side reactions and decreasing the solvation degree at the interface.The Li@CFO||Li@CFO symmetrical cell exhibits a remarkable lifespan for 5,600 h(1.0 mA cm^(-2)and 1.0 mAh cm^(-2))and 1,350 cycles even at a harsh condition(18.0 mA cm^(-2)and 3.0 mAh cm^(-2)).When paired with high-loading LiFePO4 cathodes,the full cell lasts over 450 cycles at 1C with a high-capacity retention of 99.9%.This work provides a new friction-induced strategy for producing high-performance thin LMAs.

SYNTHESIS AND CHARACTERIZATION OF NOVEL SOL-GEL DOPED ORGANIC/INORGANIC HYBRID NONLINEAR OPTICAL MATERIALS

hydroxy-4-nitro azobenzene (NHA) and 4-amino-4-nitro azobenzene (DO3) were prepared respectively from p-nitrophenylamine as a precursor compound. Two kinds of doped organic/inorganic hybrid nonlinear optical (NLO) materials containing NHA and DO3 were synthesized by Sol-Gel process. The preparation and properties of two NLO materials were studied and characterized by FTIR, 1H-NMR, UV-VIS, SEM, DSC and SHG measurements. The results show that the maximum doping amounts of NHA and DO3 in two doped hybrid NLO materials are 7.2(wt)% and 11.3(wt)% respectively, and the corresponding second-order NLO coefficients (d33 values) are 2.91×10 8esu and 6.14×10 8esu. Two doped NLO materials have relatively good RT stability, after 90 days at RT the d33 values can maintain about 85% of their initial values, but after 10h at 100℃ can only maintain about 50% of their initial values. In this report, the reasons for high-temperature instability of doped materials were discussed, and the possible improvements were also suggested.

A New Method to Study the Sol-gel Transition Process of Organic/Inorganic Hybrid Materials

The sol-gel transition process of PMMA/SiO2 hybrid materials was first studied by means of the dynamic torsional vibration method. The different stages of the transition can be described by the change of torque. The temperature-dependent measurement of the gel time（ tg ） gives the possibility to determine the apparent activation energy.（ Ea ） of this transition according to Flory＇s gelation theory. The non-equilibrium thermodynamic fluctuation theory was used to predict the transition behavior. The isothermal transition experiments on hybrid sols with different TEOS（tetraethyl orthosilicate） contents were carried out. The results show that the Ea of a hybrid sol is higher than that of a non- hybrid sol of a TEOS-water-ethanol system. The increasing of TEOS content in a hybrid sol has no obvious effect on the Ea value, but it can enhance the sol-gel .reaction rate.

Optical Waveguides from Organic/Inorganic Hybrid Materials

Organic/inorganic material has attracted great attentions because its importance as photonic materials. We report on our recent results on organic/inorganic hybrid sol-gel materials and optical waveguides like splitter, thermo-optic switch and micro-cavity laser.

Semitransparent organic photovoltaics enabled by transparent p-type inorganic semiconductor and near-infrared acceptor

Semitransparent organic photovoltaics(STOPVs)have gained wide attention owing to their promising applications in building-integrated photovoltaics,agrivoltaics,and floating photovoltaics.Organic semiconductors with high charge carrier mobility usually have planar and conjugated structures,thereby showing strong absorption in visible region.In this work,a new concept of incorporating transparent inorganic semiconductors is proposed for high-performance STOPVs.Copper(I)thiocyanate(CuSCN)is a visible-transparent inorganic semiconductor with an ionization potential of 5.45 eV and high hole mobility.The transparency of CuSCN benefits high average visible transmittance(AVT)of STOPVs.The energy levels of CuSCN as donor match those of near-infrared small molecule acceptor BTP-eC9,and the formed heterojunction exhibits an ability of exciton dissociation.High mobility of CuSCN contributes to a more favorable charge transport channel and suppresses charge recombination.The control STOPVs based on PM6/BTP-eC9 exhibit an AVT of 19.0%with a power conversion efficiency(PCE)of 12.7%.Partial replacement of PM6 with CuSCN leads to a 63%increase in transmittance,resulting in a higher AVT of 30.9%and a comparable PCE of 10.8%.

Electrochemical CO_(2) reduction catalyzed by organic/inorganic hybrids

Electroreduction of CO_(2) into value-added chemicals and fuels utilizing renewable electricity offers a sustainable way to meet the carbon-neutral goal and a viable solution for the storage of intermittent green energy sources.At the core of this technology is the development of electrocatalysts to accelerate the redox kinetics of CO_(2) reduction reactions(CO_(2)RR)toward high targeted-product yield at minimal energy input.This perspective focuses on a unique category of CO_(2)RR electrocatalysts embodying both inorganic and organic components to synergistically promote the reaction activity,selectivity and stability.First,we summarize recent progress on the design and fabrication of organic/inorganic hybrids CO_(2)RR electrocatalysts,with special attention to the assembly protocols and structural configurations.We then carry out a comprehensive discussion on the mechanistic understanding of CO_(2)RR processes tackled jointly by the inorganic and organic phases,with respect to the regulation of mass and charge transport,modification of double-layer configuration,tailoring of intermediates adsorption,and establishment of tandem pathways.At the end,we outline future challenges in the rational design of organic/inorganic hybrids for CO_(2)RR and further extend the scope to the device level.We hope this work could incentivize more research interests to construct organic/inorganic hybrids for mobilizing electrocatalytic CO_(2)RR towards industrialization.

Thixotropic composite hydrogels based on agarose and inorganic hybrid gellants

Water can be used as oxidant in conjunction with metal particles to form metal-water propellant to increase the energy of propellant.For this application,water needs to be stored in form of solid and capable of becoming liquid when use.Stable and thixotropic hydrogel has good potential as water-retaining material and oxidant of metal-based propellant.In this study,we prepared organic/inorganic composite hydrogels by combining inorganic gellants hectorite and fumed silica with organic gellant agarose,respectively.The total content of the gellants can be reduced to less than 2%by adding agarose.The influence of agarose on water content,phase transition temperature,centrifugal stability and other basic physical properties of composite hydrogels were discussed.The results show that the composite hydrogels have better thixotropy and stability than pure inorganic hydrogels,and the gel-sol transformation can be realized by applying shear force or heating to the phase transition temperature.The composite hydrogels have good shear thinning ability and improved mechanical stability.Fumed silica/agarose hydrogels have better physical stability,while the thixotropy and shear thinning ability of hectorite/agarose hydrogels are better.

Combined Effect of Organic Manures and Inorganic Fertilizers on the Growth and Yield of Hybrid Rice (Palethwe-1)

We investigated the effect of combining organic and inorganic fertilizers on the growth and yield of hybrid rice (Palethwe-1) in the dry and wet seasons of 2015. Four quantities of inorganic fertilizer were used in the main plot [0%, 50%, 75%, and 100% nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium (NPK)] based on the recommended amounts of 150 kg N ha-1, 70 kg P2O5 ha-1, and 120 kg K2O ha-1, while different organic manures were applied to subplots [no organic manure (O0), cow manure (Oc), poultry manure (Op), and vermicompost (Ov);all at 5 t·ha-1] as part of a split-plot experimental design with three replicates. In both seasons, significant differences in growth parameters including number of tillers hill-1, soil-plant analysis development (SPAD) values, total dry matter, yield, and yield components were observed in plants supplied with different inorganic fertilizers. The 100% NPK (I100) fertilizer produced the maximum yield but similar yields were achieved in plots supplied with 50% NPK (I50) and 75% NPK (I75). Significant differences in growth and yield parameters were also found in crops supplied with organic manures. Although identical quantities were supplied, Op produced the best growth parameters in both seasons including total dry matter, yield, and yield components. Oc also performed well. Combining inorganic and organic fertilizers demonstrated that I50 together with Op (5 t·ha-1) provided similar growth, total dry matter, and yield parameters to I100 in both seasons. Oc (5 t·ha-1) plus I75 also achieved similar yields to I100. This study demonstrates that the combined application of inorganic fertilizers and organic manures has the potential to reduce chemical fertilizer usage without decreasing the yield of hybrid rice, and can enhance the growth, yield, and yield components of Palethwe-1.

Syntheses and Characterizations of Two New Organic-inorganic Hybrids Based on Heteropolymolybdates and Piperidine Molecules

Two new organic-inorganic compounds [（CH2）5NH2]3[PMo12O40]·3[（CH2）NH] 1 and [（CH2）5NH2]6[P2Mo18O62]·5H2O 2 have been synthesized using conventional and hydrothermal methods, respectively, and characterized by elemental analyses, IR, TG and single-crystal X-ray diffraction. X-ray analyses show that in these compounds heteropolymolybdates [PMo12O40]^3- and [P2Mo18O62]^6- are reserved their Keggin or Dawson structures and linked to piperidine through electrostatic and hydrogen-bonding interactions.

A New Bismuth(Ⅲ) Iodide Inorganic/organic Hybrid Solid Containing Large Heterocyclic Conjugated Organic Ligand: Synthesis, Properties and Calculations

A new bismuth（III） iodide inorganic/organic hybrid containing larger heterocyclic conjugated organic ligand, [（dppz）2Bi2I6]·2DMF （1） （dppz = dipyrido[3,2-a：2＇,3＇-c]phenazine）, has been synthesized by solution process and structurally determined by X-ray diffraction method. 1 crystallizes in triclinic, space group Pī with Mr= 1844.08, α = 9.215（5）, b = 11.488（6）, c = 12.424（9） ？, α = 106.66（2）, β = 90.84（2）, γ = 92.34（2）°, V = 1258.5（13） ？3, Z = 1, Dc = 2.433 g/cm3, F（000） = 830, μ（MoKα） = 10.702 mm–1, the final R = 0.0834 and wR = 0.1947 for 2749 observed reflections with I 〉 2σ（I）. 1 consists of a dimeric structure [（dppz）2Bi2I6], in which two [（dppz）BiI3] fragments are bridged by a pair of iodine atoms. Hydrogen bonds and π···π stacking interactions contribute to the structural extension and stabilization. Experimental band gap of about 2.13 eV indicates its semiconductor nature. The optical absorption spectrum and electronic structure were also discussed.

ORGANIC/INORGANIC HYBRID EPOXY NANOCOMPOSITES BASED ON OCTA(AMINOPHENYL)SILSESQUIOXANE

Octa（aminophenyl）silsesquioxane （OAPS） was used as the curing agent of diglycidyl ether of bisphenol-A （DGEBA） epoxy resin. A study on comparison of DGEBA/OAPS with DGEBA/4,4＇-diaminodiphenyl sulfone （DDS） epoxy resins was achieved. Differential scanning calorimetry was used to investigate the curing reaction and its kinetics, and the glass transition of DGEBA/OAPS. Thermogravimetric analysis was used to investigate thermal decomposition of the two kinds of epoxy resins. The reactions between amino groups and epoxy groups were investigated using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Scanning electron microscopy was used to observe morphology of the two epoxy resins. The results indicated that OAPS had very good compatibility with DGEBA in molecular level, and could form a transparent DGEBA/OAPS resin. The curing reaction of the DGEBA/OAPS prepolymer could occur under low temperatures compared with DGEBA/DDS. The DGEBA/OAPS resin didn＇t exhibit glass transition, but the DGEBA/DDS did, which meant that the large cage structure of OAPS limited the motion of chains between the cross-linking points. Measurements of the contact angle indicated that the DGEBA/OAPS showed larger angles with water than the DGEBA/DDS resin. Thermogravimetric analysis indicated that the incorporation of OAPS into epoxy system resulted in low mass loss rate and high char yield, but its initial decomposition temperature seemed to be lowered.

A Novel Inorganic-organic Hybrid Borate with Unique One-dimensional Infinite Aluminium-oxygen Chains

A novel inorganic-organic hybrid borate,[Al2（fum）（H3BO3）（OH） 4]n·n（H3BO3） （1,H2fum = fumaric acid） ,has been synthesized and characterized by single-crystal X-ray diffraction,FTIR and elemental analysis. Crystal data for compound 1： orthorhombic,space group Pnma,a = 14.108（3） ,b = 6.9412（14） ,c = 14.995（3）A,V = 1468.3（5）A^3,Z = 4,Mr = 359.72,Dc = 1.627 g/cm^3,μ = 0.254 mm^-1,F（000） = 736,the final R = 0.0492 and wR = 0.1650 with I 〉 2σ（I） . In compound 1,each Al^Ⅲ ion is coordinated by six oxygen atoms to adopt a distorted octahedral geometry. Both fumarate anion and the coordinated boric acid act as bidentate bridging ligands to link two neighboring Al^Ⅲ centers simultaneously. Each Al^Ⅲ ion is bridged by two μ2-hydroxyl ligands to construct an infinite wave-like [Al2（fum）（H3BO3）（OH） 4]n chain. These one-dimensional chains form hydrogen bonds with free boric acid molecules giving rise to a three-dimensional supramolecular network.

Preparation of polythiophene/WO_3 organic-inorganic hybrids and their gas sensing properties for NO_2 detection at low temperature

Polythiophene/WO3（PTP/WO3）organic-inorganic hybrids were synthesized by an in situ chemical oxidative polymerization method,and char- acterized by X-ray diffraction（XRD）,transmission electron microscopy（TEM）and thermo-gravimetric analysis（TGA）.The Polythiophene/ WO3 hybrids have higher thermal stability than pure polythiophene,which is beneficial to potential application as chemical sensors.Gas sensing measurements demonstrate that the gas sensor based on the Polythiophene/WO3 hybrids has high response and good selectivity for de- tecting NO2 of ppm level at low temperature.Both the operating temperature and PTP contents have an influence on the response of PTP/WO3 hybrids to NO2.The 10 wt%PTP/WO3 hybrid showed the highest response at low operating temperature of 70-C.It is expected that the PTP/WO3 hybrids can be potentially used as gas sensor material for detecting the low concentration of NO2 at low temperature.

An ionic 2D inorganic-organic hybrid of tris[((1H-tetrazol-5-yl)methyl)morpholine] dodecatungstophosphate(Ⅴ) pentahydrate:Synthesis X-ray crystal structure and spectroscopic characterizations

A unique ionic hybrid material[C_6H_(12)N_5O]_3[(PO_4)W__(12)O_(36)]·5H_2O has been synthesized from the reaction of((1H-tetrazole-5- yl)methyl)morpholine andα-H_3[(PO_4)W_(12)O_(36)]·21H_2O.It has successfully been characterized by elemental analysis,IR and ~1H NMR spectroscopies,TGA and single-crystal X-ray diffraction method.The title compound is constructed from the three [C_6H_(12)N_5O]^+ cations andα-Keggin[(PO_4)W_(12)O_(36)]^(3-) polyoxoanion.The most remarkable structural feature of this hybrid can...

Synthesis and characterization of luminescent organic-inorganic hybrid nanocomposite from polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane

A novel polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane(POSS)-based organic-inorganic hybrid nanocomposite(EF-POSS) was prepared by Pt-catalyzed hydrosilylation reaction of octahydridosilsesquioxane(T_8H_8,POSS) with a luminescent substituted acetylene(2- ethynyl-7-(4-(4-methylstyryl)styryl)-9,9-dioctyl-9H-fluorene(EF)) in high yield.The hybrid nanocomposite was soluble in common solvents such as CH_2Cl_2,CHCl_3,THF and 1,4-dioxane.Its structure and property were characterized by FTIR, NMR,TGA,UV and PL,respectively.The results show that the hybrid nanocomposite with high thermal stability emits stable blue light as a result of photo excitation and possesses high photoluminescence quantum efficiency(φ_(FL)).

Flame Retardancy Enhancement of Hybrid Composite Material by Using Inorganic Retardants

This study aims to investigate the possibility of improving the flame Retardancy for the hybrid composite material consisting araldite resin (CY223). The hybrid composite was reinforced by hybrid fibers from carbon and Kevlar fibers on woven roving form (45o -0o), by using a surface layer of 4mm thick of Zinc Borate flame retardant. Afterward, the structure was exposed directly to gas flame of 2000oC due to 10 mm and 20mm exposure interval. The retardant layer thermal resistance and protection capability were determined. The study was continued to improve the performance of Zinc Borate layer mixed by 10%, 20% and 30% of Antimony Trioxide. To determine the heat transfer of the composite material the opposite surface temperature method was used. Zinc Borate with (30%) Antimony Trioxide gives the optimized result of the experiment.

An Organic-inorganic Hybrid Assembly Based on Novel Arsenatomolybdate and Cu~Ⅰ-Organic Units

A novel organic-inorganic hybrid arsenatomolybdate based on infrequent[AsMoO(OH)]unit,[Cu ~I(phen)][AsMoO(OH)]·3HO(1,phen=1,10-phenanthroline),has been hydrothermally synthe-sized.This structure was determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis,and further characterized by elemental analysis,and IR and UV spectra.To the best of our knowledge,it is the first report of a novel arsenatomolybdate subunit[AsMoO(OH)].Photoluminescence of 1 is ascribed to???*emission of the aromatic rings derived from the phen ligand.

Supramolecular Structural Inorganic-organic Hybrid[(4-Bromoanilimiun)([18]crown-6)]3[PMo(12)O(40)]·CH3CN

A novel supramolecular structural inorganic-organic hybrid [（4-bromoanilimiun）（[18]crown-6）]3[PMo（12）O40]·CH3 CN has been synthesized through standard solvent evaporated method. The structure of the title compound was determined through single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis. It crystallizes in monoclinic system with P21/n space group. The crystal data are a = 18.9529（4）, b = 26.4444（5）, c = 19.0985（4） A, β = 90.132（6）o, V = 9572.1（3） A^3, Z = 4, Dc= 2.203 g·cm^（–1）, μ = 14.956 mm^（–1）, F（000） = 6192, S = 1.098, the final R = 0.0859 and w R（I 〉 2σ（I）） = 0.2100. Supramolecular cations are constructed through strong N–H…O hydrogen bonding interaction between the six oxygen atoms of [18]crown-6 molecule and nitrogen atom of（4-bromoanilimiun） cation. Three kinds of different arranged supramolecular cations exist in the title compound, which are filled into the large space formed by [PMo（12）O40] polyoxoanions. Thermogravimentic differential thermal analysis revealed that hydrogen bonding interaction and intermolecular interaction play an important role in maintaining the stability of the title compound.